基于六端口技术的直接变频接收前端
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摘要
六端口技术最初是用于微波测量中自动网络分析仪的设计。从上世纪90年代末,六端口技术在无线通信接收机方面受到了广泛的重视。基于六端口技术的直接变频接收机被证明是一种适用于可重构、重复编程、多频带、多标准的很有前途的接收机结构。
本文的主要目的是分析研究六端口接收机的工作原理、校准原理及其变频过程,设计了Ka频段的基于六端口技术的直接变频接收前端。
本文首先介绍了采用加性混频过程的六端口接收机理论,并且研究了六端口接收机的校准方法,校准过程将有助于提高六端口接收机的性能。我们还分析了六端口接收机中变频及解调过程的频谱特性。
本文给出了一个六端口接收前端MIC电路的详细设计过程。在该接收前端中,六端口结电路由一个Wilkinson功分器和三个分支线耦合器构成,采用介电常数εr= 9.9、厚度H=0.254mm的陶瓷基片衬底,测试结果表明其在26GHz到30GHz适合应用于六端口接收机;四个检波电路则是采用MSS20,141B10D零偏低势垒检波二极管,制作在一个介电常数εr= 2.2、厚度H=0.254mm的RT5880软基片上。我们还采用OMMIC公司提供的0.18μm GaAs PHEMTs工艺ED02AH设计了一个Ka频段基于六端口技术的直接变频接收前端的MMIC芯片。该接收前端芯片采用的六端口结电路由一个Wilkinson功分器和三个Lange耦合器构成,仿真结果表明该六端口结电路在整个Ka频段都适合于六端口接收前端的应用;采用ED02AH提供的GM肖特基二极管设计了平方率检波电路,最后整个六端口接收前端芯片面积为2.5×3.5 mm 2。
The original six-port technique applies only to alternative network analyzers. Since the late 1990s, the six-port technique has also been used for wireless communications receivers. And the receiver based on six-port is proved to be a very promising candidate to be a reconfigurable, reprogrammable, multi-band, multi-standard receiver front-end. The aim of this work is to research the six-port theoretical background, and design a Ka-band direct conversion receiver front-end based-on six-port.
First, we introduce the six-port receiver theory using the additive mixing, and we study a very convenient calibration algorithm which can improve the performance of the six-port receiver. We also give an accurate mathematical description of the frequency conversion and demodulation process in six-port receivers.
Next, we give details about our newly developed six-port receiver front-end including the power detectors. The six-port junction using a Wilkinson coupler and three branch line couplers is fabricated on a 0.254mm ceramic substrate, and the measurement results show that it is suitable for being used in a six-port receiver. The detectors using MSS20,141B10D zero biased low barrier Schottky diodes are on a 0.254mm RT5880.
Finally, we present a six-port receiver front-end realized in monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology using OMMIC 0.18μm GaAs PHEMTs foundry named ED02AH. The circuit combines all the essential functions, namely the six-port junction and four GM Schottky diode detectors, and the size is 2.5×3.5 mm 2.
本文的主要目的是分析研究六端口接收机的工作原理、校准原理及其变频过程,设计了Ka频段的基于六端口技术的直接变频接收前端。
本文首先介绍了采用加性混频过程的六端口接收机理论,并且研究了六端口接收机的校准方法,校准过程将有助于提高六端口接收机的性能。我们还分析了六端口接收机中变频及解调过程的频谱特性。
本文给出了一个六端口接收前端MIC电路的详细设计过程。在该接收前端中,六端口结电路由一个Wilkinson功分器和三个分支线耦合器构成,采用介电常数εr= 9.9、厚度H=0.254mm的陶瓷基片衬底,测试结果表明其在26GHz到30GHz适合应用于六端口接收机;四个检波电路则是采用MSS20,141B10D零偏低势垒检波二极管,制作在一个介电常数εr= 2.2、厚度H=0.254mm的RT5880软基片上。我们还采用OMMIC公司提供的0.18μm GaAs PHEMTs工艺ED02AH设计了一个Ka频段基于六端口技术的直接变频接收前端的MMIC芯片。该接收前端芯片采用的六端口结电路由一个Wilkinson功分器和三个Lange耦合器构成,仿真结果表明该六端口结电路在整个Ka频段都适合于六端口接收前端的应用;采用ED02AH提供的GM肖特基二极管设计了平方率检波电路,最后整个六端口接收前端芯片面积为2.5×3.5 mm 2。
The original six-port technique applies only to alternative network analyzers. Since the late 1990s, the six-port technique has also been used for wireless communications receivers. And the receiver based on six-port is proved to be a very promising candidate to be a reconfigurable, reprogrammable, multi-band, multi-standard receiver front-end. The aim of this work is to research the six-port theoretical background, and design a Ka-band direct conversion receiver front-end based-on six-port.
