基于功率控制机制的无线传感器网络MAC协议研究
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摘要
随着无线通信和微电子学的快速发展,无线传感器网络逐渐成为研究和应用热点的新型网络,因其节点数量大、成本低廉,可以快速部署,且不依赖于任何固定设施,能够实时、准确和全面地在多种场合下采集数据信息,从而改变人与自然的交互方式,被认为是21世纪最重要的技术之一。
本文就无线传感器网络节能问题在MAC协议的设计方向上展开研究,分析了无线传感器网络协议和传统网络协议在设计上的不同点,传统无线网络MAC协议设计主要考虑的是整个网络的最大化吞吐量、最小化延迟并保证其公平性,而无线传感器网络能量极为有限的特点决定了其MAC协议的设计要以最小化能耗为首要目标。文中对已有的MAC协议进行分类并分析他们的优缺点,并注重分析了基于竞争的SMAC(Scnsor MAC)协议和TMAC(timeout MAC)协议,为设计新的MAC协议打下坚实的基础。
提出了一种基于SMAC的功率控制MAC协议,利用SMAC的同步过程为每个节点建立优化功率调度表,在保证网络连通性的同时,通过调整发送功率来控制邻居节点的个数,优化功率调度表中的最大值可使其邻居节点个数达到目标值。同时,结合路由表中下一跳节点信息查询优化功率调度表,使得节点以最优功率发送数据,以达到节省数据传输的能量消耗。
通过NS2仿真平台,完成对功率控制MCA协议在网络能耗、延时和吞吐量3个性能指标的验证,并和SMAC协议比较分析,功率控制MAC协议与SMAC协议相比,可以节省节点的能量,提高网络的生存时间,同时对网络延时和吞吐量也有一定的改善。
With the rapid advancement in wireless communications and microelectronics, the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) are the new-type wireless communication networks have been the focus of research and application. WSNs are composed of a large number of nodes with low cost and simple structure. These nodes are easy to be deployed without any fixture. They can collect information quickly, accurately and comprehensively under a variety of occasions. WSNs make a strong impact on the intercommunion between human and the nature. And they are considered as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century.
We focus on the energy consumption, which is the key of MAC protocol. The design of traditional MAC protocols usually focuses on throughput maximizing, latency minimizing and guarantee the fairness of channel access at the same time. As a result of the power limitation in sensor nodes, the MAC design in WSN always put minimizing energy-consumption into the top goal. The existing MAC protocols are classified and both the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, we mainly focus on the analysis of the competition-based MAC protocols, and have a deeply insight of SMAC and TMAC, which are the most important protocols nowadays.
We design a power control MAC protocol for WSN, which is based on SMAC, the optimal power dispatch meter is built in synchronization process of SMAC for each neighbor nodes. By adjusting the transmit power to control the number of neighbor nodes, and node in the maximum optimization of power dispatch table allows it to achieve the target number of neighbor nodes. In addition, the limitation of number nodes optimizes the routing complexity. In the next place, combination the optimal table and the next-hop information make nodes selecting the optimal power to send data by querying optimization power dispatch table, and achieve savings in energy consumption of data transmission.
Then the paper used NS2 simulation platform, compare the energy consumption, throughput and time delay of the new protocol and SMAC, and the result shows that the new protocol has a better performance. It can reduce the energy consuming and get improvement on the life of the network. In addition the network delay and throughput have some improvements.
