不同经营规模农户市场行为研究
|
摘要
不断扩大的国内外市场和日益开放的农产品贸易有助于中国农业生产的市场化和结构调整,也给从事劳动密集型高价值农产品生产经营的农户带来了更大的市场机遇和挑战。这部分农户已逐渐转向专业化生产,普遍成为参与市场经营的主体,其经济活动以及所生产的产品全部卷入市场交易。农户市场化行为选择将成为扩大中小规模农户抓住农产品消费转型的市场机遇和参与市场竞争,以至提高我国农产品竞争力的重要源泉。国内研究农户行为的论著较多,但针对市场化、专业化经营程度较高的具体农业产业领域的农户行为研究仍显不足。本文以从事高价值农产品生产经营的农户——陕西省苹果主产区果农为例,初步构建了农户市场行为分析框架,采用数理分析、计量经济分析和统计分析等实证分析与规范分析相结合的方法,从农户微观视角,对不同经营规模农户生产、销售、消费、流通等主要市场行为特征及影响因素进行深入研究,探究不同经营规模农户主要市场行为特征及面临的约束,为增加高价值农产品经营农户参与市场的机会,提高农户生产效率,强化市场经营行为,引导农户适应国内、国际大市场及提高其竞争力,提供理论和实证依据。
论文的主要研究内容和重要观点如下:
第一章导论。从我国加入WTO后农户面临的国际国内市场环境变化与生产劳动密集型农产品的农户所具有的比较优势,着重阐述了本文的研究背景、农户市场行为研究的目的和意义。在此基础上,对国内外有关农户行为研究动态作了较为全面、客观的综述和评价,阐明进一步深入研究农户的行为特征、定量研究方法的设计与应用,以及理论研究与具体农业产业领域的农户生产经营特点相结合,揭示农户市场化、专业化行为特征,依然是值得关注和研究的重要领域。根据本文研究的目的,构思出本文研究的技术线路和运用的主要研究方法,同时总结了本文研究的创新之处。
第二章不同规模农户市场行为分析框架。首先,本章从国际贸易理论角度,对高价值农产品、劳动密集型农产品、农户生产经营的市场化与专业化,以及农户市场行为内涵进行界定和理论阐述。其次,运用规范分析方法,初步构建了包含生产者-消费者、生产技术效率、风险偏好、交易成本、流通专业化组织的农户市场行为分析框架,从理论上阐述农户生产、销售、消费、流通等主要市场行为的研究侧重点。再次,农户市场行为研究必须以具体产业类型农户作为分析对象,所选的样本农户个体差异较大,适宜的研究视角切入有助于分析和把握重点,本文阐述了选取不同经营规模作为全文分析视角的理由及农户不同经营规模划分的依据。
第三章不同规模农户生产技术效率及技术选择行为。本章重点从投入产出的技术关系(生产函数)和技术选择(生产技术)两方面分析农户生产行为,建立和运用超越对数形式随机前沿生产函数(Translog SFA)数理模型,采用陕西省苹果主产区果农微观调查数据,估计不同规模农户生产技术效率及效率损失的影响因素;运用统计分析,揭示了市场化、专业化生产经营农户技术选择与采用的行为特征与偏好。通过不同规模农户生产技术效率及技术选择行为分析,得出以下结论和认识:一是经营规模与农户生产技术效率呈现“倒U型”效应趋势,中等经营规模农户生产效率最高,为76.98%,全体样本户生产技术效率平均值为72.87%,在现有技术和生产要素投入下农户技术效率提升的空间较大。二是在三种经营规模农户中,教育和技术培训等人力资本投资、科技信息的传播对农户生产技术效率都具有显著的正效应,从事非农产业、转包耕地和信用可得性等影响因素有负效应,家庭规模、户主年龄、农民合作组织等因素对不同规模生产效率影响不显著。三是农户技术选择与需求偏好特征主要表现为:不同规模农户技术需求类型选择与生产经营收益和成本付出多少紧密相关;小规模农户的技术获取渠道与中等规模农户、较大规模农户选择行为有明显差异;三种规模农户获取技术信息途径选择行为有助于生产管理技术更快、更低廉的在农户中间传播;不同规模农户技术使用预期效果选择偏好是由农户生产竞争力所能保留的程度,以及他们所能参与高价值农产品市场的程度所决定。
第四章不同规模农户风险认知与规避行为。针对从事劳动密集型高价值农产品生产的农户面临日益多样化的经营风险,采用多类别列联表分析(Crosstabs)、卡方检验等统计方法,以陕西省苹果主产区果农为例,研究农户生产经营风险来源、不同规模农户风险认知行为及风险规避行为。得出如下判断和结论:一是除了农业生产的传统风险如气候、自然灾害等,农村生产资料市场供应混乱及质量问题也是产量风险主要的来源,市场风险来源主要是价格不确定性、市场信息可得性以及销售流通渠道困难等。二是农户风险认知行为分析表明,其生产经营中市场风险比产量风险更加普遍,不同规模农户对产量风险和市场风险的认知行为差异明显,市场风险对经营规模大的农户影响小于规模较小的农户。三是农户自身规避风险行为在不同规模农户中具有趋同性特征,差异微弱。三种规模农户借助外部力量规避风险的行为差异不明显,总体上不同规模农户严重缺乏规避产量风险和市场风险的有效制度安排和机制措施。
第五章不同规模农户销售行为及影响因素。基于陕西省苹果主产区果农微观调查数据资料,应用交易成本理论,对不同规模农户销售途径选择行为、市场信息获取行为的统计分析,交易成本影响农户销售行为的理论模型(Order Probit概率模型)设计与运用,影响因素的量化方法选择与估计,形成以下观点和结论:一是农产品生产体系不断向商品化和专业化转变的条件下,农产品销售环节与传统市场制度的分离加重了市场参与者的成本,交易成本成为影响农户参与市场的核心变量。二是交易成本对不同规模农户销售行为的影响及差异显著。信息成本对三类经营规模农户都有较强约束,农户都缺乏及时、可靠的市场信息来源,获取市场信息的成本较高;由于不同经营规模农户参与市场的“进入能力”和“留住能力”不同,谈判成本对三类经营规模农户销售行为的影响差异比较明显;执行(监测)成本对经营规模较大农户销售行为的负面影响明显小于对中小经营规模农户的负面影响;农户特征变量对其销售行为的影响不显著。三是不同规模农户销售途径选择行为倾向集中反映了从事专业化高价值农产品经营的农户在市场交易中面临较大约束;不同规模农户市场信息获取行为有趋同性,获取信息的来源可靠程度有一定显著差异。本文认为,由于交易成本对不同规模农户农产品销售行为的影响存在显著差异,降低交易成本能够增加农户参与市场机会,因而政府支持的着眼点最好集中在增加公共产品供给及制度改革方面。
第六章农户消费行为的理论与经验分析。着重从三个层面研究市场化背景下,农户消费行为的特征与需求偏好。一是采用包含陕西省苹果主产区样本果农的陕西农调队2005年农户微观调查数据,建立LES-AIDS两阶段预算完整需求系统方程,估计农户消费行为的一般特征规律。研究发现,食品、衣着、燃料、住房、耐用消费品及其它均缺乏价格弹性,住房、耐用消费品及其它支出弹性大于1,仍然属于奢侈品,食品支出弹性小于1属于必需品;牛肉、猪肉、家禽等支出弹性较高,粮食、蔬菜等生活必需品支出弹性较低,农户自身特征变量对农户消费模式影响显著,不同收入组农户食品消费结构有明显差异。二是采用陕西省农家史料时间序列数据,研究农户非食品消费行为的一般特征。研究表明,市场提供农户消费商品和服务越多,对引导农户消费行为越明显,农户消费需求与市场导向相互作用。三是基于陕西省苹果主产区果农调查数据,对市场化专业化生产经营的农户消费行为研究表明,不同规模农户消费行为总体上呈现一个趋同性特征,显著特征是其消费行为有强烈的服务于生产的倾向,专业化经营的不同规模农户消费行为面临基本生活消费成本增加和农村消费品供给不足双重约束。
第七章中介组织对不同规模农户参与市场行为的影响。本章从农户微观角度,采用定量、定性及案例分析相结合的方法,重点分析了四类流通中介组织对不同规模农户参与农产品市场行为的影响。得出以下结论:一是农户流通型专业协会对不同规模农户参与市场行为的影响取决于其是否能实质性的降低农产品交易成本,农户对其认知程度较低,但对这类农民合作组织的需求较强烈。二是农民经纪人组织对不同规模农户参与农产品市场营销行为有重要的影响,但同时农民经纪人“获利动机”的负面影响已经显现。三是不同规模农户直接参与农产品批发市场中介组织交易成本过高,面临较大流通约束,导致农产品批发市场规模和组织效应对不同规模农户参与市场行为影响比较微弱,没有显著差异。四是由于“公司+农户”组织模式与合约安排制度不完善,是一种农产品即期交易模式,连接不同规模农户效果不明显,没有显著差异。本文提出,发挥中介组织连农户与市场的有效组织模式是农民中介组织与市场中介组织的有效对接。
第八章结论评述与政策建议。本文理论与实证研究表明,不同经营规模农户在生产技术效率与技术选择行为、风险认知与规避行为、农产品销售行为等充分体现农户市场经营行为特征的方面存在一定显著差异。由于组织制度、市场环境和区域农村经济发展现状的因素,不同经营规模农户在消费行为市场化需求、流通市场中介组织对农户参与市场行为的影响等方面没有显著差异,这些市场行为特征存在一定程度的趋同性。在此基础上本文从5个方面提出了具体的政策建议,着重强调政策措施对劳动密集型高价值农产品经营农户参与市场能力及竞争能力的效应。
As the expanding market and the increasing opening-up of agricultural product trade is bringing about the marketization and structural adjustification into China’s agricultural production, they bring also opportunity and challenge to Chinese farmers engaged in high-value labor-intensive agricultural production. These farmers is on the way of professional production, participating as the mainbody in market management, accordingly their economic activities and products are to be involved in market transaction. Hence, the market behavior of Chinese farmers is vital not only to their competitiveness as individual in market but the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural product in international market as a whole. Current study on farmer households’behavior is too general and fails to dig deep into this problem by focusing on one certain type of agricultural industry. This dissertation aims to solve this problem. Using Tanslog Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model and a large set of first-hand household-level survey data from apple growers in Shaanxi Province, this dissertation makes an indepth study of the characteristics of basic market behaviors such as production, marketing, consumption and circulation of different farmer size and their influencing factors, in an attempt to explore the restrictions that each is faced with and enhance the productivity of farmer households and their competitveness in global market.
This dissertation consists of eight chapters, the main content of each chapter is as follows:
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the main purpose, the theoretical basis, the main research method and the framework. It elabotates the research background, the purpose and the significance of a study on farmer households’market behavior with a brief view of a changing domestic and international market after China’s accession into WTO and the comparative advantage of farmers engaging in labor-intensive agricultural products; then it makes a thorough and objective review of studies in this area at home and abroad and specifies the necessisty of a quantitative study on farmer-household’s behavior characteristics focusing on a specific type of agiculture industry; then it summarise the method and the data, and finally it mentions the possible originality of this study.