First, we introduce the six-port receiver theory using the additive mixing, and we study a very convenient calibration algorithm which can improve the performance of the six-port receiver. We also give an accurate mathematical description of the frequency conversion and demodulation process in six-port receivers.
Next, we give details about our newly developed six-port receiver front-end including the power detectors. The six-port junction using a Wilkinson coupler and three branch line couplers is fabricated on a 0.254mm ceramic substrate, and the measurement results show that it is suitable for being used in a six-port receiver. The detectors using MSS20,141B10D zero biased low barrier Schottky diodes are on a 0.254mm RT5880.
Finally, we present a six-port receiver front-end realized in monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology using OMMIC 0.18μm GaAs PHEMTs foundry named ED02AH. The circuit combines all the essential functions, namely the six-port junction and four GM Schottky diode detectors, and the size is 2.5×3.5 mm 2.
引文
[1]杨小牛,楼才义,徐建良.软件无线电原理与应用.北京:电子工业出版社,2001
[2]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.北京:科学出版社,2002
[3]池保勇,余志平,石秉学. CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[4] Behzad Razavi. Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers. IEEE Trans. on circuits and systems-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 44(6):428-435
[5]李世鹤,王智.微波六端口技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,1989
[6] Eireiner T, Schnurr T, Muller T. Integration of a six-port receiver for mm-wave communication. Electrotechnical Conference.2006. MELECON2006. IEEE Mediterranean, 16-19 May 2006: 371-276
[7] Hewlett Packard. The Schottky Diode Mixer. Application Note 995
[8] J.-U. Jürgensen, D. Krupezevic, M. Ratni, Z. Wang. Baseband Aspects of a Direct Conversion Receiver Concept using Five-Port Technology. 2nd Karlsruhe Workshop on Software Radio, Karlsruhe, March 2002 Proc: 63
[9] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, K. Wu, R. G. Bosisio.A New Direct Millimeter-Wave Six-Port Receiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.December 2001, 49(12): 2517– 2522
[10] Xinyu Xu, Renato G. Bosisio, Ke Wu. Analysis and Implementation of Six-port Software-Defined Radio Receiver Platform. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, July 2006, 54(7):2937-2943
[11] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, G. Brehm, K. Wu, R. G. Bosisio. New Results on MMIC Six-Ports used in Ka Band Direct Conversion Receivers. Digest of IEEE MTT-S, International Microwave Symposium, Philadelphia, June 2003
[12] X.Z. Xiong, V.F. Fusco. Wideband 0.9GHz to 5GHz six-port and its application as digital modulation receiver. IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag.. August 2003, 150(4): 301-307
[13] Thorsten Brabetz, Vincent F. Fusco. Six-Port Receiver Front-End MMIC for V-Band MBS Applications.Gallium Arsenide applications symposium, Munich.October 2003:97-99
[14] Johann-Fridrich Luy, Thomas Mueller, Torsten Mack, Anestic Terzis. Configurable RF Receiver Architectures.IEEE Trans. Microwave Magazine.March 2004, 5(1):75-82
[15] Yoginder Anand, William J. Moroney. Microwave Mixer and Detector Diodes.Processing of the IEEE. August 1971, 59(8): 1182-1190
[16] T. Hentschel. The Six-Port as a Communication Receiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. March 2005, 53(3):1039-1047
[17] Marko Mailand, Hans-Joachim Jentschel.An Effort Reduced Six-Port Direct Conversion Receiver and Its Calibration.Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. March 2005, Vol.1: 13-17
[18] Marko Mailand, Hans-Joachim Jentschel. System Concept for Low Analog Complexity and High-IF Superposition Heterodyne Receivers. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Computing and Technology. March 2006, Vol.12: 188-193