本文就无线传感器网络节能问题在MAC协议的设计方向上展开研究,分析了无线传感器网络协议和传统网络协议在设计上的不同点,传统无线网络MAC协议设计主要考虑的是整个网络的最大化吞吐量、最小化延迟并保证其公平性,而无线传感器网络能量极为有限的特点决定了其MAC协议的设计要以最小化能耗为首要目标。文中对已有的MAC协议进行分类并分析他们的优缺点,并注重分析了基于竞争的SMAC(Scnsor MAC)协议和TMAC(timeout MAC)协议,为设计新的MAC协议打下坚实的基础。
提出了一种基于SMAC的功率控制MAC协议,利用SMAC的同步过程为每个节点建立优化功率调度表,在保证网络连通性的同时,通过调整发送功率来控制邻居节点的个数,优化功率调度表中的最大值可使其邻居节点个数达到目标值。同时,结合路由表中下一跳节点信息查询优化功率调度表,使得节点以最优功率发送数据,以达到节省数据传输的能量消耗。
通过NS2仿真平台,完成对功率控制MCA协议在网络能耗、延时和吞吐量3个性能指标的验证,并和SMAC协议比较分析,功率控制MAC协议与SMAC协议相比,可以节省节点的能量,提高网络的生存时间,同时对网络延时和吞吐量也有一定的改善。
With the rapid advancement in wireless communications and microelectronics, the Wireless Sensor Networks(WSNs) are the new-type wireless communication networks have been the focus of research and application. WSNs are composed of a large number of nodes with low cost and simple structure. These nodes are easy to be deployed without any fixture. They can collect information quickly, accurately and comprehensively under a variety of occasions. WSNs make a strong impact on the intercommunion between human and the nature. And they are considered as one of the most important technologies in the 21st century.
We focus on the energy consumption, which is the key of MAC protocol. The design of traditional MAC protocols usually focuses on throughput maximizing, latency minimizing and guarantee the fairness of channel access at the same time. As a result of the power limitation in sensor nodes, the MAC design in WSN always put minimizing energy-consumption into the top goal. The existing MAC protocols are classified and both the advantages and disadvantages are analyzed, we mainly focus on the analysis of the competition-based MAC protocols, and have a deeply insight of SMAC and TMAC, which are the most important protocols nowadays.
We design a power control MAC protocol for WSN, which is based on SMAC, the optimal power dispatch meter is built in synchronization process of SMAC for each neighbor nodes. By adjusting the transmit power to control the number of neighbor nodes, and node in the maximum optimization of power dispatch table allows it to achieve the target number of neighbor nodes. In addition, the limitation of number nodes optimizes the routing complexity. In the next place, combination the optimal table and the next-hop information make nodes selecting the optimal power to send data by querying optimization power dispatch table, and achieve savings in energy consumption of data transmission.
Then the paper used NS2 simulation platform, compare the energy consumption, throughput and time delay of the new protocol and SMAC, and the result shows that the new protocol has a better performance. It can reduce the energy consuming and get improvement on the life of the network. In addition the network delay and throughput have some improvements.
引文
[1]孙利民等.无线传感器网络[M].清华大学出版社.2006.
[2]Rentala P,Musunuri R.Survey on Sensor Network.Dallas:University of Texas,2002.
[3]Agre J,Clare L.An integrated architecture for cooperative sensor networks[J].IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108
[4]Tian H.,Krishnamurthy S.,Stankovic J."VigilNet:An integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance,"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks(TOSN),February 2006.
[5]Arora A.,Dutta P.,Bapat S.,Kulathumani V."A line in the sand:A wireless sensor network for target detection,classification,and tracking,"Computer Networks,2004,46(5):605-634.
[6]Werner-Allen G.,Lorincz K.,Johnson J."Fidelity and Yield in a Volcano Monitoring Sensor Network,"in Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'06),November 6-8.Seattle,WA,USA.
[7]Mainwaring P.,Polastre J.,Szewczyk R."Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring,"in Proceedings of ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications,Sept.2002.
[8]Juang P,Oki H.,Wang Y.,Martonosi M."Design tradeoffs and early experiences with zebranet,"In Proceedings of ASPLOS,October 2002,San Jose,CA.
[9]Xu N.,Rangwala S.,Chintalapudi K.Ganesan D,"A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring,"In Proceedings ofACM SenSys 2004,Nov.2004.
