稻米与小麦质量标准的中外比较研究
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摘要
通过搜集到的20多个稻米产销国230多个标准和10多个小麦主要产销国的90多个标准梳理分析,结合对粮食质检、生产、加工部门的调研,相关学术会议的研讨、咨询有关专家和检索大量资料,对中外稻米、小麦质量标准进行了比较分析。着重比较研究了所涉国家稻米(小麦)质量标准的内涵和主要特点,特别是质量标准在规范稻米(小麦)生产管理,提高产品质量中所起的作用,比较系统地掌握中外稻麦质量标准现状和动态,以及制(修)定与实施的经验,为制(修)定我国稻米(小麦)质量标准,实现标准化生产提供参考。
一、世界稻米标准发展总体趋势为:一是质量内涵多元化,各种专用稻米质量内涵得到开发;二是标准更加系统化,各种系列标准得到发展;三是对常规尤其是食用大米来说,卫生质量将得到空前的重视;四是对大米质量评价的精确度越来越高。
(1)日本、韩国、澳大利亚、美国、中国的北方和长江下游地区及台湾地区以生产粳米为主。其中以日本的粳米质量标准最具代表性。日本从育种、生产、加工直到蒸煮的各个细节形成一套完整的标准体系。日本的稻米标准和基于标准的检查以“严格”而著称。日本对食味的追求几近痴迷,对大米食味的研究已形成一门系统的科学与标准,为保证食味不惜放弃高产和营养品质(如控制蛋白质含量)。食味由专业人员依靠感官来进行,为减少食味偏好引起误差,还研制出米食味计,开发出适合日本消费习惯的大米食味评定软件。日本的大米卫生标准也是最严格的。日本从90年代以来重视采用卫生标准等绿色壁垒抵制大米的进口,对中国大米农药含量检验指标也从1992年47项,猛增到2004年的126项。严格的卫生标准不仅提高大米的安全性,保证消费者安全,更成为有效的贸易壁垒。
本研究认为,日本大米业的成功的很重要原因在于制定实施了一整套科学、严格的标准体系,凭借先进的检测手段和严格的质量管理使稻米质量标准得以实现。
(2)中国南部、泰国、越南、菲律宾、印度、印度尼西亚等南亚国家大部分
Based on the collection and analyses of more than 230 rice quality standards in over 20 countries and regions, and over 90 wheat quality standards in more than 10 countries and regions, investigations into cereal production, processing and inspection departments and participation in academic conferences, and consultation from experts in related fields, Chinese and foreign quality standards of rice and wheat were compared. The comparative studies focused on the implications, connotations and characteristics of rice and wheat quality standards, especially the roles that rice and wheat quality standards played in cereal production and in increasing cereal quality so as to provide necessary reference to the revision of rice and wheat quality standards and standardized production of rice and wheat in China. The main results were as follows.1. Four trends have been observed in world rice standards. Firstly, rice quality standards are multiple and diverse in implications and connotations. Secondly, quality standards were more systematic. Different series of standards have been developed. Thirdly, unprecedented attention is now paid to hygiene standards, especially to the standards of rice for human consumption. Fourthly, the preciseness of rice appraisal is now becoming higher and higher.(1) Japan, South Korea, Australia, the USA, and the northern part of Chinese mainland and Taiwan are the main producing countries and regions of polished round-grained rice. Japan enjoys the highest representation in polished round-grained rice due to its highly strict standards and inspection. Extremely strict stipulations have been laid on all the details related to rice production including breeding, production, processing and cooking. An infatuated interest in tastes has been found in Japan, so research in this field has developed into a systematic discipline. In some cases, high
yield and nutritional value have been neglected in order to get a better tastes. In Japan tastes are detected by professionals. And what's more, rice is grounded into taste-meter, which is used for taste detection. Related computer software has also been developed so as to minimize the error caused by undue favor. Strictest hygiene standards in rice quality could also been found in Japan. Since the 1990s, hygiene standards have been adopted in Japan to boycott rice import of from foreign countries. In 1992, 47 indices related to pesticide content in rice for import from China were detected, while in 2004 126 indices were detected. Stricter hygiene rice standards not only improved rice safety but also became a more effective trade barrier to prevent importing too much rice from foreign countries and regions.This paper pointed out that the success of rice industry in Japan lied in its systematically strict standards and their implementation through advanced testing methods, instruments and efficient quality management.(2) The southern part of China, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, India and Indonesia are the main producing countries and regions of long-grained non-glutinous rice. Thailand enjoys the highest reputation for its quality standards. In a short period of 20 years, Thailand has grown into a champion on the international rice market. Much experience can be learnt from its huge success. Rice standards in Thailand are established at a higher point, more diverse in indices, more multiple in system, and thus the most complicated in the world (except hygiene standards). When establishing rice standards, higher attention was paid to the interface between rice production and rice marketing. The most important feature of rice standards in Thailand is the close combination of variety standards and product standards. To cultivate famous rice brand through product standards, to increase rice processing quality and to lead in consumption have become successful practices in Thailand.Based on the analyses of rice quality standards in above-mentioned countries, we could conclude that rice quality standards had undergone three progressive stages, on which different foc