[19] Torsten Mack.A MEMS-Based Reconfigurable RF Receiver Front-End Utilizing Milti-port Technology:[博士学位论文].The Technology Faculty of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.2005
[20] Mailand Marko, Richter Raik, Jentschel Hans-Joachim.The Influence of the Rectified Wave on the Usability of Six-Port-Based Mobile Receivers.Wireless and Mobile Communication, 2006. ICWMC 2006.International Conference.July 2006:15-21
[21]汤世贤.微波测量.北京:国防工业出版社,1981
[22]陈勤琴,王卫东.一种新的六端口接收机的校准方法.中国科技大学学报.May 2006, 35(5):490-496
[23] G. F Engen. Calibration of an Arbitrary Six-Port Junction for Measurement of Active and Passive Circuit Parameters. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. December 1973, 22(4):295-299
[24] Yansheng Xu, Renato G. Bosisio. On The Real-time Calibration of a Six-Port Receiver(SPR) By Averaging The Received QPSK Signals.Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. June 5 1999, 21(5):346-351
[25] J. Li, R.G. Bosisio, K. Wu.Dual-tone calibration of six-port junction and its application to the six-port direct digital millimetric receiver. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech..Jan 1996, 4(1): 93-99
[26] Honda. A, Sakaguchi K., Takada. J.-I. Araki. K. A study of nonlinearity calibration for six-port direct conversion receivers.IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Communication Technology. Oct. 2003, 8(4): 40-41
[27] T. Mack, T. Eireiner. Frequency Conversion Processes in SDR Front-Ends. MTT InternationalMicrowave Symposium, Workshop: RF Aspects of Software Defined Radio, Long Beach. June 2005
[28] Emilia Moldovan, Serioja-Ovidiu Tatu, Tamara Gaman, Ke Wu, Renato G. Bosisio.A New94-GHz Six-Port Collision-Avoidance Radar Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technology.March 2004, 52(3):751-759
[29] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, G. Brehm, R. G. Bosisio.Ka-Band Direct Digital Receiver.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.November 2002, 50(11):2436-2442
[30] V. Bilik, V. Raffaj, J. Bezek. A New Extremely Wideband Lumped Six-Port Reflectometer. Proceedings of 20th European Microwave Conference (EuMC).1990, Vol. 2:1473
[31] Ulker S., Weikle R. M.. A Millimeter-Wave Six-Port Reflectometer Based on the Sampled-Transmission Line Architecture. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. August 2001, 11(8):340-342
[32] Serioja O. Tatu, Emilia Moldovan. V-Band Multiport Heterodyne Receiver for High-Speed Communication Systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking.Vol.2007, Article ID 34358
[33] Inder Bahl, Prakash Bhartia.微波固态电路设计(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[34]《中国集成电路大全》编委会.中国集成电路大全—微波集成电路.北京:国防工业出版社,1995
[35] www.aeroflex-metelics.com/spicezero.html
[36] Rogers Corporation. RT/duroid 5870/5880 High Frequency Laminates. Data Sheet, 2005
[37]李芹.无生产线模式微波单片集成电路设计与实验研究:[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2005
[38]黄颋.超高速、射频与微波单片集成电路设计关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2004
[39] Philips GaAs Foundry ED02AH ADS designkits[Z],Release v2.6-July 2002
[40] R.M. Osmani. Synthesis of Lange Couplers. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Thchnique. Feb. 1981, 29(2):168-170
[41] Li J., Bosisio R.G., Wu K. Computer and Measurement Simulation of a New Digital Receiver Operating Directly at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. December 1995, 43(12): 2766-2772
[42] E. Marsan, J.-C. Schiel, G. Brehm, K. Wu, R.G. Bosisio.High Speed Carrier Recovery Suitable for Direct Digital QPSK Transceivers. RAWCON IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference, Conf.Proceedings,Boston Massachusetts. 11-14 August 2002: 103-106