[10]Li M.,Liu Y."Underground structure monitoring with wireless sensor networks,"in Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks(IPSN07),Apr.2007.
[11]Sohrabi K,Gao J.Protocol for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network.IEEE Personal Communications,2000,16-27.
[12]Kahn J.Next Century Challenges:Mobile Networking for"Smart Dust"[C].Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.1999.9
[13]TinyOS.http://tinyos.millennium.berkeley.edu.
[14]Tian Q,Coyle E J.A MAC-Layer retransmission algorithm designed for the physical-layer characteristics of clustered sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on wireless communications.2006.Vol.5:3153-3164.
[15]Ho C M,Tai Y C.Micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)and fluid flows.Annual Review of Fluid Mech.1998.Vol.24:637-637.
[16]Vlado H,Andreas K.,Holger K.A common wireless sensor network architecture[R].Technical Report TKN-03-012.Berlin.2003.Vol.55:33-39.
[17]Zhao F.,Guibas L."Wireless Sensor Networks:An Information Processing Approach"(ISBN 1-55860-914-8)
[18]蹇强,龚正虎,朱培栋等.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展[J].软件学报.2008.19(2):389-403
[19]Liu Lifei et al."An Energy-Efficient Routing and Self-Organization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks",Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications.2005 Vol.12 No.2:87-93.
[20]Karl H.,Willig A."Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks"ISBN:0470095105,John Wiley,June,2005.
[21]Charles E.,Perkins,Elizabeth M.,Belding-Royer,et al."Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector(AODV) Routing" IETF RFC 3561.
[22].Johnson D.,Maltz D.,Hu Y.,et al."The Dynamic Source RoutingProtocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/IETFMANET working group,Internet draft,February 2002.
[23]Decleene B.,Firoiu V.,Dorsch M."Cross-layer protocols for energy-efficient wireless sensor networking" MILCOM 2005.IEEE.Oct.2005: 1477-1484.
[24] 张盛峰,朱江,朱治国．无线传感器网络中的MAC协议[J]．广东通信技术．2005年第6期：43-48
[25] Min R., Bhardwaj M., Ickes N., et al. The hardware and the network: Total-system strategies for power aware wireless microsensors, In Proc. Of the IEEE CAS Workshop on Wireless Communications and Netwoking, Pasadena, CA. USA, Sep. 2002.
[26] Stathopoulos T., Kapur R., Estrin D., et al. Application-Based Collision Avoidance in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 29th IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 506-514. Tampa, Flordia, USA, IEEE. November, 2004.
[27] Panichpapiboon, Sooksan. Optimal transmit power in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, v 5, n 10, October, 2006, Page(s):1432-1446.
[28] Hyu-Dae Kim, Dong-Ho Cho. Overhearing based relaying scheme in wireless sensor networks with mobile access points. Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, 2007. IEEE International Conference on Volume, Issue, 8-11 Oct. 2007 Page(s): 1-3.
[29] LAN MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society.IEEE Std802.11-1999,Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)specification.IEEE,1999
[30] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].INFOCOM 2002,New York,USA:2002.1567-1576.
[31] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transaction,2004,12(3):493-506.
[32] Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks [C].1st ACM Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,Los Angeles,USA:ACM press,2003:171-180.
[33] Enz C, EI-Hoiydi A., J-D Decotignie, et al. WiseNET:An ultra low power wireless sensor network solution [J].Computer,2004,37(8):62-71.
[34] EI-Hoiydi A., Decotignie J-D. WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC Protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks [C].The ninth IEEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications,2004:244-251.
[35] Polastre J., Hill J., Culler D. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks [C].ACM Sensys'04, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2004:95-107.
[36] Lu G, Krishnamachari B., Raghavendra C. An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data Gathering in Sensor Networks[C].International Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless,Mobile,Ad hoc and Sensor Networks(WMAN 04),2004:224-230.