Chapter 2 is a general analysis of farmer household’s market behavior. This chapter firstly gives definitions on terms like high-value agricultural product, labor-intensive agricultural product, farmer household’s productive marketization and specialization from international trade perspective combining with the facts of farmer household’s productive marketization and specialization in china; secondly, it constructs a tentative analysis framework including producer-consumer, production technical efficiency, risk preference, transaction cost, circulation, specialized organization and points out which aspects should be emphasized in a study on farmer households’market behavior like producing, consuming, marketing, circulation. Finally, it explains the reason of choosing farmer household of different size as the analysis basis of this study and provides a definition on farmer household market behavior.
Chapter 3 is about the production technical efficiency and technical choice behavior of different farmer size. This chapter mainly analysizes farmer household’s production behavior from the aspects of technical relation, productive function and technical choice. Using Tanslog Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model and a large set of first-hand household-level survey data from fruit growers in Shaanxi Province, this chapter makes an attempt at both theoretical and empirical analysis of the production technical efficiency of different farmer size and its influencing factors. The conclusion are: firstly, management size and farmer households’production technical efficiency displays an inverted“U”tendency, that means, medium-sized farmer households have a higher production efficiency than both small-sized and large-sized, and have a bigger room for technical efficiency enhancement; technical efficiency loss shows that regardless of farm size, human resources investment like education, technical training, the extension and popularization of sci-tech information have a marked positive effect on the production efficiency of farmer households, while non-farm management, arable land subtraction and credit availability a negative effect, beaides other factors like family size, age and agro-cooperatives do not show a marked effect. Secondly, concerning technical choice behavior and demand preference feature, there is a high relativity between choice of technical demand type and production management income and cost of farmer households of different size, and a marked difference is found between small-sized and medium as well as large-sized farmer household in terms of the channels trough which they get agricultural technology.
Chapter 4 gives an analysis of risk cognition of different farmer size and their dodging acts. Farmer households engaged in labor-intensive high value agricultural product are faced with various management risks today. Using statistics analysis method like Crosstabs test andχ2 tests and based on first-hand household-level survey data gathered from Shaanxi Province, this chapter mainly studies on origins of farmer households’production and management risks and risk cognition of different farmer size and their dodging acts. The conclusions are: firstly, besides climate, natural disaster and plant diseases, insect pests, the risk for peasants engaged in high-value agro-product production and management lies in two aspects, namely, output risk and market risk. That the non-standard market supply of means of production in rurul area leads to quality problem of agricultural chemical and chemical fertilizer constitutes the main output risk. Market risks are caused mainly by factors like price uncertainty, market information accessibility and marketing circulation channel. Secondly, the tests shows that market risk is more common than output risk in production management and does less influence to large-sized farmer household than smaller ones. Farmer households of different size and characteristics differ in their cognition of output risks and market risks. Thirdly, single farmer household is at passive position when faced with output risk and market risk.
Chapter 5 is a general analysis of the marketing behavior of different farmer size and its influencing factors. Based on transaction cost theory and data from Shaanxi Province, choice of marketing channels and access to market information of different farm size are observed and analysized to estimate the relative importance of various transaction costs and farm characteristic variables for the choice of marketing channel. The conclusions are: firstly, with the commercialization and specialization of agricultural production, seperation between marketing of agricultural product and traditional market system magnify participants’transaction cost, thus transaction cost becomes a core variable that affecs the marketing behavior of farmers. Secondly, transaction cost is statistically significant in influencing the marketing behavior of farmer household of different size. Information cost for farmers are relatively high and does not vary greatly across farmers of different size; the influence of negotiation cost on farmers of different size shows a marked difference; the negative impacts of monitoring costs on large-sized farm households are distinctly slighter than that of medium-sized and small-sized; farm households’characteristic variables do not impose significant influence on sales behavior. thirdly, overall inclination on choice of marketing channels reflects that a relatively high restriction is imposed on farmers of high-value agro-products when they are drawn into market transaction, and choice of access to market information by farmer households of different size are highly similar while the reliability of information source shows a marked difference. The paucity of information media avaible in rural area put a restriction on the alternatives that famers may employ to gain access to information.
Chapter 6 is a theoretical and empirical analysis on farmer households’consumption behavior. This chapter mainly investigates farmer households’consumption behavior characteristics and their demand preference from three levels. Firstly, estimation on micro-characteristics of rural household’s consumption behavior is made by using a two-stage LES-AIDS model and Rural Households’Microdata from Shaanxi Province in 2005. The results indicate that for commodity groups (food, clothing, fuel, housing, durable consumer goods and other commodities), demand is price-inelastic. Housing, durable consumer goods and other commodities are luxury goods, while clothing and food are necessities. Within the food group, price elasticities range from -0.362 to -0.942. Expenditure elasticities are lower for grains, sugar and vegetables and higher for pork, beef, and poultry. Evidence of household characteristic variables itself having a significant effect on food consumption pattern are also found. Secondly, the analysis on rural households’non-food consumption behavior shows that the guiding effect of market on farmer household’s consumption behavior strengthened correspondingly with the number of consumer goods and service that the market can provides to farmers. Thirdly, analysis of consumption behavior of different farmer size in specialized production based on household-level survey data from apple growers in Shaanxi Province reveals a general similarity in their consumption behavior and strong tendency to serve agricultural production.Besides, farmer households in specialized production are faced with the increase of living expenditure and the paucity of rural consumer goods supply.
Chapter 7 gives an overview of the influence of intermediary organization on farmers’participation in the couse of agricultural product circulation. The conclusions are: Firstly, agro-cooperatives’influence on farmers’participation in the process of market circulation is largely dependent on whether they can reduce transaction cost and help farmers sell their produce. Secondly, farmer brokers play an important role in the process of the marketing of agricultural products. Thirdly, agricultural product wholesale market has a slight influence on farmers’participation in market since farmers are faced with high cost if they make a direct negotiation on price with intermiediary organization in wholesale market. Fourthly, the effectiveness of“company plus farmer household”pattern in leading farmer households participating in market is significantly influenced by its organizing pattern and contract arrangement institution.
Chapter 8 is a summary of the whole paper. It concludes what the author has done in the research, its originality and put forward some policy implications.
论文的主要研究内容和重要观点如下:
第一章导论。从我国加入WTO后农户面临的国际国内市场环境变化与生产劳动密集型农产品的农户所具有的比较优势,着重阐述了本文的研究背景、农户市场行为研究的目的和意义。在此基础上,对国内外有关农户行为研究动态作了较为全面、客观的综述和评价,阐明进一步深入研究农户的行为特征、定量研究方法的设计与应用,以及理论研究与具体农业产业领域的农户生产经营特点相结合,揭示农户市场化、专业化行为特征,依然是值得关注和研究的重要领域。根据本文研究的目的,构思出本文研究的技术线路和运用的主要研究方法,同时总结了本文研究的创新之处。
第二章不同规模农户市场行为分析框架。首先,本章从国际贸易理论角度,对高价值农产品、劳动密集型农产品、农户生产经营的市场化与专业化,以及农户市场行为内涵进行界定和理论阐述。其次,运用规范分析方法,初步构建了包含生产者-消费者、生产技术效率、风险偏好、交易成本、流通专业化组织的农户市场行为分析框架,从理论上阐述农户生产、销售、消费、流通等主要市场行为的研究侧重点。再次,农户市场行为研究必须以具体产业类型农户作为分析对象,所选的样本农户个体差异较大,适宜的研究视角切入有助于分析和把握重点,本文阐述了选取不同经营规模作为全文分析视角的理由及农户不同经营规模划分的依据。
第三章不同规模农户生产技术效率及技术选择行为。本章重点从投入产出的技术关系(生产函数)和技术选择(生产技术)两方面分析农户生产行为,建立和运用超越对数形式随机前沿生产函数(Translog SFA)数理模型,采用陕西省苹果主产区果农微观调查数据,估计不同规模农户生产技术效率及效率损失的影响因素;运用统计分析,揭示了市场化、专业化生产经营农户技术选择与采用的行为特征与偏好。通过不同规模农户生产技术效率及技术选择行为分析,得出以下结论和认识:一是经营规模与农户生产技术效率呈现“倒U型”效应趋势,中等经营规模农户生产效率最高,为76.98%,全体样本户生产技术效率平均值为72.87%,在现有技术和生产要素投入下农户技术效率提升的空间较大。二是在三种经营规模农户中,教育和技术培训等人力资本投资、科技信息的传播对农户生产技术效率都具有显著的正效应,从事非农产业、转包耕地和信用可得性等影响因素有负效应,家庭规模、户主年龄、农民合作组织等因素对不同规模生产效率影响不显著。三是农户技术选择与需求偏好特征主要表现为:不同规模农户技术需求类型选择与生产经营收益和成本付出多少紧密相关;小规模农户的技术获取渠道与中等规模农户、较大规模农户选择行为有明显差异;三种规模农户获取技术信息途径选择行为有助于生产管理技术更快、更低廉的在农户中间传播;不同规模农户技术使用预期效果选择偏好是由农户生产竞争力所能保留的程度,以及他们所能参与高价值农产品市场的程度所决定。
第四章不同规模农户风险认知与规避行为。针对从事劳动密集型高价值农产品生产的农户面临日益多样化的经营风险,采用多类别列联表分析(Crosstabs)、卡方检验等统计方法,以陕西省苹果主产区果农为例,研究农户生产经营风险来源、不同规模农户风险认知行为及风险规避行为。得出如下判断和结论:一是除了农业生产的传统风险如气候、自然灾害等,农村生产资料市场供应混乱及质量问题也是产量风险主要的来源,市场风险来源主要是价格不确定性、市场信息可得性以及销售流通渠道困难等。二是农户风险认知行为分析表明,其生产经营中市场风险比产量风险更加普遍,不同规模农户对产量风险和市场风险的认知行为差异明显,市场风险对经营规模大的农户影响小于规模较小的农户。三是农户自身规避风险行为在不同规模农户中具有趋同性特征,差异微弱。三种规模农户借助外部力量规避风险的行为差异不明显,总体上不同规模农户严重缺乏规避产量风险和市场风险的有效制度安排和机制措施。
第五章不同规模农户销售行为及影响因素。基于陕西省苹果主产区果农微观调查数据资料,应用交易成本理论,对不同规模农户销售途径选择行为、市场信息获取行为的统计分析,交易成本影响农户销售行为的理论模型(Order Probit概率模型)设计与运用,影响因素的量化方法选择与估计,形成以下观点和结论:一是农产品生产体系不断向商品化和专业化转变的条件下,农产品销售环节与传统市场制度的分离加重了市场参与者的成本,交易成本成为影响农户参与市场的核心变量。二是交易成本对不同规模农户销售行为的影响及差异显著。信息成本对三类经营规模农户都有较强约束,农户都缺乏及时、可靠的市场信息来源,获取市场信息的成本较高;由于不同经营规模农户参与市场的“进入能力”和“留住能力”不同,谈判成本对三类经营规模农户销售行为的影响差异比较明显;执行(监测)成本对经营规模较大农户销售行为的负面影响明显小于对中小经营规模农户的负面影响;农户特征变量对其销售行为的影响不显著。三是不同规模农户销售途径选择行为倾向集中反映了从事专业化高价值农产品经营的农户在市场交易中面临较大约束;不同规模农户市场信息获取行为有趋同性,获取信息的来源可靠程度有一定显著差异。本文认为,由于交易成本对不同规模农户农产品销售行为的影响存在显著差异,降低交易成本能够增加农户参与市场机会,因而政府支持的着眼点最好集中在增加公共产品供给及制度改革方面。
第六章农户消费行为的理论与经验分析。着重从三个层面研究市场化背景下,农户消费行为的特征与需求偏好。一是采用包含陕西省苹果主产区样本果农的陕西农调队2005年农户微观调查数据,建立LES-AIDS两阶段预算完整需求系统方程,估计农户消费行为的一般特征规律。研究发现,食品、衣着、燃料、住房、耐用消费品及其它均缺乏价格弹性,住房、耐用消费品及其它支出弹性大于1,仍然属于奢侈品,食品支出弹性小于1属于必需品;牛肉、猪肉、家禽等支出弹性较高,粮食、蔬菜等生活必需品支出弹性较低,农户自身特征变量对农户消费模式影响显著,不同收入组农户食品消费结构有明显差异。二是采用陕西省农家史料时间序列数据,研究农户非食品消费行为的一般特征。研究表明,市场提供农户消费商品和服务越多,对引导农户消费行为越明显,农户消费需求与市场导向相互作用。三是基于陕西省苹果主产区果农调查数据,对市场化专业化生产经营的农户消费行为研究表明,不同规模农户消费行为总体上呈现一个趋同性特征,显著特征是其消费行为有强烈的服务于生产的倾向,专业化经营的不同规模农户消费行为面临基本生活消费成本增加和农村消费品供给不足双重约束。
