仁川—大连航线船舶压载水风险评估
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摘要
为保证海上安全航行,几乎所有船舶都要装载压载水。然而,压载水的排放却带来了海洋生物入侵问题。目前,压载水引起的生物入侵已经在世界范围内对海域生态环境和世界经济造成了巨大的危害。
为了降低船舶压载水的危害,国际海事组织制定了《国际船舶压载水和沉积物管理与控制公约》的以促进各港口国对船舶压载水进行管理。这种管理包括：压载水处理、压载水置换或基于压载水风险评估给予特定航线和船舶管理免除。
基于此,本文在《根据A-4条款给予免除的压载水风险评估指南》(导则7)的框架下,初步设计了适用于同一生物地理区即大黄海海洋生态区的特定物种风险评估程序；并以大仁号为例,运用此程序对仁川-大连航线船舶进行了压载水风险评估。
本文进行的具体工作如下：
首先,收集、整理出特定物种风险评估所需要的数据信息并建立了环境、压载水和目标物种数据库；建立了各阶段评估模块并通过Visual Basic调用数据库功能最终完成了评估平台的搭建。
其次,以大仁号为例,选定夜光藻为目标物种对仁川-大连航线船舶压载水带来的风险进行了评估,并与实际情况进行了对比分析。
最后,设计了数据复审和函数更新模块,便利了数据库和程序的改进。
根据程序给出的评估结果可以得出,7、9和10月份仁川-大连航线由夜光藻引发的船舶压载水风险较高,应施行压载水排放控制；其他月份可以考虑给予压载水管理免除。
To ensure safe navigation, nearly all ships have to carry ballast water. But the discharge of the ballast water gives rise to the introduction of invasive marine species into new environments. This introduction of invasive marine species has caused the serious environmental and economic problems.
To reduce the hazard of ballast water,IMO adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'Ballast Water and Sediments to manage ballast water and further control the introduction and spreading of aquatic invasive species in areas where they are not found naturally. These managements include ballast water exchange, ballast water disposal or implements scientifically robust ballast water risk assessment for exemptions to be granted to a ship or ships on a voyage or voyages between specified ports or locations.
Based on this, the Species Specific Ballast Water Risk Assessment Program was developed in this study under the framework of Guidelines for Risk Assessment Under Regulation A-4 of the Ballast Water Management Convention. And the ballast water risk assessment of Da-In ferry which is only navigating between Incheon and Dalian was finished taking advantage of this program.
Primarily, the data information used for assessment was collected and arranged in the environment, ballast and target species databases and the function models of each assessmet level were designed. The assessment program was finished with the help of call function of Visual Basic.
Then, the target species and specified ship were selected for ballast water risk assessment. The risk probability of the ballast water transferred form Incheon to Dalian was concluded and this conclusion was contrastively analyzed with actual survey.
At last, the data updating plan and the function updating models were developed to facilitate the improvement of databases and program.
The results show that ballast water discharge control should be performed in July, September and October and ballast water management exemptions can be granted to ships on the voyage form Incheon to Dalian in other months.
为了降低船舶压载水的危害,国际海事组织制定了《国际船舶压载水和沉积物管理与控制公约》的以促进各港口国对船舶压载水进行管理。这种管理包括：压载水处理、压载水置换或基于压载水风险评估给予特定航线和船舶管理免除。
基于此,本文在《根据A-4条款给予免除的压载水风险评估指南》(导则7)的框架下,初步设计了适用于同一生物地理区即大黄海海洋生态区的特定物种风险评估程序；并以大仁号为例,运用此程序对仁川-大连航线船舶进行了压载水风险评估。
本文进行的具体工作如下：
首先,收集、整理出特定物种风险评估所需要的数据信息并建立了环境、压载水和目标物种数据库；建立了各阶段评估模块并通过Visual Basic调用数据库功能最终完成了评估平台的搭建。
其次,以大仁号为例,选定夜光藻为目标物种对仁川-大连航线船舶压载水带来的风险进行了评估,并与实际情况进行了对比分析。
最后,设计了数据复审和函数更新模块,便利了数据库和程序的改进。
根据程序给出的评估结果可以得出,7、9和10月份仁川-大连航线由夜光藻引发的船舶压载水风险较高,应施行压载水排放控制；其他月份可以考虑给予压载水管理免除。
To ensure safe navigation, nearly all ships have to carry ballast water. But the discharge of the ballast water gives rise to the introduction of invasive marine species into new environments. This introduction of invasive marine species has caused the serious environmental and economic problems.