[43] Xinyu Xu, S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, R. G. Bosisio, Ke Wu.Analysis of FDSS Ultra-Wideband Six-Port Receiver. RAWCON IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference, Conf. Proceedings,Boston Massachusetts. August 11-14, August 11-14, 2002: 87-90
[44] X.Y. Xu, Ke Wu, R.G. Bosisio. Software Defined Radio Receiver Based on Six-Port Technology. IEEE-IMS Symposium,Philadelphia PA,Conf. Proceedings. June 8-13, 2003: 1059-1062
[45] S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, Ke Wu, Renato G. Bosisio. A New Carrier Recovery Method for a Six-Port Millimeter Wave Receiver.International Symposium on Microwaves and Optical Technologies(ISMOT), Montreal, Qc., Canada. June 19-23, 2001:211-214
[2]陈邦媛.射频通信电路.北京:科学出版社,2002
[3]池保勇,余志平,石秉学. CMOS射频集成电路分析与设计.北京:清华大学出版社,2006
[4] Behzad Razavi. Design Considerations for Direct-Conversion Receivers. IEEE Trans. on circuits and systems-II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 1997, 44(6):428-435
[5]李世鹤,王智.微波六端口技术.北京:人民邮电出版社,1989
[6] Eireiner T, Schnurr T, Muller T. Integration of a six-port receiver for mm-wave communication. Electrotechnical Conference.2006. MELECON2006. IEEE Mediterranean, 16-19 May 2006: 371-276
[7] Hewlett Packard. The Schottky Diode Mixer. Application Note 995
[8] J.-U. Jürgensen, D. Krupezevic, M. Ratni, Z. Wang. Baseband Aspects of a Direct Conversion Receiver Concept using Five-Port Technology. 2nd Karlsruhe Workshop on Software Radio, Karlsruhe, March 2002 Proc: 63
[9] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, K. Wu, R. G. Bosisio.A New Direct Millimeter-Wave Six-Port Receiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.December 2001, 49(12): 2517– 2522
[10] Xinyu Xu, Renato G. Bosisio, Ke Wu. Analysis and Implementation of Six-port Software-Defined Radio Receiver Platform. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, July 2006, 54(7):2937-2943
[11] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, G. Brehm, K. Wu, R. G. Bosisio. New Results on MMIC Six-Ports used in Ka Band Direct Conversion Receivers. Digest of IEEE MTT-S, International Microwave Symposium, Philadelphia, June 2003
[12] X.Z. Xiong, V.F. Fusco. Wideband 0.9GHz to 5GHz six-port and its application as digital modulation receiver. IEE Proc. Microw. Antennas Propag.. August 2003, 150(4): 301-307
[13] Thorsten Brabetz, Vincent F. Fusco. Six-Port Receiver Front-End MMIC for V-Band MBS Applications.Gallium Arsenide applications symposium, Munich.October 2003:97-99
[14] Johann-Fridrich Luy, Thomas Mueller, Torsten Mack, Anestic Terzis. Configurable RF Receiver Architectures.IEEE Trans. Microwave Magazine.March 2004, 5(1):75-82
[15] Yoginder Anand, William J. Moroney. Microwave Mixer and Detector Diodes.Processing of the IEEE. August 1971, 59(8): 1182-1190
[16] T. Hentschel. The Six-Port as a Communication Receiver. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. March 2005, 53(3):1039-1047
[17] Marko Mailand, Hans-Joachim Jentschel.An Effort Reduced Six-Port Direct Conversion Receiver and Its Calibration.Wireless Communications and Networking Conference. March 2005, Vol.1: 13-17
[18] Marko Mailand, Hans-Joachim Jentschel. System Concept for Low Analog Complexity and High-IF Superposition Heterodyne Receivers. IEEE Transaction on Engineering Computing and Technology. March 2006, Vol.12: 188-193
[19] Torsten Mack.A MEMS-Based Reconfigurable RF Receiver Front-End Utilizing Milti-port Technology:[博士学位论文].The Technology Faculty of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.2005
[20] Mailand Marko, Richter Raik, Jentschel Hans-Joachim.The Influence of the Rectified Wave on the Usability of Six-Port-Based Mobile Receivers.Wireless and Mobile Communication, 2006. ICWMC 2006.International Conference.July 2006:15-21
[21]汤世贤.微波测量.北京:国防工业出版社,1981
[22]陈勤琴,王卫东.一种新的六端口接收机的校准方法.中国科技大学学报.May 2006, 35(5):490-496