第七章中介组织对不同规模农户参与市场行为的影响。本章从农户微观角度,采用定量、定性及案例分析相结合的方法,重点分析了四类流通中介组织对不同规模农户参与农产品市场行为的影响。得出以下结论:一是农户流通型专业协会对不同规模农户参与市场行为的影响取决于其是否能实质性的降低农产品交易成本,农户对其认知程度较低,但对这类农民合作组织的需求较强烈。二是农民经纪人组织对不同规模农户参与农产品市场营销行为有重要的影响,但同时农民经纪人“获利动机”的负面影响已经显现。三是不同规模农户直接参与农产品批发市场中介组织交易成本过高,面临较大流通约束,导致农产品批发市场规模和组织效应对不同规模农户参与市场行为影响比较微弱,没有显著差异。四是由于“公司+农户”组织模式与合约安排制度不完善,是一种农产品即期交易模式,连接不同规模农户效果不明显,没有显著差异。本文提出,发挥中介组织连农户与市场的有效组织模式是农民中介组织与市场中介组织的有效对接。
第八章结论评述与政策建议。本文理论与实证研究表明,不同经营规模农户在生产技术效率与技术选择行为、风险认知与规避行为、农产品销售行为等充分体现农户市场经营行为特征的方面存在一定显著差异。由于组织制度、市场环境和区域农村经济发展现状的因素,不同经营规模农户在消费行为市场化需求、流通市场中介组织对农户参与市场行为的影响等方面没有显著差异,这些市场行为特征存在一定程度的趋同性。在此基础上本文从5个方面提出了具体的政策建议,着重强调政策措施对劳动密集型高价值农产品经营农户参与市场能力及竞争能力的效应。
As the expanding market and the increasing opening-up of agricultural product trade is bringing about the marketization and structural adjustification into China’s agricultural production, they bring also opportunity and challenge to Chinese farmers engaged in high-value labor-intensive agricultural production. These farmers is on the way of professional production, participating as the mainbody in market management, accordingly their economic activities and products are to be involved in market transaction. Hence, the market behavior of Chinese farmers is vital not only to their competitiveness as individual in market but the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural product in international market as a whole. Current study on farmer households’behavior is too general and fails to dig deep into this problem by focusing on one certain type of agricultural industry. This dissertation aims to solve this problem. Using Tanslog Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model and a large set of first-hand household-level survey data from apple growers in Shaanxi Province, this dissertation makes an indepth study of the characteristics of basic market behaviors such as production, marketing, consumption and circulation of different farmer size and their influencing factors, in an attempt to explore the restrictions that each is faced with and enhance the productivity of farmer households and their competitveness in global market.
This dissertation consists of eight chapters, the main content of each chapter is as follows:
Chapter 1 briefly introduces the main purpose, the theoretical basis, the main research method and the framework. It elabotates the research background, the purpose and the significance of a study on farmer households’market behavior with a brief view of a changing domestic and international market after China’s accession into WTO and the comparative advantage of farmers engaging in labor-intensive agricultural products; then it makes a thorough and objective review of studies in this area at home and abroad and specifies the necessisty of a quantitative study on farmer-household’s behavior characteristics focusing on a specific type of agiculture industry; then it summarise the method and the data, and finally it mentions the possible originality of this study.
Chapter 2 is a general analysis of farmer household’s market behavior. This chapter firstly gives definitions on terms like high-value agricultural product, labor-intensive agricultural product, farmer household’s productive marketization and specialization from international trade perspective combining with the facts of farmer household’s productive marketization and specialization in china; secondly, it constructs a tentative analysis framework including producer-consumer, production technical efficiency, risk preference, transaction cost, circulation, specialized organization and points out which aspects should be emphasized in a study on farmer households’market behavior like producing, consuming, marketing, circulation. Finally, it explains the reason of choosing farmer household of different size as the analysis basis of this study and provides a definition on farmer household market behavior.
Chapter 3 is about the production technical efficiency and technical choice behavior of different farmer size. This chapter mainly analysizes farmer household’s production behavior from the aspects of technical relation, productive function and technical choice. Using Tanslog Stochastic Frontier Production Function Model and a large set of first-hand household-level survey data from fruit growers in Shaanxi Province, this chapter makes an attempt at both theoretical and empirical analysis of the production technical efficiency of different farmer size and its influencing factors. The conclusion are: firstly, management size and farmer households’production technical efficiency displays an inverted“U”tendency, that means, medium-sized farmer households have a higher production efficiency than both small-sized and large-sized, and have a bigger room for technical efficiency enhancement; technical efficiency loss shows that regardless of farm size, human resources investment like education, technical training, the extension and popularization of sci-tech information have a marked positive effect on the production efficiency of farmer households, while non-farm management, arable land subtraction and credit availability a negative effect, beaides other factors like family size, age and agro-cooperatives do not show a marked effect. Secondly, concerning technical choice behavior and demand preference feature, there is a high relativity between choice of technical demand type and production management income and cost of farmer households of different size, and a marked difference is found between small-sized and medium as well as large-sized farmer household in terms of the channels trough which they get agricultural technology.
Chapter 4 gives an analysis of risk cognition of different farmer size and their dodging acts. Farmer households engaged in labor-intensive high value agricultural product are faced with various management risks today. Using statistics analysis method like Crosstabs test andχ2 tests and based on first-hand household-level survey data gathered from Shaanxi Province, this chapter mainly studies on origins of farmer households’production and management risks and risk cognition of different farmer size and their dodging acts. The conclusions are: firstly, besides climate, natural disaster and plant diseases, insect pests, the risk for peasants engaged in high-value agro-product production and management lies in two aspects, namely, output risk and market risk. That the non-standard market supply of means of production in rurul area leads to quality problem of agricultural chemical and chemical fertilizer constitutes the main output risk. Market risks are caused mainly by factors like price uncertainty, market information accessibility and marketing circulation channel. Secondly, the tests shows that market risk is more common than output risk in production management and does less influence to large-sized farmer household than smaller ones. Farmer households of different size and characteristics differ in their cognition of output risks and market risks. Thirdly, single farmer household is at passive position when faced with output risk and market risk.
Chapter 5 is a general analysis of the marketing behavior of different farmer size and its influencing factors. Based on transaction cost theory and data from Shaanxi Province, choice of marketing channels and access to market information of different farm size are observed and analysized to estimate the relative importance of various transaction costs and farm characteristic variables for the choice of marketing channel. The conclusions are: firstly, with the commercialization and specialization of agricultural production, seperation between marketing of agricultural product and traditional market system magnify participants’transaction cost, thus transaction cost becomes a core variable that affecs the marketing behavior of farmers. Secondly, transaction cost is statistically significant in influencing the marketing behavior of farmer household of different size. Information cost for farmers are relatively high and does not vary greatly across farmers of different size; the influence of negotiation cost on farmers of different size shows a marked difference; the negative impacts of monitoring costs on large-sized farm households are distinctly slighter than that of medium-sized and small-sized; farm households’characteristic variables do not impose significant influence on sales behavior. thirdly, overall inclination on choice of marketing channels reflects that a relatively high restriction is imposed on farmers of high-value agro-products when they are drawn into market transaction, and choice of access to market information by farmer households of different size are highly similar while the reliability of information source shows a marked difference. The paucity of information media avaible in rural area put a restriction on the alternatives that famers may employ to gain access to information.
Chapter 6 is a theoretical and empirical analysis on farmer households’consumption behavior. This chapter mainly investigates farmer households’consumption behavior characteristics and their demand preference from three levels. Firstly, estimation on micro-characteristics of rural household’s consumption behavior is made by using a two-stage LES-AIDS model and Rural Households’Microdata from Shaanxi Province in 2005. The results indicate that for commodity groups (food, clothing, fuel, housing, durable consumer goods and other commodities), demand is price-inelastic. Housing, durable consumer goods and other commodities are luxury goods, while clothing and food are necessities. Within the food group, price elasticities range from -0.362 to -0.942. Expenditure elasticities are lower for grains, sugar and vegetables and higher for pork, beef, and poultry. Evidence of household characteristic variables itself having a significant effect on food consumption pattern are also found. Secondly, the analysis on rural households’non-food consumption behavior shows that the guiding effect of market on farmer household’s consumption behavior strengthened correspondingly with the number of consumer goods and service that the market can provides to farmers. Thirdly, analysis of consumption behavior of different farmer size in specialized production based on household-level survey data from apple growers in Shaanxi Province reveals a general similarity in their consumption behavior and strong tendency to serve agricultural production.Besides, farmer households in specialized production are faced with the increase of living expenditure and the paucity of rural consumer goods supply.
Chapter 7 gives an overview of the influence of intermediary organization on farmers’participation in the couse of agricultural product circulation. The conclusions are: Firstly, agro-cooperatives’influence on farmers’participation in the process of market circulation is largely dependent on whether they can reduce transaction cost and help farmers sell their produce. Secondly, farmer brokers play an important role in the process of the marketing of agricultural products. Thirdly, agricultural product wholesale market has a slight influence on farmers’participation in market since farmers are faced with high cost if they make a direct negotiation on price with intermiediary organization in wholesale market. Fourthly, the effectiveness of“company plus farmer household”pattern in leading farmer households participating in market is significantly influenced by its organizing pattern and contract arrangement institution.