[37] Lin P., Qiao C, Wang X., "Medium aeeess control with a dynamic duty cyele for sensor networks", IEEE Wireless Communieations and Networking Conference,Volume:3, vol.3,21-25 Mareh 2004.Pages: 1534-1539.
[38] Callaway Edgar H. Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture and Protocols[J].Auerbach Publications,2004:71 -78.
[39] Rajendran V, Obraczka K, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J. J. Energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks [C].The First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.Los Angeles,USA:ACM Press,2003:181-192.
[40] Heinzelman W.B, Chandrakasan A.P, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2002, l(4):660-670.
[41]Kalidindi.R, Ray L, Kannanl R, et al. Distributed Energy Aware MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].International Conference on Wireless Networks 2003 (ICWN'03), LasVegas, Nevada, USA, June 2003.
[42] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, et al. A Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks[C] .Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001. Rome:ACM Press,2001:272-286.
[43] Chen K, Shah S.H, Nahrstedt K. Cross-Layer Design for Data Accessibility in Mobile Ad hoc Networks [J] .Wireless Personal Communications,2002,21:49-76.
[44] Gomez J, Campbell AT, Naghshineh M, Bisdikian C. Conserving transmission power in wireless Ad hoc networks. In: Satish K,ed. Proc. of the ICNP 2001. Washington: IEEE Computer Society,2001:24-34.
[45] Jung ES, Vaidya NH. A power control MAC protocol for Ad hoc networks. In: Akyildiz IF, ed. Proc. of the MobiCom 2002.Atlanta:ACM Press,2002:36-47.
[46]Kawadia V,Narayanaswamy S,Rozovsky R.Protocols for media access control and power control in wireless networks.In:Djaferis T,ed.Proc.of the 40th IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control.Orlando:IEEE Control Systems Society,2001:1935-1940.
[47]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas RS.Power control in ad-hoc networks:Theory,architecture,algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol.In:Lenzini L,ed.Proc.of the European Wireless Conf.Florence,2002:156-162.
[48]Muqattash A,Krtmz M.Power controlled dual channel(PCDC) medium access protocol for wireless Ad hoc networks.In:Bauer F,ed.Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2003.San Francisco:IEEE Press,2003.470-480.
[49]Yu CS,Shin KG,Lee B.Power-Stepped protocol:Enhancing spatial utilization in a clustered mobile Ad hoc network.IEEE Journal on Selected areas in communications,2004,22(7):1322-1334.
[50]Lin S,Zhang Jb.,Zhou G,et al.TPC:Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].Sensys'06,November 1-3,2006,Boulder,Colorado,USA.Copyright 2006 ACM.
[51]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M]北京:国防[业出版社,2008.
[52]于斌,孙斌等.NS2与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2008.
[2]Rentala P,Musunuri R.Survey on Sensor Network.Dallas:University of Texas,2002.
[3]Agre J,Clare L.An integrated architecture for cooperative sensor networks[J].IEEE Computer Magazine,2000,33(5):106-108
[4]Tian H.,Krishnamurthy S.,Stankovic J."VigilNet:An integrated sensor network system for energy-efficient surveillance,"ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks(TOSN),February 2006.
[5]Arora A.,Dutta P.,Bapat S.,Kulathumani V."A line in the sand:A wireless sensor network for target detection,classification,and tracking,"Computer Networks,2004,46(5):605-634.
[6]Werner-Allen G.,Lorincz K.,Johnson J."Fidelity and Yield in a Volcano Monitoring Sensor Network,"in Proceedings of the 7th Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation (OSDI'06),November 6-8.Seattle,WA,USA.
[7]Mainwaring P.,Polastre J.,Szewczyk R."Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring,"in Proceedings of ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications,Sept.2002.
[8]Juang P,Oki H.,Wang Y.,Martonosi M."Design tradeoffs and early experiences with zebranet,"In Proceedings of ASPLOS,October 2002,San Jose,CA.