一、世界稻米标准发展总体趋势为:一是质量内涵多元化,各种专用稻米质量内涵得到开发;二是标准更加系统化,各种系列标准得到发展;三是对常规尤其是食用大米来说,卫生质量将得到空前的重视;四是对大米质量评价的精确度越来越高。
(1)日本、韩国、澳大利亚、美国、中国的北方和长江下游地区及台湾地区以生产粳米为主。其中以日本的粳米质量标准最具代表性。日本从育种、生产、加工直到蒸煮的各个细节形成一套完整的标准体系。日本的稻米标准和基于标准的检查以“严格”而著称。日本对食味的追求几近痴迷,对大米食味的研究已形成一门系统的科学与标准,为保证食味不惜放弃高产和营养品质(如控制蛋白质含量)。食味由专业人员依靠感官来进行,为减少食味偏好引起误差,还研制出米食味计,开发出适合日本消费习惯的大米食味评定软件。日本的大米卫生标准也是最严格的。日本从90年代以来重视采用卫生标准等绿色壁垒抵制大米的进口,对中国大米农药含量检验指标也从1992年47项,猛增到2004年的126项。严格的卫生标准不仅提高大米的安全性,保证消费者安全,更成为有效的贸易壁垒。
本研究认为,日本大米业的成功的很重要原因在于制定实施了一整套科学、严格的标准体系,凭借先进的检测手段和严格的质量管理使稻米质量标准得以实现。
(2)中国南部、泰国、越南、菲律宾、印度、印度尼西亚等南亚国家大部分
Based on the collection and analyses of more than 230 rice quality standards in over 20 countries and regions, and over 90 wheat quality standards in more than 10 countries and regions, investigations into cereal production, processing and inspection departments and participation in academic conferences, and consultation from experts in related fields, Chinese and foreign quality standards of rice and wheat were compared. The comparative studies focused on the implications, connotations and characteristics of rice and wheat quality standards, especially the roles that rice and wheat quality standards played in cereal production and in increasing cereal quality so as to provide necessary reference to the revision of rice and wheat quality standards and standardized production of rice and wheat in China. The main results were as follows.1. Four trends have been observed in world rice standards. Firstly, rice quality standards are multiple and diverse in implications and connotations. Secondly, quality standards were more systematic. Different series of standards have been developed. Thirdly, unprecedented attention is now paid to hygiene standards, especially to the standards of rice for human consumption. Fourthly, the preciseness of rice appraisal is now becoming higher and higher.(1) Japan, South Korea, Australia, the USA, and the northern part of Chinese mainland and Taiwan are the main producing countries and regions of polished round-grained rice. Japan enjoys the highest representation in polished round-grained rice due to its highly strict standards and inspection. Extremely strict stipulations have been laid on all the details related to rice production including breeding, production, processing and cooking. An infatuated interest in tastes has been found in Japan, so research in this field has developed into a systematic discipline. In some cases, high
yield and nutritional value have been neglected in order to get a better tastes. In Japan tastes are detected by professionals. And what's more, rice is grounded into taste-meter, which is used for taste detection. Related computer software has also been developed so as to minimize the error caused by undue favor. Strictest hygiene standards in rice quality could also been found in Japan. Since the 1990s, hygiene standards have been adopted in Japan to boycott rice import of from foreign countries. In 1992, 47 indices related to pesticide content in rice for import from China were detected, while in 2004 126 indices were detected. Stricter hygiene rice standards not only improved rice safety but also became a more effective trade barrier to prevent importing too much rice from foreign countries and regions.This paper pointed out that the success of rice industry in Japan lied in its systematically strict standards and their implementation through advanced testing methods, instruments and efficient quality management.(2) The southern part of China, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, India and Indonesia are the main producing countries and regions of long-grained non-glutinous rice. Thailand enjoys the highest reputation for its quality standards. In a short period of 20 years, Thailand has grown into a champion on the international rice market. Much experience can be learnt from its huge success. Rice standards in Thailand are established at a higher point, more diverse in indices, more multiple in system, and thus the most complicated in the world (except hygiene standards). When establishing rice standards, higher attention was paid to the interface between rice production and rice marketing. The most important feature of rice standards in Thailand is the close combination of variety standards and product standards. To cultivate famous rice brand through product standards, to increase rice processing quality and to lead in consumption have become successful practices in Thailand.Based on the analyses of rice quality standards in above-mentioned countries, we could conclude that rice quality standards had undergone three progressive stages, on which different foc
引文
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