Chapter 8 is a summary of the whole paper. It concludes what the author has done in the research, its originality and put forward some policy implications.
引文
① 数据来源于国家统计局编《中国统计年鉴 2005》,中国统计出版社。
① 农业部农业产业化工作领导小组办公室:《农业产业化情况交流》第 22 期,参见张晓山等. 联结农户与市场——中国农民中介组织探究[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002 年。
① 恰亚诺夫. 《农民经济组织》,北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
② Scott: The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Yale University 1976.
③ 刘易斯.《经济增长理论》,北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
④ 舒尔茨.《改造传统农业》,北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
⑤ S.Popkin. The Rational Peasant: The Political economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley 1979.
⑥ 马若孟.《中国农民经济》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1999 版,第 208～209 页.
① 黄宗智.《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展》,《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》,中华书局,2000.
② 需要说明是,黄宗智是第一位对农民市场行为做过理论分析的华裔学者,主要是从农户参与市场行为的动机出发,他将农民的市场行为归纳为三种:“剥削推动的商品化”、“生存推动的商品化”、“谋利推动的商品化”。
③ 恰亚诺夫. 《农民经济组织》,北京:中央编译出版社, 1996 年
④ Becker, G.S...A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, September 1965.
① 参见宣杏云,王春法.《西方国家农业现代化透视》,上海:上海远东出版社,1998 年,第 11 页。
② 转引自王宽让,贾生华.《传统农民向现代农民的转化》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1994 年,第 53 页。
① 转引自向国成、韩绍凤,分工与农业专业化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J],经济学(季刊),Vol. 6, N0.2, 2007(1):514-537。
引自普拉布. 平加利,农业增长和经济发展:全球化视角的观点[J],农业经济问题,2007(2):8-17。
① 转引自弗兰克.艾利思. 《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006 年,第 271 页。
② 适应性指新的技术在抗风、抗干旱、抗病虫害、对各类土壤与灌溉条件等的适应程度。
③ 转引自詹姆斯.C.斯科特. 《农民的道义经济学:东南亚的反叛与生存》,南京:译林出版社,2004 年版,第 19 页。
① 详见 Grisley, W. & Kellog, E. (1987). Risk-taking preferences of farmers in Northern Thailand: measurements and implications. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, No.2, 127-142.
② 佛兰克.艾利思:《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,2005 年。
① 转引自 Eleni Z.Gabre-Madhin. (2001). Market institutions, transaction costs, and social capital in the Ethiopian grain market. IFPRI Research Report , No.124. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy ResearchInstitute.
② 参见 Alexander, Carol, and John Wyeth. (1994). Cointegration and market integration:An application to the Indonesian rice market.Journal of Development Studies 30(2): 303-328.
③ 参见 Goletti, Francesco. (1994). The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency: The case of Bangladesh. IFPRI Research Report , No.98. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy ResearchInstitute.
④ 参见 Gebremeskel, D., T.S. Jayne, and J.D. Shaffer. (1998). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Constraints on performance of Ethiopian grain markets. Working Paper No.8. Grain Marketing Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⑤ 参见 Dadi, L., A. Negassa, and S. Franzel. (1992). Marketing maize and teff in western Ethiopia: Implications for policies following market liberalization. Food Policy 17(3): 201-213.
⑥ 参见恰亚诺夫《农户经济组织》(中译本),北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
① 转引自曹阳、王春超,农户经济模型的演变与最新发展[J],经济学动态,2007(2):74-78。
② 更多有关农户模型的研究文献综述见第一章国内外研究动态综述。
① 参见 Dolan,C. and Humphrey,J., 2001. Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: the impactof UK supermarkets on the African horticultural industry. Journal of Development Studies 37, 147-76.
① 数据来自中国农业网,http://www.zgny.com.cn/ConsHtml/6/1/1/111754.html,2007-1-24。
① 见黄祖辉,朱允卫. 全球化进程中的农业经济与政策问题[J],中国农村经济,2007(1):75-78。
② 本文在陕西省苹果主产区调查中,有 21 户 8 亩以上经营规模农户与从事果品加工贸易的企业签订了出口欧盟市场的订单,由于欧盟对农产品质量安全的严格标准,每一个签订订单农业的农户都要通过欧盟有机农业的认证并获得进入欧盟市场的原产地许可,因此这部分农户率先在生产环节执行了有机食品农药标准。
① 转引自陆文聪,西爱琴. 农户农业生产的风险反应:以浙江为例的 MOTAD 模型分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(12):68-75.
② 转引自 Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
③ 参见高梦滔,姚洋(2005)通过测算健康会影响农户长期收入大约 15 年。见高梦滔,姚洋. 健康风险冲击对农户收入的影响[J],经济研究,2005(12):15-25.
④ Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987. p105
① Binswanger, H.P. & Sillers, D.A. (1983). Risk aversion and credit constraints in farmers’ decision-making: a reinterpretation. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 20, No.1. 56-67.
② 马小勇. 中国农户的风险规避行为——以陕西为例[J],中国软科学,2006(2):22-30.
③ 转引自 Wolgin, J.M. (1975). Resource allocation and risk: a case study of smallholder agriculture in Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No.5.
④ Stern, N. (1986). Book Review in Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp257-259.
⑤ De Janvry (1972) 认为缺乏信息或者由于信贷市场、劳动市场不完全,风险是创新的主要障碍。见 De Janvry, A. (1972), Optimal levels of fertilization under risk: the potential for corn and wheat fertilization under alternative price policies in Argentina. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 54, No.1.
⑥ Binswanger & Sillers (1983), Hamal & Anderson (1982)认为当农户收入上升时,农户的规避风险态度或者不变、或者下降。转引自 Hamal, K.B. & Anderson, J.R. (1982). A note on decreasing absolute risk aversion among farmers in Nepal. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.26, No.3, 220-225.
① 价格有保证是指出售所得到的价格应该和信息寻找过程中所产生的期望值基本相符。参见王桂霞,霍灵光,张越杰. 我国肉牛养殖户纵向协作形式选择的影响因素分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(8):54-58.
①参见《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典》第二卷(E-J),p58 页,经济科学出版社,1996 年版。
① 数据来自中国农业网,http://www.zgny.com.cn/ConsHtml/6/1/1/111754.html,2007-1-24。
② 参见William H. Greene: “Econometric Analysis”, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997.
① 与其它研究不同之处,本文计算了每个弹性的 t 统计值,可以判别每个弹性系数在统计上是否显著。
② 不同收入组的分组标准是按陕西省统计局 2005 年农村居民人均纯收入分组的标准。参见《陕西统计年鉴 2005》,北京:中国统计出版社,2006 年版。
① 参见张文彤“聚类分析与判别分析”,《SPSS 统计分析高级教程》,北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002 年,第 166-177。
① 参见陈传波、张利庠、苏振斌. 农户消费平滑与收入平滑——基于湖北省农村住户调查月度数据的分析[J],统计研究,2006(9):50-53。
① 本文所指的农户流通型农产品专业协会,是主要以联合农户进行储运、收购和销售以实现规模经济为主要服务内容的组织,也包括农户技术型与流通型兼而有之的专业协会,不包括纯技术型农户专业协会。
② 参见马志艳. 农户流通型专业协会选择的实证分析——以内蒙古开鲁县为例[J]. 农业技术经济,2006(3):20-26.
① 数据参见黎元生. 我国农产品批发市场组织机制:缺陷与创新[J]. 青海社会科学,2006(1):28-31.
② 黄祖辉,刘东英研究认为农产品供应主体的分散性,导致由众多小规模、分散的、无差异的农户组成物流主体的一部分是农产品物流的一个特性;一是在以家庭为单位的生产制度下,小农户不能被排除在物流主体之外,农产品物流体系运行中的交易成本必然包含每一个农户独自参与农产品物流的交易成本。因此,降低大量重复的交易成本至关重要。参见黄祖辉,刘东英. 我国农产品物流体系建设与制度分析[J],农业经济问题,2005(4):45-49。
① 拍卖交易降低了“信息不对称”,提高交易效率。参见贾生华,刘清华. 拍卖交易与我国农产品批发市场交易方式创新[J]. 中国农村经济,2001(2):63-67。
② 转引自蔡荣,虢佳花,祁春节. 农产品批发市场价格形成机制及其交易效率[J],经济问题探索,2007(9):71-74。
① 参见陈炳辉,安玉发. 农产品批发市场发展模式国际比较及对中国的启示[J],世界农业,2006(2):7-9。
① 该比例是 6 个主产县果业局和农户反映的果品主产县批发市场交易规模大的实际情况。
② 农业部. 全国“菜篮子工程”定点鲜活农产品中心批发市场管理办法(试行)[Z].2004.11。该“办法”明确规定:产地批发市场的条件市场位于全国性或区域性鲜活农产品主产区,并具有优越的地理位置和良好的交通运输条件。同时根据不同的农产品,又分为蔬菜、水果、畜禽和水产品。分别的规定:蔬菜批发市场所在地蔬菜播种面积达到 2万公顷以上,市场年交易量占当地蔬菜生产量的 2/3 以上;水果批发市场所在地水果种植面积达到 0.67 万公顷以上,市场年交易量占当地水果生产量的 2/3 以上;畜禽批发市场年交易量占当地畜产品生产量的 1/2 以上;水产品批发市场所在地属于全国重要渔港或淡水产品主产区,市场年交易水产品数量 10 万吨以上。
③ 参见黄祖辉,吴克象,金少胜. 发达国家现代农产品流通体系变化及启示[J],福建论坛.经济社会版,2003(4):32-36.
① 根据本文在陕西省苹果主产区的调查发现,农产品加工贸易企业与农户的关系主要是松散的买断、供应和收购契约关系,仅仅起到解决本地农产品卖难和提供少量质优价廉的生产资料供应问题,正规一点的产销一体化组织形式也只不过采取“订单让利”的方式,与农户签订的合同价格高于市场价而已。
② 何嗣江、张丹将这种产销一体化模式归结为“公司+农户”远期交易模式。参见何嗣江、张丹,“公司+农户”模式的演变与发展路径[J],经济学家,2005(1):118-119。
③ 参见郭红东,龙头企业与农户订单安排与履约:理论和来自浙江企业的实证分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(2):36-43。
④ 本文在陕西省苹果主产区调查发现,少数农户参加“公司+农户”订单形式产销一体化组织,由于订单安排不完善、履约约束机制设计简单、“剩余索取权”规定模糊,导致订单履约效果不佳带动农户市场经营行为不明显,从第五章农户销售选择途径的统计描述就可看出这一点。
⑤ 参见徐金海,“公司+农户”经营组织的制度缺陷及其改进思路[J],农业经济,2002(12):34-37。
① 按照文盲半文盲受教育年限为 3 年,小学、初中、高中及中专、大专及以上受教育年限分别为 6、9、12、16 年计算,数据来自《中国农村统计年鉴 2005》。
② 参见伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典(英)第二卷(E-J)》北京:经济科学出版社,1996。
③ 专业技能培训对于农村收入的影响远高于其它形式的人力资本投资。参见侯风云,中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J],经济研究,2004(12):75-85。
④ 中国劳动力市场处于一种分割状态,使得城市劳动力市场二元分化,农民进城主要在低技术含量的非正式部门工作。参见赵忠,中国的城乡移民——我们知道什么,我们还应该知道什么?《经济学(季刊)》,2004(4),Vol.3, No.