[9]Xu N.,Rangwala S.,Chintalapudi K.Ganesan D,"A wireless sensor network for structural monitoring,"In Proceedings ofACM SenSys 2004,Nov.2004.
[10]Li M.,Liu Y."Underground structure monitoring with wireless sensor networks,"in Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Information processing in sensor networks(IPSN07),Apr.2007.
[11]Sohrabi K,Gao J.Protocol for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network.IEEE Personal Communications,2000,16-27.
[12]Kahn J.Next Century Challenges:Mobile Networking for"Smart Dust"[C].Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking.1999.9
[13]TinyOS.http://tinyos.millennium.berkeley.edu.
[14]Tian Q,Coyle E J.A MAC-Layer retransmission algorithm designed for the physical-layer characteristics of clustered sensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on wireless communications.2006.Vol.5:3153-3164.
[15]Ho C M,Tai Y C.Micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)and fluid flows.Annual Review of Fluid Mech.1998.Vol.24:637-637.
[16]Vlado H,Andreas K.,Holger K.A common wireless sensor network architecture[R].Technical Report TKN-03-012.Berlin.2003.Vol.55:33-39.
[17]Zhao F.,Guibas L."Wireless Sensor Networks:An Information Processing Approach"(ISBN 1-55860-914-8)
[18]蹇强,龚正虎,朱培栋等.无线传感器网络MAC协议研究进展[J].软件学报.2008.19(2):389-403
[19]Liu Lifei et al."An Energy-Efficient Routing and Self-Organization Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks",Journal of China Universities of Posts and Telecommunications.2005 Vol.12 No.2:87-93.
[20]Karl H.,Willig A."Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks"ISBN:0470095105,John Wiley,June,2005.
[21]Charles E.,Perkins,Elizabeth M.,Belding-Royer,et al."Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector(AODV) Routing" IETF RFC 3561.
[22].Johnson D.,Maltz D.,Hu Y.,et al."The Dynamic Source RoutingProtocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/IETFMANET working group,Internet draft,February 2002.
[23]Decleene B.,Firoiu V.,Dorsch M."Cross-layer protocols for energy-efficient wireless sensor networking" MILCOM 2005.IEEE.Oct.2005: 1477-1484.
[24] 张盛峰,朱江,朱治国．无线传感器网络中的MAC协议[J]．广东通信技术．2005年第6期：43-48
[25] Min R., Bhardwaj M., Ickes N., et al. The hardware and the network: Total-system strategies for power aware wireless microsensors, In Proc. Of the IEEE CAS Workshop on Wireless Communications and Netwoking, Pasadena, CA. USA, Sep. 2002.
[26] Stathopoulos T., Kapur R., Estrin D., et al. Application-Based Collision Avoidance in Wireless Sensor Networks. In Proceedings of the 29th IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 506-514. Tampa, Flordia, USA, IEEE. November, 2004.
[27] Panichpapiboon, Sooksan. Optimal transmit power in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, v 5, n 10, October, 2006, Page(s):1432-1446.
[28] Hyu-Dae Kim, Dong-Ho Cho. Overhearing based relaying scheme in wireless sensor networks with mobile access points. Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems, 2007. IEEE International Conference on Volume, Issue, 8-11 Oct. 2007 Page(s): 1-3.
[29] LAN MAN Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society.IEEE Std802.11-1999,Wireless LAN Medium Access Control(MAC)and Physical Layer(PHY)specification.IEEE,1999
[30] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].INFOCOM 2002,New York,USA:2002.1567-1576.
[31] Ye W, Heidemann J, Estrin D. Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks[J].IEEE/ACM Transaction,2004,12(3):493-506.
[32] Dam T, Langendoen K. An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks [C].1st ACM Conf.on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems,Los Angeles,USA:ACM press,2003:171-180.
[33] Enz C, EI-Hoiydi A., J-D Decotignie, et al. WiseNET:An ultra low power wireless sensor network solution [J].Computer,2004,37(8):62-71.