To reduce the hazard of ballast water,IMO adopted the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships'Ballast Water and Sediments to manage ballast water and further control the introduction and spreading of aquatic invasive species in areas where they are not found naturally. These managements include ballast water exchange, ballast water disposal or implements scientifically robust ballast water risk assessment for exemptions to be granted to a ship or ships on a voyage or voyages between specified ports or locations.
Based on this, the Species Specific Ballast Water Risk Assessment Program was developed in this study under the framework of Guidelines for Risk Assessment Under Regulation A-4 of the Ballast Water Management Convention. And the ballast water risk assessment of Da-In ferry which is only navigating between Incheon and Dalian was finished taking advantage of this program.
Primarily, the data information used for assessment was collected and arranged in the environment, ballast and target species databases and the function models of each assessmet level were designed. The assessment program was finished with the help of call function of Visual Basic.
Then, the target species and specified ship were selected for ballast water risk assessment. The risk probability of the ballast water transferred form Incheon to Dalian was concluded and this conclusion was contrastively analyzed with actual survey.
At last, the data updating plan and the function updating models were developed to facilitate the improvement of databases and program.
The results show that ballast water discharge control should be performed in July, September and October and ballast water management exemptions can be granted to ships on the voyage form Incheon to Dalian in other months.
引文
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[2]http://globallast. imo. org/index. asp?page=problem. htm&menu=true
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[5]张硕慧.船舶压载水转移外来物种机制的探讨.中国航海,2002,1 P.43-47.
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[7]胡岚岚.船舶压载水生态风险评估.大连海事大学,中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2009.
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[29]http://bioinvasion. fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=444
[30]http://bioinvasion.fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=510
[31]http://bioinvasion. fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=443
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[42]龚军辉.Logistic方程的推导及其生物学意义.高等函授学报(自然科学版),2008,22(01).
[43]Wonham J., Walton W. C., Frese A. M. et al. Transoceanic Transport of Ballast Water:Biological and Physical Dynamics of Ballasted Communities and the Effectiveness of Mid-Ocean Exchange. Final report submitted to US Fish & Wildlife Service.and the Compton Foundation, Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.1996.
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[45]Rigby G., Hallegraeff G. and Sutton C. Ballast Water Heating and Sampling Trials on the BHP Ship M. V. Iron Whyalla in Port Kembla and En-Route to Port Hedland. Report prepared for the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service, BHP Research, Newcastle Laboratories, Newcastle, Australia.1997.
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[2]http://globallast. imo. org/index. asp?page=problem. htm&menu=true
[3]刘富斌.关于船舶压载水系统防污染的探讨.船舶轮机.2006,8(4)：20-23.
[4]王海霞,刘璃,宋成文.船舶压载水沉积物中的生物组成.2008年船舶防污染国际公约实施学术交流研讨会论文集,2008.
[5]张硕慧.船舶压载水转移外来物种机制的探讨.中国航海,2002,1 P.43-47.
[6]Occhipinti-Ambrogi A, Galil BS. A uniform terminology on bioinvasions:a chimera or an operative tool[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,2004,49:688-694.
[7]胡岚岚.船舶压载水生态风险评估.大连海事大学,中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2009.
[8]Gollasch S.Untersuchungen des Arteintrages durch den internationalen Schiffsverkehr unter besonderer Berucksichtigung nichtheimischer Arten. Diss. Univ. Hamburg; Verlag Dr. Kovac, Hamburg,1996,314 pp.
[9]Hayes KR and Hewitt CL. Risk Assessment Framework for Ballast-Water Introductions-Volume Ⅱ. CRIMP Technical Report 21, CSIRO Division of Marine Research, Hobart, Australia,2000,190 pp
[10]Gollasch, S.& E. Leppakoski (eds). Initial Risk Assessment of Alien Species in Nordic Coastal Waters. Nord 1999:8. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen. 244 pp.
[11]Behrens, H. L., Haugom, G. P., and Bakke, S. M. EMBLA ballast water risk assessment manual. DNV Report 2002-1615, Det Norske Veritas, Norway.24 pp.