① 转引自 Bussolo, M. and Whalley, J., 2003. Globalization in developing countries:the role oftransaction costs in explaining economic performance in India, Development Centre WorkingPapers. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
[1] Pingali, Prabhu. (2006). Westernization of Asian diets and the transformationof food systems: Implications for research and policy. Food Policy, 32: 281-298.
[2] von Braun, Joachim. 全球化及其对小农户的挑战[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):8-22。
[3] Reardon, T., P. Timmer, C. Barret, J. Berdegue. Therise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia and Latin America. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003, 85, (5): 1140-1146.
[4] Boselie, D., S. Henson, D. Weatherspoon. Supermarket procurement practices in developing countries: Redefiningtherole of the public and private sectors. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003, 85, (5): 1155-1161.
[5] 钟甫宁. 全球化与小农:中国面临的现实[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):1-7。
[6] 恰亚诺夫. 农民经济组织[M],北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
[7] Scott, C. Z. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Yale University 1976.
[8] 刘易斯. 经济增长理论[M],北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
[9] 舒尔茨. 改造传统农业[M],北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
[10] Popkin, S. (1979).The Rational Peasant: The Political economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley
[11] 马若孟. 中国农民经济[M],南京:江苏人民出版社,1999 版,第 208～209 页。
[12] 黄宗智. 长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展[M],北京:中华书局,2000 年版。
[13] 黄宗智. 华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M],北京:中华书局,2000 年半。
[14] Nakajima, C. (1986), Subjective Equilibrium Theory of the Farm Household. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[15] Becker, G.S. A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, September, 1965: 493-517.
[16] 加里.斯坦利.贝克尔. 家庭论[M],北京:商务印书馆,1998 年。
[17] Howard, N.; Barnum & Lyn Squire. (1979), An Econometric Application of The Theory of the Farm-household. Journal of Development Economics, (7), 79-102.
[18] Howard, N.; Barnum & Lyn Squire. A model of an agricultural household: theory and evidence, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
[19] Singh, Inderjit; Squire, Iyn & Strauss, John. (1986). Agricultural Household Model: Extension, Application and Policy. The John Hopkins University Press.
[20] Singh, Inderjit; Squire, Iyn & Strauss, John. (1986). A Survey of Agricultural Household Models: Recent Findings and Policy Implication. The World Bank Economic Review, VOL.1, (9), 149-179.
[21] Strauss J. (1982), Determinatants of Food Consumption in Rural Serra Leone: An Application of the Quadratic Expenditure System to the Consumption Leisure Component of a Household-Firm Model. Journal of Development Economics, 11 (3), 327-353.
[22] Lau, L.; Lin, W. & P. Yotopoulos (1978), The linear logarithmic expenditure system. Econometrica 46: 843-868.
[23] Lau, L.; Yotopoulos, P. & W. Lin (1981). TheMicroeconomics ofDistribution: A Simu-lation of theFarm Economy [J]. Journal of Policy Modeling, 3 (2), 175-206.
[24] Yotopoulos, Pan. A. & Lau, Lawrence. J. (1974), A Test for Balanced and Unbalanced Growth. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 5: 157-171.
[25] Senauer, B. M. & E. Jacinco (1988), Determinauts of the intrahousehold allocation of food in the rural Philippines, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70 (1) : 170-180.
[26] De Janvry, Alain; Marcel Fafchamps & Elisabeth Sadoulet. Peasant Household Behavior with Missing Markets some paradoxes explained .The Economic Journal, Novermber, 1991
[27] Elisabeth sadoulet; De Janvry, Alain & Benjamin, C. (1996). Household Behavior with Imperfect Labor Markets. Mimeo Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper No.786 University of California at Berkeley.
[28] Emmanuel Skoufias. Using Shadow Wages to Estimate Labor Supply of Agricultural Household, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, May, 1994.
[29] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. To Trade or Not To Trade: Non-separable Farm Household Models In Partial and General Equilibrium. TMD discussion paper NO.37, International Food Policy Research Institute, January 1999
[30] Nigel Key, Elasabeth Sadoulet & Alain de Janvry. (2000), Transactions Costs and Agricultural Household Supply Response. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, (5), 245-259.
[31] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. General Equilibrium Simulation Models in Agricultural Economics. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Agricultural Economics Society, April 2003.
[32] Basu, Kaushik. (2006). Gender and Say: A Model of Household Behavior with Endogenously determined Balance of Power., The Economic Journal, 116: 558-580.
[33] Chiappori, P. A. (1992), Collective labor supply and welfare. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (3): 437-467.
[34] Taylor, J. E. & Adelman, I. (2003). Agricultural Household Molde: Genesis, Evolution, and Extensions. Review of Economics of the Household, 1 (1): 33-58.
[35] Serra, T., B. Goodwin & M. Featherstone (2005), Agricultural policy reform and off-farm labor decision. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56 (2): 271-285.
[36] Vance, C. & J. Geoghegan (2002), Temporal and spatial modelling of tropical deforestation, Agricultural Economics, 27 (3): 317-332.
[37] Ahituv, A. & A. Kimhi (2006), Simultaneous estimation of work choices and the level of farm using panel data. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 33 (1): 49-71.
[38] 温铁军. 中国农村基本经济制度研究[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2000 年。
[39] 林毅夫. 中国农药家庭责任制改革的理论与经验研究[A],制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,30-62。
[40] 史清华,黄祖辉. 农户家庭经济结构变迁及其根源研究——以 1986~2000 年浙江 10 村固定跟踪观察农户为例[J],管理世界,2001(4):112-119。
[41] 史清华. 农户经济可持续发展研究[M],北京:中国农业出版社,2005 年。
[42] 史清华,万广华,黄珺. 沿海与内地农户家庭储蓄借贷行为比较研究——以晋浙两省 1986-2000年固定跟踪观察的农户为例[J],中国农村观察,2004(2):26-34。
[43] 万广华,史清华. 转型经济中农户储蓄行为:中国农村的实证研究[J],经济研究,2003(5):3-12。
[44] 胡继连. 中国农户经济行为研究[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1992 年。
[45] 马鸿运. 中国农户经济行为研究[M],上海:上海人民出版社,1994 年。
[46] 孔祥智,方松海,庞晓鹏等,西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析[J],经济研究,2004(12):85-96。
[47] 郭敏,屈艳芳. 农户投资行为实证研究[J],经济研究,2002(6):86-92。
[48] 李岳云,蓝海涛,方晓军. 不同经营规模农户经营行为的研究[J],中国农村观察,1999(4):39-45。
[49] 张广胜,吕杰,周小斌等. 诱致性制度变迁下的农户经济行为研究及启示[J],沈阳农业大学学报(社科版),2000(6)125-127。
[50] 周立群,曹立群. 商品契约优于要素契约——以农业产业化经营中的契约选择为例[J],经济研究,2002(1):14-19。
[51] 陈传波,农户多样化选择行为实证分析[J],农业技术经济,2007(1):48-54。
[52] 文贯中. 发展经济学的新动向——农业租约于农户行为研究[M],载汤敏,茅于轼. 现代经济学前言专题(第 1 集). 北京:商务印书馆,1989 年。
[53] 张林秀. 农户经济学基本理论概述[J],农业技术经济,1996(3):24-30。
[54] 张广胜. 市场经济下的农户经济行为研究[J],调研世界,1999(3):25-26(33)。
[55] 张林秀, 徐小明. 农户生产在不同政策环境下行为的研究——农户系统模型的应用[J],农业技术经济,1996(4):27-32。
[56] AlbertPark,任常青. 自给自足和风险状态下的农户生产决策模型——来自中国贫困地区的实证研究[J],农业技术经济,1995(5):22-26。
[57] 都阳. 中国贫困地区农户劳动供给研究[M],北京:华文出版社,2001 年。
[58] 曹轶英. 开放贸易背景下农户粮食销售行为与我国粮食安全的关系[D],中国农业大学博士学位论文,2001 年。
[59] 李强,张林秀. 农户模型方法在实证分析中的运用——以中国加入 WTO 后对农户的生产和消费行为影响分析为例[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(1):25-32。
[60] 宋洪远. 经济体制与农户行为:一个理论分析框架及其对中国农户问题的应用研究[J],经济研究,1994(8):22-28(35)。
[61] 张晓山等. 联结农户与市场――中国农民中介组织探究[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002。
[62] 贾仁安等.“公司+农户”规模经营系统的反馈基模生成集分析[J],系统工程理论与实践, 2005(12):107-117。
[63] 石敏俊,金少胜. 中国农民需要合作组织吗?——沿海地区农户参加农民合作组织意向研究[J],浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(5):35-44。
[64] 张闯,夏春玉. 农产品流通渠道:权力结构与组织体系的构建[J],农业经济问题,2005(7):28-35。
[65] 罗必良等. 农产品流通组织制度的效率决定:一个分析框架[J],农业经济问题,2000(8):26-31。
[66] 周立群,曹利群. 农村经济组织形态的演变与创新——山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告[J],经济研究,2001(1):69-75(83)。
[67] 郭红东,将文化. 影响农户参与专业合作经济组织行为的因素分析——基于对浙江省农户的实证研究[J]. 中国农村经济,2004(5):10-17。
[68] 郭红东. 我国农户参与订单农业行为的影响因素分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(3):24-32。
[69] 周章跃,万广华. 论市场整合研究方法——兼评喻闻、黄季《从大米市场整合程度看我国粮食市场改革》[J]. 经济研究,1999(3):73-79。
[70] 卫新,胡豹,徐萍. 浙江省农户生产经营行为特征与差异分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(10):49-56。
[71] 刘滨,池泽新,康小兰. 农户交易中介化——概念模型与立论依据[J],江西农业大学学报(社会科学版),Vo.l 5,No. 4,2006(12):29-32。
[72] 黄丽萍. 交易成本与农村专业合作经济组织发展困境——基于农户层面的分析[J],《东南学术》,2007(5):34-39。
[73] 胡定寰,Fred Gale,Thomas Reardon. 试论“超市+农产品加工企业+农户”新模式[J],农业经济问题,2006(1):36-39。
[74] 向国城,韩绍凤. 农户兼业化-基于分工视角的分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(8):4-10。
[75] 何秀荣,ThomasI.Wah. 中国农产品贸易:最近 20 年的变化[J],中国农村经济,2002(6):9-14(19)。
[76] 钟钰等. 中国农产品贸易进口波动因素分析[J]. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(12):6-10。
[77] 赵一夫,田志宏,乔忠. 中国农产品对外贸易的产品结构特征分析[J],农业技术经济,2005(4):33-37。
[78] 庚德昌,程春庭,储英奂. 农户经济行为量化分析[J]. 中国农村观察,1996(1):42-49。
[79] 李伟克. 国外农产品市场体系与产销一体化组织的发展情况[J]. 中国农村经济,1997(9):73-78。
[80] 张巨勇等. 我国农产品国内市场与国际市场价格整合研究[J]. 中国农村经济,1999(9):27-34。
[81] 翁鸣. 韩国进口农产品市场结构分析[J]. 世界农业,2005(4):35-38。
[82] 黄季焜,Scott Rozelle,解玉平等. 从农产品价格保护程度和市场整合看入世对中国农业的影响[J]. 管理世界,2002(9):84-94。
[83] 祝俊明. 农产品批发市场竞争力测评:理论、方法与应用[J],农业技术经济,2006(1):53-61。
[84] 罗雪中,潘志强 农业产业化发展与农民市场风险[J],财经理论与实践,2006(5):118-122。
[85] Okwudili O. Onianwa. (1995). The Potential for High-Value Agricultural Products Under The North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Beef in Mexico and Canada. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 27 (2), December, 377-385.