[23] G. F Engen. Calibration of an Arbitrary Six-Port Junction for Measurement of Active and Passive Circuit Parameters. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement. December 1973, 22(4):295-299
[24] Yansheng Xu, Renato G. Bosisio. On The Real-time Calibration of a Six-Port Receiver(SPR) By Averaging The Received QPSK Signals.Microwave and Optical Technology Letters. June 5 1999, 21(5):346-351
[25] J. Li, R.G. Bosisio, K. Wu.Dual-tone calibration of six-port junction and its application to the six-port direct digital millimetric receiver. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech..Jan 1996, 4(1): 93-99
[26] Honda. A, Sakaguchi K., Takada. J.-I. Araki. K. A study of nonlinearity calibration for six-port direct conversion receivers.IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Communication Technology. Oct. 2003, 8(4): 40-41
[27] T. Mack, T. Eireiner. Frequency Conversion Processes in SDR Front-Ends. MTT InternationalMicrowave Symposium, Workshop: RF Aspects of Software Defined Radio, Long Beach. June 2005
[28] Emilia Moldovan, Serioja-Ovidiu Tatu, Tamara Gaman, Ke Wu, Renato G. Bosisio.A New94-GHz Six-Port Collision-Avoidance Radar Sensor. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Technology.March 2004, 52(3):751-759
[29] S. O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, G. Brehm, R. G. Bosisio.Ka-Band Direct Digital Receiver.IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.November 2002, 50(11):2436-2442
[30] V. Bilik, V. Raffaj, J. Bezek. A New Extremely Wideband Lumped Six-Port Reflectometer. Proceedings of 20th European Microwave Conference (EuMC).1990, Vol. 2:1473
[31] Ulker S., Weikle R. M.. A Millimeter-Wave Six-Port Reflectometer Based on the Sampled-Transmission Line Architecture. IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters. August 2001, 11(8):340-342
[32] Serioja O. Tatu, Emilia Moldovan. V-Band Multiport Heterodyne Receiver for High-Speed Communication Systems. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking.Vol.2007, Article ID 34358
[33] Inder Bahl, Prakash Bhartia.微波固态电路设计(第二版).北京:电子工业出版社,2006
[34]《中国集成电路大全》编委会.中国集成电路大全—微波集成电路.北京:国防工业出版社,1995
[35] www.aeroflex-metelics.com/spicezero.html
[36] Rogers Corporation. RT/duroid 5870/5880 High Frequency Laminates. Data Sheet, 2005
[37]李芹.无生产线模式微波单片集成电路设计与实验研究:[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2005
[38]黄颋.超高速、射频与微波单片集成电路设计关键技术研究:[博士学位论文].南京:东南大学,2004
[39] Philips GaAs Foundry ED02AH ADS designkits[Z],Release v2.6-July 2002
[40] R.M. Osmani. Synthesis of Lange Couplers. IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Thchnique. Feb. 1981, 29(2):168-170
[41] Li J., Bosisio R.G., Wu K. Computer and Measurement Simulation of a New Digital Receiver Operating Directly at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. December 1995, 43(12): 2766-2772
[42] E. Marsan, J.-C. Schiel, G. Brehm, K. Wu, R.G. Bosisio.High Speed Carrier Recovery Suitable for Direct Digital QPSK Transceivers. RAWCON IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference, Conf.Proceedings,Boston Massachusetts. 11-14 August 2002: 103-106
[43] Xinyu Xu, S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, R. G. Bosisio, Ke Wu.Analysis of FDSS Ultra-Wideband Six-Port Receiver. RAWCON IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference, Conf. Proceedings,Boston Massachusetts. August 11-14, August 11-14, 2002: 87-90
[44] X.Y. Xu, Ke Wu, R.G. Bosisio. Software Defined Radio Receiver Based on Six-Port Technology. IEEE-IMS Symposium,Philadelphia PA,Conf. Proceedings. June 8-13, 2003: 1059-1062
[45] S.O. Tatu, E. Moldovan, Ke Wu, Renato G. Bosisio. A New Carrier Recovery Method for a Six-Port Millimeter Wave Receiver.International Symposium on Microwaves and Optical Technologies(ISMOT), Montreal, Qc., Canada. June 19-23, 2001:211-214