[12]Clarke, C., Hayes, T., Hilliard, R., Kayvanrad, N., et al.2003. Ballast Water Risk Assessment:Port of Khark Island, Islamic Republic of Iran. GloBallast Monograph Series,8.60 pp.+6 Appendices.
[13]David et al. Results from the first ballast water sampling study in the Mediterranean Sea-the Port of Koper study, Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 (2007), pp.53-65.
[14]E Leppakoski, S Gollasch. Risk Assessment of Ballast Water Mediated Species Introductions-a Baltic Sea Approach. Report to HELCOM,2006.
[15]Trilateral Commission. Zapisnik 6. Sestanka mesane slovensko-hrvasko italijanske komisije za zascito voda jadranskega morja in obalnih obmocij. Portotoz, Slovenija,4.-5.5.2005.
[16]Renata Claudi & T. J. Ravishankar. Quantification of risks of alien species introductions associated with ballast water discharge in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Biological Invasions (2006) 8:25-44.
[17]徐晓曼.全球压载水管理项目风险评估及在我国开展情况及意义[J].交通环保,2002,4：39-41.
[18]Chris Clarke, Rob Hilliard, Liuy Yan etc. Ballast Water Risk Assessment Port of Dalian People's Republic of China, November 2003.
[19]http://www. edc. uri. edu/lme
[20]Lloyd's Register. BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY-Current status. June 2007.
[21]Lloyd's Register. BALLAST WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY-Current status. September 2008.
[22]毕占新.压载水公约无法生效的原因解析.中国科协2009年海峡两岸青年科学家学术活动月-海上污染防治及应急技术研讨会论文集,2009.10.
[23]徐华.压载水管理：全球在行动.中国船检,2008(06).
[24]IMO. GUIDELINES FOR RISK ASSESSMENT UNDER REGULATION A-4 OF THE BWM CONVENTION (G7). MEPC.162 (56), July 2007
[25]肖慎勇,杨博.数据库及其应用(Access及Excel).高等学校教材·计算机科学与技术,清华大学出版社,2009.03.
[26]http://baike. baidu. com/view/136949. htm
[27]http://www. portincheon. go. kr/english/
[28]陈艳拢,赵冬至,杨建洪等.赤潮藻类温度生态幅的定量表达模型研究.海洋学报(中文版)2009(05).
[29]http://bioinvasion. fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=444
[30]http://bioinvasion.fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=510
[31]http://bioinvasion. fio. org. cn/home/showonemodel. asp?cs_id=443
[32]林火平,丁燕蓉.往美国船舶压载水更换与申报.航海技术,2002(5).
[33]杨章伟.Visual Basic完全自学宝典.程序员完全自学宝典,清华大学出版社,2008(07).
[34]Scott, D. W. Multivariate Density Estimation. Theory, Practice and Visualization. New York:Wiley,1992.
[35]Rosenblatt, Murray. Remarks on Some Nonparametric Estimates of a Density Function. Annals of Mathematical Statistics.1956 Vol.27, pp.832-835.
[36]Parzen, Emanuel. On estimation of a probability density function and mode. Annals of Mathematical Statistics.1962 Vol.33, pp.1065-1076.
[37]Silverman, B. W. Density Estimation. London:Chapman and Hall,1986
[38]Russell, F. S. The vertical distribution of marine macroplankton. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K.,1926 14:115.
[39]祝跃.船舶压舱水中的藻类、水体理化因子特征研究及意义[D].中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库,2008(08)
[40]Carlton J. T., (1985), Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms:the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology:An Annual Review,23:313-371.
[41]Murphy K. R. The Survival and Sampling of Zooplankton in Ballast Water. Bachelor of Science (Honours) thesis, Department of Zoology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.1997.
[42]龚军辉.Logistic方程的推导及其生物学意义.高等函授学报(自然科学版),2008,22(01).
[43]Wonham J., Walton W. C., Frese A. M. et al. Transoceanic Transport of Ballast Water:Biological and Physical Dynamics of Ballasted Communities and the Effectiveness of Mid-Ocean Exchange. Final report submitted to US Fish & Wildlife Service.and the Compton Foundation, Smithsonian Environmental Research Centre, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA.1996.
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