[86] Anita Regmi, Mark Gehlhar, John Wainio etc. (2005). Market Access for High-Value Foods. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report Number 840, February.
[87] Senauer, Ben. (2006). The Gr owing Market for High-Value Food Products in Developing and Transition Countries. Journal Food Distribution Research, March, 22-27.
[88] 宣杏云,王春法. 西方国家农业现代化透视[M],上海:上海远东出版社,1998 年,第 11 页。
[89] 王宽让,贾生华.传统农民向现代农民的转化[M],贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1994 年,第 53 页。
[90] 向国成、韩绍凤,分工与农业专业化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J],经济学(季刊),2007(1):514-537。
[91] 常修泽,高明华. 中国国民经济市场化的推进程度及发展思路[J],经济研究,1998(11):48-55。
[92] 习近平,论中国农村市场化进程测度[J],经济学动态,2001(11):11-17。
[93] 陈宗胜,中国经济体制市场化进程研究[M],上海:上海人民出版社,1999 年。
[94] 农村固定观察点办公室,《全国农村社会经济典型调查数据汇编》,北京:中国农业出版社,2001年。
[95] 普拉布. 平加利. 农业增长和经济发展:全球化视角的观点[J],农业经济问题,2007(2):8-17。
[96] 弗兰克.艾利思著,胡景北译. 农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2006 年。
[97] 詹姆斯.C.斯科特. 农民的道义经济学:东南亚的反叛与生存[M],南京:译林出版社,2004 年版,第 19 页。
[98] Grisley, W. & Kellog, E. (1987). Risk-taking preferences of farmers in Northern Thailand: measurements and implications. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, No.2, 127-142.
[99] Eleni Z.Gabre-Madhin. (2001). Market institutions, transaction costs,and social capital in the Ethiopian grain market. IFPRI Research Report , No.124. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[100] Alexander, Carol, and John Wyeth. (1994). Cointegration and market integration: An application to the Indonesian rice market. Journal of Development Studies 30(2): 303-328.
[101] Goletti, Francesco. (1994). The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency: The case of Bangladesh. IFPRI Research Report, No.98. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[102] Gebremeskel, D., T.S. Jayne, and J.D. Shaffer. (1998). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Constraints on performance of Ethiopian grain markets. Working Paper No.8. Grain Marketing Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[103] Dadi, L., A. Negassa, and S. Franzel. (1992). Marketing maize and teff in western Ethiopia: Implications for policies following market liberalization. Food Policy 17(3): 201-213.
[104] 曹阳、王春超. 农户经济模型的演变与最新发展[J],经济学动态,2007(2):74-78。
[105] 陈和午. 农户模型的发展与应用:文献综述[J],农户技术经济,2004(3):2-10。
[106] 高小蒙,向宁. 中国农业价格政策分析[M],杭州:浙江人民出版社,1992 年。
[107] Dolan,C. & Humphrey, J. (2001). Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: the impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticultural industry. Journal of Development Studies 37, 147-76.
[108] Binswanger, H.P., Deininger, K. & Feder, G. (1993). Agricultural land relations in the developing world. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, 1242-8.
[109] Hall, B. F., P. LeVeen. (1978). Farm size and economic efficiency: The case of California. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60 (4): 589-600.
[110] Anil B. Deolalikar. (1981). The inverse relationship between productivity and farm size: A test using regional data from India. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63 (5): 275-279.
[111] 林毅夫. 制度、技术与中国农业发展[M],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994 年。
[112] 高梦滔,张颖. 小农户更有效率?——八省农村的经验证据[J],统计研究,2006(8):21-26。
[113] Fan, S. (1991). Effects of Technological Change and Institutional Reform on Production Growth in Chinese Agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73: 2, 266-275.
[114] Lin, J. Y. (1992). Rural Reform and Agricultural Growth in China. American Economic Review 82 (1), 34-51.
[115] Thirtle, C., D. Hadley, & R. Townsend. (1995). Policy-Induced Innovation in Sub-Saharan African Agriculture. Development Policy Review 13: 4, 323-348.
[116] Kalirajan, K. P., M. B. Obwona, & S. Zahao. (1996). A Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth: The Case of Chinese Agricultural Growth before and after Reforms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78: 3, 331-338.
[117] Xiaosong Xu and Scott R. Jeffrey. (1998). Efficiency and Technical Progress in Traditional and Modern Agriculture: Evidence from Rice Production in China. Agricultural Economics, 18, 157-165.
[118] Shenggen Fan. (1999). Technological Change, Technical and Allocative Efficiency in Chinese Agriculture: the Case of Rice Production in Jiangsu. Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Eptd Discussion Paper, No.39.
[119] 黄少安,孙圣民,宫明波. 中国土地产权制度对农业经济增长的影响——对 1949～1978 年中国大陆农业生产效率的实证分析[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):38-49。
[120] 亢霞,刘秀梅. 我国粮食生产的技术效率分析——基于随机前沿分析方法[J],中国农村观察,2005(4):25-32。
[121] 曹暕，孙顶强，谭向勇. 农户奶牛生产技术效率及影响因素分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(10):42-48。
[122] 刘璨. 1978-1997 年金寨县农户生产力发展与消除贫困问题研究[J],中国农村观察,2004(1):35-43。
[123] 李周,于法稳. 西部地区农业生产效率的 DEA 分析[J],中国农村观察,2005(6):2-11。
[124] 张冬平,冯继红. 我国小麦生产效率的 DEA 分析[J],农业技术经济,2005(3):48-54。
[125] 黄映晖,戎承法,张正河. DEA 方法在小麦生产效率衡量中的应用[J],农业技术经济,2004(5):16-22。
[126] 周宏,褚保金. 中国水稻生产效率的变动分析[J],中国农村经济,2003(12):42-46。
[127] Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli. (1995). A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data. Empirical Economics, 20: 325-332.
[128] Battese, G.E. and Corra, G.S. (1977). Estimation of a Production Frontier Model: With Application to the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia, Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21: 169-179.
[129] Atanu Saha, H. Alan Love, & Robeit Schwar. (1994). “Adoption of Emerging Technologies under Output Uncertainty”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76(11): 836-846.
[130] 林毅夫. 中国的杂交水稻创新:一个集中计划经济中市场需求诱致的技术创新研究[A],制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2005 年。
[131] Hayami, Yujiro, & Robert, W. Herdt. (1977). Market Price Effects of Technological Change onIncome Distribution in Semi-subsistence Agriculture. American Journal of Agriculture Economics, 59 (5): 245-256.
[132] Ruttan, Veron W. (1978). The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations. International Development Review, 19, 16-23.
[133] 速水佑次郎、弗农.拉坦著,郭熙保、张进铭译,农业发展的国际分析(修订扩充版)[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000 年,第 408-409 页.
[134] Richard, N. Boisvert. (1982). The Translog Production Function: Its Properties, Its several Interpretations and Estimation Problems. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, Vol.28, September, 5-35
[135] Coelli, T.J. (1996). A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation. Center for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) Working Paper, NO.7.
[136] 李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞. 农户家庭经营效率及其影响因素的实证分析[C],第六届中国经济学年会大会论文。
[137] Battese, G. E. and S. S. Broca, 1997, “Functional Forms of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions and Models for Technical Inefficiency Effects: a Comparative Study for Wheat Farmers in Pakistan”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8, 395-414.
[138] 霍学喜,屈小博. 西部传统农业区域农户资金借贷的需求与供给分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(8):58-67。
[139] 王志刚等,农户采用水稻轻简栽培技术的行为分析[J],农业技术经济,2007(3):102-107。
[140] 朱进. 农民采用大棚蔬菜技术的影响因素分析[D],北京:中国农业大学,2004 年。
[141] 王济文. 我国贫困地区农户技术应用行为的实证分析[J],农业技术经济,1995(3):20-24。
[142] 赵龙群,孙希琪,孙明贞等. 我国农民采用新技术的行为特点及其对策研究[J],农业科技管理,1997(2):42-45。
[143] 覃守贵. 贫困山区农民采用旱稻的影响因素研究[D],北京:中国农业大学,2005 年。
[144] 高启杰,农业技术推广中的农民行为研究[J],农业科技管理,2000(1):28-30。
[145] 康云海,农业产业化中的农户行为分析[J],农业技术经济,1998(1):6-11。
[146] 朱明芬,陈文华,李南田. 农户科技行为与调控对策[J],农业科技管理,2001(4):48-51。
[147] 蒋和平,高新技术改造传统农业论[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1996:190-206。
[148] Napier, R. (2001). Global trends impacting farmers: implications for family farm management, Paper presented at Pulse Days, 2001, Saskatoon. New South Wales, Australia.
[149] 周衍平,陈会英. 中国农户采用新技术内在需求机制的形成与培育——农业踏板原理及其应用[J],农业经济问题,1998(8):9-11。
[150] 汪三贵,刘晓展. 信息不完备条件下贫困农民接受新技术行为分析[J],农业经济问题,1996(12):31-36。
[151] 邢大伟. 重视农民技术需求加强农业科技推广[J],江西农业大学学报,2001(5):207-209。
[152] 吕玲丽. 农民采用新技术的行为分析[J],经济问题,2000(11):27-29。
[153] 池泽新. 农户行为的影响因素、基本特点与制度启示[J],农业现代化研究,2003,25(5):368-371。
[154] 黄祖辉,朱允卫. 全球化进程中的农业经济与政策问题[J],中国农村经济,2007(1):75-78。
[155] 陆文聪,西爱琴. 农户农业生产的风险反应:以浙江为例的 MOTAD 模型分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(12):68-75。
[156] Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[157] 高梦滔,姚洋. 健康风险冲击对农户收入的影响[J],经济研究,2005(12):15-25。
[158] Binswanger, H.P. & Sillers, D.A. (1983). Risk aversion and credit constraints in farmers’decision-making: a reinterpretation. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 20, No.1, 56-67.
[159] 马小勇. 中国农户的风险规避行为——以陕西为例[J],中国软科学,2006(2):22-30。
[160] Wolgin, J.M. (1975). Resource allocation and risk: a case study of smallholder agriculture in Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No.5.
[161] Stern, N. (1986). Book Review in Economic Development and Cultural Change, 257-259.
[162] de Janvry, A. (1972). Optimal levels of fertilization under risk: the potential for corn and wheat fertilization under alternative price policies in Argentina. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 54, No.1.