[34] EI-Hoiydi A., Decotignie J-D. WiseMAC: An ultra low power MAC Protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks [C].The ninth IEEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications,2004:244-251.
[35] Polastre J., Hill J., Culler D. Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks [C].ACM Sensys'04, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 2004:95-107.
[36] Lu G, Krishnamachari B., Raghavendra C. An Adaptive Energy-Efficient and Low-Latency MAC for Data Gathering in Sensor Networks[C].International Workshop on Algorithms for Wireless,Mobile,Ad hoc and Sensor Networks(WMAN 04),2004:224-230.
[37] Lin P., Qiao C, Wang X., "Medium aeeess control with a dynamic duty cyele for sensor networks", IEEE Wireless Communieations and Networking Conference,Volume:3, vol.3,21-25 Mareh 2004.Pages: 1534-1539.
[38] Callaway Edgar H. Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture and Protocols[J].Auerbach Publications,2004:71 -78.
[39] Rajendran V, Obraczka K, Garcia-Luna-Aceves J. J. Energy-efficient, collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks [C].The First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems.Los Angeles,USA:ACM Press,2003:181-192.
[40] Heinzelman W.B, Chandrakasan A.P, Balakrishnan H. An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks[J].IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications. 2002, l(4):660-670.
[41]Kalidindi.R, Ray L, Kannanl R, et al. Distributed Energy Aware MAC Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].International Conference on Wireless Networks 2003 (ICWN'03), LasVegas, Nevada, USA, June 2003.
[42] Shih E, Cho S, Ickes N, et al. A Physical layer driven protocol and algorithm design for energy-efficient wireless sensor networks[C] .Proceedings of the ACM MobiCom 2001. Rome:ACM Press,2001:272-286.
[43] Chen K, Shah S.H, Nahrstedt K. Cross-Layer Design for Data Accessibility in Mobile Ad hoc Networks [J] .Wireless Personal Communications,2002,21:49-76.
[44] Gomez J, Campbell AT, Naghshineh M, Bisdikian C. Conserving transmission power in wireless Ad hoc networks. In: Satish K,ed. Proc. of the ICNP 2001. Washington: IEEE Computer Society,2001:24-34.
[45] Jung ES, Vaidya NH. A power control MAC protocol for Ad hoc networks. In: Akyildiz IF, ed. Proc. of the MobiCom 2002.Atlanta:ACM Press,2002:36-47.
[46]Kawadia V,Narayanaswamy S,Rozovsky R.Protocols for media access control and power control in wireless networks.In:Djaferis T,ed.Proc.of the 40th IEEE Conf.on Decision and Control.Orlando:IEEE Control Systems Society,2001:1935-1940.
[47]Narayanaswamy S,Kawadia V,Sreenivas RS.Power control in ad-hoc networks:Theory,architecture,algorithm and implementation of the COMPOW Protocol.In:Lenzini L,ed.Proc.of the European Wireless Conf.Florence,2002:156-162.
[48]Muqattash A,Krtmz M.Power controlled dual channel(PCDC) medium access protocol for wireless Ad hoc networks.In:Bauer F,ed.Proc.of the IEEE INFOCOM 2003.San Francisco:IEEE Press,2003.470-480.
[49]Yu CS,Shin KG,Lee B.Power-Stepped protocol:Enhancing spatial utilization in a clustered mobile Ad hoc network.IEEE Journal on Selected areas in communications,2004,22(7):1322-1334.
[50]Lin S,Zhang Jb.,Zhou G,et al.TPC:Adaptive Transmission Power Control for Wireless Sensor Networks[C].Sensys'06,November 1-3,2006,Boulder,Colorado,USA.Copyright 2006 ACM.
[51]方路平,刘世华,陈盼等.NS-2网络模拟基础与应用[M]北京:国防[业出版社,2008.
[52]于斌,孙斌等.NS2与网络模拟[M].北京:人民邮电出版社.2008.