[163] Hamal, K.B. & Anderson, J.R. (1982). A note on decreasing absolute risk aversion among farmers in Nepal. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.26, No.3, 220-225.
[164] Just, R.E. and R.D. Pope (1991). Production function estimation and related risk considerations. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, No.3. 276-284.
[165] Parikh, Ashok and Bernard, Andrew (1988). Impact of Risk on HYV Adoption in Bangladesh, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 2, N0. 2, 167-178.
[166] 刘建国. 我国农户消费倾向偏低的原因分析[J],经济研究,1999(3):52-60。
[167] 张文璋. 实用现代统计分析方法与 SPSS 应用[M],北京:中国统计出版社,第 350-355 页。
[168] 郭剑雄. 人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):27-37。
[169] Pingali, P.; Khwaja, Y. and Meijer, M.: Commercializing Small Farms: Reducing Transaction Costs, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. ESA Working Paper No. 05-08, 2005.
[170] 黄祖辉、梁巧. 小农户参与大市场的集体行动[J],农业经济问题,2007(9):66-71。
[171] Pingali, P. L. 1997. From Subsistence to Commercial Production Systems: The Transformation of Asian Agricultural. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79: 628-634
[172] 唐步龙. 产业链框架下江苏农户杨树销售决策的主成分分析[J],中国农学通报,第 23 卷 第 5期,2007(5):525-529。
[173] Goulven K.L. (2001), Institutions and price transmission in the Vietnamese hog market, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2(3): 375-390.
[174] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第一卷(A-D)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 144 页。
[175] 王桂霞,霍灵光,张越杰. 我国肉牛养殖户纵向协作形式选择的影响因素分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(8):54-58。
[176]. Von Braun, J. (1995). Agricultural Commercialization: Impacts on Income and Nutrition and Implications for Policy. Food Policy, 20 (3), 187-202.
[177] Sadoulet, E., Fukui, S., Janvry, A. (1995). Efficient Share Tenancy Contracts Under risk: The case of two Rice-growing villages in Thailand. Journal of Development Economics, 45 (2), 225-243.
[178] Coase, R. H., (1937). The Natural of the Firm, Economica, 4: 386-405.
[179] Williamson, O. E. (1986). Economic Organization: Firms, Markets and Policy Control. Hertfordshire, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
[180] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第二卷(E-J)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 58 页。
[181] Coase, R. H., 1960. ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, Journal of Law and Economics, 3: 1-44.
[182] 黄少安. 产权经济学导论[M],济南:山东人民出版社,1995 年。
[183] Hobbs, J.E. (1995). A Transaction Cost Analysis of Finished Beef Marketing in the United Kingdom. PHD dissertation, University of Aberdeen Scotland.
[184] Hobbs, J.E. (1997). Measuring the Importance of Transaction Costs in the Marketing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79: 1083-1095.
[185] 何坪华,杨名远.农户经营市场交易成本构成与现状的实证分析[J],中国农村经济,1999(6):40-44。
[186] 何坪华,杨名远.中介组织降低农业家庭经营市场交易成本分析[J],农业技术经济,1999(4):9-13。
[187] 贺 锋. 中国农产品物流模式构建:基于批发市场的研究[J],农业技术经济,2006(5):40-44。
[188] 林毅夫. 禀赋、技术和要素市场:中国农村改革中关于诱致性制度创新假说的一个自然实验[A]. 再论制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],北京:北京大学出版社,2000 年版:103-125。
[189] Greece, W. (1997). Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall: New Jersey
[190] Jayachandran N. 1996. A Probit Latent Variable Models of Nutrition Information and Dietary Fiber Intake. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78: 628-639.
[191] 赵忠. 我国农村人口的健康状况及影响因素[J],管理世界,2006(3):78-85。
[192] Bailey, D.B., Brorsen, B.W., Thomsen, M.R., 1995. Identifying Buyer Market Area and the Impact of Buyer Concentration in Feeder Cattle Markets Using Mapping and Spatial Statistics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77: 309-318.
[193] Frank, S.D., Henderson, D.(1992). Transaction Costs as Determinants of Vertical Coordination in U.S. Food Industries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74: 941-950.
[194] 张忠根,史清华. 农地生产率变化及不同规模农户农地生产率比较研究——浙江省农村固定观察点农户农地经营状况分析[J],中国农村经济,2001(1):67-73。
[195] Kydd, J., Poulton, C. and et. al., 2000. Globalization, Agricultural Liberalization, and Market Access for the Rural Poor, Wye College, Kent, UK.
[196] Schultz, T. W. (1964). Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[197] 林毅夫. 中国的农村改革与农业增长[A]. 制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2005年版,第63-92页。
[198] 李锐. 我国农村居民消费结构的数量分析[J],中国农村经济,2003(5):12-17(44)。
[199] Halbrendt, C. and Tuan, F. (1994), Rural Chinese food consumption: The case of Guangdong, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 76 (11): 794-99.
[200] Fan, S., G. E. Wailesl and C. Cramer (1995) , Household Demand in rural China: A Two-Stage LES-AIDS Model. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.77, (2), 54-62.
[201] Wu, Y.R. and Li, E. (1995). Food consumption in urban China: An empirical analysis. Applied Economics, Vol. 27: 509-515.
[202] Huang, J.K. and Rozelle, S. (1998). Market development and food demand in rural China, China Economic Review, Vol. 9: 25-45.
[203] Wan, G.H. (1998). Nonparametric measurement of preference changes: The case of food demand in rural China. Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 5: 433-436.
[204] Sakong, Y. and Hayes, D.J. (1993). Testing the stability of preferences: a nonparametric approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 75: 269-77.
[205] Guo, X.G., Mroz, T. A. and Popkin, B.M.(2000). Structural change in the impact of income on food consumption in China, 1989-1993. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 48:737-60.
[206] Haines, P.S., Guilkey, D.K. and Popkin, B.M. (1988). Modeling food consumption decisions as a two-step process. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 70: 543-52.
[207] Gould. (2002). Household composition and food expenditure in China. Agribusiness, Vol.18: 87-402.
[208] Fan, S., G. C. Cramer, and E. Wailesl. (1994). Food demand in rural China: evidence from rural household survey. Agricultural Economics, Vol.11, (9), 61-69.
[209] 臧旭恒,孙文祥. 城乡居民消费结构:基于ELES模型和AIDS模型的比较分析[J],山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(6):122-126。
[210] 秦朵 居民消费与收入关系的总量研究[J],经济研究,1990(7):46-49。
[211] 黄季琨. 食品消费的经济计量分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1995(2):54-62。
[212] 李锐等. 基于截取回归模型的农户消费需求分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1995(2):29-37。
[213] 庄贵军. 收入的增长趋势与不稳定性对中国农户消费倾向的影响[J],经济理论与经济管理,2001(1):29-34。
[214] 张广胜. 农村市场发育对农户消费行为影响的实证研究[J],中国农村观察,2002(4):43-47。
[215] 朱信凯. 流动性约束、不确定性与中国农户消费行为分析[J],统计研究,2005(2):38-42。
[216] 李小宁,李辉. 粮食主产区农村居民食物消费行为的计量分析[J]. 统计研究,2005(2):42-47。
[217] 陈传波,张利庠,苏振斌. 农户消费平滑与收入平滑——基于湖北省农村住户调查月度数据的分析[J],统计研究,2006(9):50-53。
[218] 屈小博,霍学喜,胡求光. 收入分配对不发达地区农户消费需求影响的实证分析[J],商业研究,2007(2):182-185(213)。
[219] X.M. Gao, Eric J, Wailes, & Gail L. Cramer. (1996). A Two-Stage Rural Household Demand Analysis: Microdata Evidence from Jiangsu Province, China. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.78, (8), 604-613.
[220] Gorman, W.M. (1959). Separable Utility and Aggregation, Econometrica, Vol.27, (7), 469-488.
[221] Baker, P., R. Blundell, & J. Micklewright. (1989). Modeling Household Energy Expenditures Using Microdata, Economics Journal, Vol.99, (9), 720-738.
[222] Timmer, P., and H. Alderman. (1979). Estimating Consumption Parameters for Food Policy Analysis, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.61, (12), 982-987.
[223] A. Deaton and J. Mullbauer. (1980). An Almost Ideal Demand System, American Economic Review, Vol.70, (6), 312-326.
[224] 万广华. 估计几乎理想需求系统的一种新方法[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1997(1):65-67。
[225] L. Blanciforti and R. Green. (1983). An Almost Ideal Demand System Incorporating Habits: An Analysis of Expenditure on Food and Aggregate Commodity Groups, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.65, (3), 511-515.
[226] 张文彤. “聚类分析与判别分析”, SPSS 统计分析高级教程[M],北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002 年,p166-177.
[227] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. (1999). To Trade or Not To Trade: Non-separable Farm Household Models In Partial and General Equilibrium. TMD discussion paper NO.37, International Food Policy Research Institute, January.
[228] 马志艳. 农户流通型专业协会选择的实证分析——以内蒙古开鲁县为例[J],农业技术经济,2006(3):20-26。
[229] 国鲁来. 合作社制度及专业协会实践的制度经济学分析[J],中国农村观察,2001(4):36-48。
[230] 黄祖辉,徐旭初,冯冠胜. 农民专业合作组织发展的影响因素分析——对浙江省农民专业合作组织发展现状的探讨[J],中国农村经济,2002(3):13-21。
[231] 黎元生. 我国农产品批发市场组织机制:缺陷与创新[J],青海社会科学,2006(1):28-31。
[232] 黄祖辉,刘东英. 我国农产品物流体系建设与制度分析[J],农业经济问题,2005(4):45-49。
[233] 贾生华,刘清华. 拍卖交易与我国农产品批发市场交易方式创新[J],中国农村经济,2001(2):63-67。
[234] 蔡荣,虢佳花,祁春节. 农产品批发市场价格形成机制及其交易效率[J],经济问题探索,2007(9):71-74。
[235] 陈炳辉,安玉发. 农产品批发市场发展模式国际比较及对中国的启示[J],世界农业,2006(2):7-9。
[236] 李泽华,我国农产品批发市场的现状与发展趋势[J],中国农村经济,2002(6):36-42。
[237] 黄祖辉,吴克象,金少胜. 发达国家现代农产品流通体系变化及启示[J],福建论坛.经济社会版,2003(4):32-36。
[238] 何嗣江、张丹. “公司+农户”模式的演变与发展路径[J],经济学家,2005(1):118-119。
[239] 郭红东. 龙头企业与农户订单安排与履约:理论和来自浙江企业的实证分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(2):36-43。
[240] 徐金海. “公司+农户”经营组织的制度缺陷及其改进思路[J],农业经济,2002(12):34-37。
[241] VonBraun, J. Agricultural economics and distributional effects: shaping agricultural policy for improved outcomes. Presidential Address[R]. 25th Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) on Reshaping Agriculture’s Contribution to Society. Durban, South AfricaAugust16-22, 2003.
[242] 郭红东. “行业协会+公司+合作社+专业农户” 订单模式的实践与启示[J],中国农村经济,2007(4):48-52。
[243] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第二卷(E-J)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 736 页。
[244] 侯风云. 中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J],经济研究,2004(12):75-85。
[245] 赵忠. 中国的城乡移民——我们知道什么,我们还应该知道什么?[J],经济学(季刊),Vol.3,No.3,2004(4):517-534。
[246] Bussolo, M. and Whalley, J. (2003). Globalization in developing countries: the role oftransaction costs in explaining economic performance in India, Development Centre WorkingPapers. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
[247] 党国英. 农民、市场、社会[J],中国农村经济,2003(9):77-80。
[248] Pingali, P.L., Stamoulis, K. & Stringer, R. (2006). Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger: Towards a coherent policy agenda, ESA Working Paper No. 06-01. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
① 农业部农业产业化工作领导小组办公室:《农业产业化情况交流》第 22 期,参见张晓山等. 联结农户与市场——中国农民中介组织探究[M]. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002 年。
① 恰亚诺夫. 《农民经济组织》,北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
② Scott: The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Yale University 1976.
③ 刘易斯.《经济增长理论》,北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
④ 舒尔茨.《改造传统农业》,北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
⑤ S.Popkin. The Rational Peasant: The Political economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley 1979.
⑥ 马若孟.《中国农民经济》,南京:江苏人民出版社,1999 版,第 208～209 页.
① 黄宗智.《长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展》,《华北的小农经济与社会变迁》,中华书局,2000.
② 需要说明是,黄宗智是第一位对农民市场行为做过理论分析的华裔学者,主要是从农户参与市场行为的动机出发,他将农民的市场行为归纳为三种:“剥削推动的商品化”、“生存推动的商品化”、“谋利推动的商品化”。
③ 恰亚诺夫. 《农民经济组织》,北京:中央编译出版社, 1996 年
④ Becker, G.S...A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, September 1965.
① 参见宣杏云,王春法.《西方国家农业现代化透视》,上海:上海远东出版社,1998 年,第 11 页。
② 转引自王宽让,贾生华.《传统农民向现代农民的转化》,贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1994 年,第 53 页。
① 转引自向国成、韩绍凤,分工与农业专业化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J],经济学(季刊),Vol. 6, N0.2, 2007(1):514-537。
引自普拉布. 平加利,农业增长和经济发展:全球化视角的观点[J],农业经济问题,2007(2):8-17。
① 转引自弗兰克.艾利思. 《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,2006 年,第 271 页。
② 适应性指新的技术在抗风、抗干旱、抗病虫害、对各类土壤与灌溉条件等的适应程度。
③ 转引自詹姆斯.C.斯科特. 《农民的道义经济学:东南亚的反叛与生存》,南京:译林出版社,2004 年版,第 19 页。
① 详见 Grisley, W. & Kellog, E. (1987). Risk-taking preferences of farmers in Northern Thailand: measurements and implications. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, No.2, 127-142.
② 佛兰克.艾利思:《农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展》,上海:上海人民出版社,2005 年。
① 转引自 Eleni Z.Gabre-Madhin. (2001). Market institutions, transaction costs, and social capital in the Ethiopian grain market. IFPRI Research Report , No.124. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy ResearchInstitute.
② 参见 Alexander, Carol, and John Wyeth. (1994). Cointegration and market integration:An application to the Indonesian rice market.Journal of Development Studies 30(2): 303-328.
③ 参见 Goletti, Francesco. (1994). The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency: The case of Bangladesh. IFPRI Research Report , No.98. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy ResearchInstitute.
④ 参见 Gebremeskel, D., T.S. Jayne, and J.D. Shaffer. (1998). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Constraints on performance of Ethiopian grain markets. Working Paper No.8. Grain Marketing Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⑤ 参见 Dadi, L., A. Negassa, and S. Franzel. (1992). Marketing maize and teff in western Ethiopia: Implications for policies following market liberalization. Food Policy 17(3): 201-213.
⑥ 参见恰亚诺夫《农户经济组织》(中译本),北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
① 转引自曹阳、王春超,农户经济模型的演变与最新发展[J],经济学动态,2007(2):74-78。
② 更多有关农户模型的研究文献综述见第一章国内外研究动态综述。
① 参见 Dolan,C. and Humphrey,J., 2001. Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: the impactof UK supermarkets on the African horticultural industry. Journal of Development Studies 37, 147-76.
① 数据来自中国农业网,http://www.zgny.com.cn/ConsHtml/6/1/1/111754.html,2007-1-24。
① 见黄祖辉,朱允卫. 全球化进程中的农业经济与政策问题[J],中国农村经济,2007(1):75-78。
② 本文在陕西省苹果主产区调查中,有 21 户 8 亩以上经营规模农户与从事果品加工贸易的企业签订了出口欧盟市场的订单,由于欧盟对农产品质量安全的严格标准,每一个签订订单农业的农户都要通过欧盟有机农业的认证并获得进入欧盟市场的原产地许可,因此这部分农户率先在生产环节执行了有机食品农药标准。
① 转引自陆文聪,西爱琴. 农户农业生产的风险反应:以浙江为例的 MOTAD 模型分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(12):68-75.
② 转引自 Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
③ 参见高梦滔,姚洋(2005)通过测算健康会影响农户长期收入大约 15 年。见高梦滔,姚洋. 健康风险冲击对农户收入的影响[J],经济研究,2005(12):15-25.
④ Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987. p105
① Binswanger, H.P. & Sillers, D.A. (1983). Risk aversion and credit constraints in farmers’ decision-making: a reinterpretation. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 20, No.1. 56-67.
② 马小勇. 中国农户的风险规避行为——以陕西为例[J],中国软科学,2006(2):22-30.
③ 转引自 Wolgin, J.M. (1975). Resource allocation and risk: a case study of smallholder agriculture in Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No.5.
④ Stern, N. (1986). Book Review in Economic Development and Cultural Change, pp257-259.
⑤ De Janvry (1972) 认为缺乏信息或者由于信贷市场、劳动市场不完全,风险是创新的主要障碍。见 De Janvry, A. (1972), Optimal levels of fertilization under risk: the potential for corn and wheat fertilization under alternative price policies in Argentina. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 54, No.1.
⑥ Binswanger & Sillers (1983), Hamal & Anderson (1982)认为当农户收入上升时,农户的规避风险态度或者不变、或者下降。转引自 Hamal, K.B. & Anderson, J.R. (1982). A note on decreasing absolute risk aversion among farmers in Nepal. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.26, No.3, 220-225.
① 价格有保证是指出售所得到的价格应该和信息寻找过程中所产生的期望值基本相符。参见王桂霞,霍灵光,张越杰. 我国肉牛养殖户纵向协作形式选择的影响因素分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(8):54-58.
①参见《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典》第二卷(E-J),p58 页,经济科学出版社,1996 年版。
① 数据来自中国农业网,http://www.zgny.com.cn/ConsHtml/6/1/1/111754.html,2007-1-24。
② 参见William H. Greene: “Econometric Analysis”, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1997.
① 与其它研究不同之处,本文计算了每个弹性的 t 统计值,可以判别每个弹性系数在统计上是否显著。
② 不同收入组的分组标准是按陕西省统计局 2005 年农村居民人均纯收入分组的标准。参见《陕西统计年鉴 2005》,北京:中国统计出版社,2006 年版。
① 参见张文彤“聚类分析与判别分析”,《SPSS 统计分析高级教程》,北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002 年,第 166-177。
① 参见陈传波、张利庠、苏振斌. 农户消费平滑与收入平滑——基于湖北省农村住户调查月度数据的分析[J],统计研究,2006(9):50-53。
① 本文所指的农户流通型农产品专业协会,是主要以联合农户进行储运、收购和销售以实现规模经济为主要服务内容的组织,也包括农户技术型与流通型兼而有之的专业协会,不包括纯技术型农户专业协会。
② 参见马志艳. 农户流通型专业协会选择的实证分析——以内蒙古开鲁县为例[J]. 农业技术经济,2006(3):20-26.
① 数据参见黎元生. 我国农产品批发市场组织机制:缺陷与创新[J]. 青海社会科学,2006(1):28-31.
② 黄祖辉,刘东英研究认为农产品供应主体的分散性,导致由众多小规模、分散的、无差异的农户组成物流主体的一部分是农产品物流的一个特性;一是在以家庭为单位的生产制度下,小农户不能被排除在物流主体之外,农产品物流体系运行中的交易成本必然包含每一个农户独自参与农产品物流的交易成本。因此,降低大量重复的交易成本至关重要。参见黄祖辉,刘东英. 我国农产品物流体系建设与制度分析[J],农业经济问题,2005(4):45-49。
① 拍卖交易降低了“信息不对称”,提高交易效率。参见贾生华,刘清华. 拍卖交易与我国农产品批发市场交易方式创新[J]. 中国农村经济,2001(2):63-67。
② 转引自蔡荣,虢佳花,祁春节. 农产品批发市场价格形成机制及其交易效率[J],经济问题探索,2007(9):71-74。
① 参见陈炳辉,安玉发. 农产品批发市场发展模式国际比较及对中国的启示[J],世界农业,2006(2):7-9。
① 该比例是 6 个主产县果业局和农户反映的果品主产县批发市场交易规模大的实际情况。
② 农业部. 全国“菜篮子工程”定点鲜活农产品中心批发市场管理办法(试行)[Z].2004.11。该“办法”明确规定:产地批发市场的条件市场位于全国性或区域性鲜活农产品主产区,并具有优越的地理位置和良好的交通运输条件。同时根据不同的农产品,又分为蔬菜、水果、畜禽和水产品。分别的规定:蔬菜批发市场所在地蔬菜播种面积达到 2万公顷以上,市场年交易量占当地蔬菜生产量的 2/3 以上;水果批发市场所在地水果种植面积达到 0.67 万公顷以上,市场年交易量占当地水果生产量的 2/3 以上;畜禽批发市场年交易量占当地畜产品生产量的 1/2 以上;水产品批发市场所在地属于全国重要渔港或淡水产品主产区,市场年交易水产品数量 10 万吨以上。
③ 参见黄祖辉,吴克象,金少胜. 发达国家现代农产品流通体系变化及启示[J],福建论坛.经济社会版,2003(4):32-36.
① 根据本文在陕西省苹果主产区的调查发现,农产品加工贸易企业与农户的关系主要是松散的买断、供应和收购契约关系,仅仅起到解决本地农产品卖难和提供少量质优价廉的生产资料供应问题,正规一点的产销一体化组织形式也只不过采取“订单让利”的方式,与农户签订的合同价格高于市场价而已。
② 何嗣江、张丹将这种产销一体化模式归结为“公司+农户”远期交易模式。参见何嗣江、张丹,“公司+农户”模式的演变与发展路径[J],经济学家,2005(1):118-119。
③ 参见郭红东,龙头企业与农户订单安排与履约:理论和来自浙江企业的实证分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(2):36-43。
④ 本文在陕西省苹果主产区调查发现,少数农户参加“公司+农户”订单形式产销一体化组织,由于订单安排不完善、履约约束机制设计简单、“剩余索取权”规定模糊,导致订单履约效果不佳带动农户市场经营行为不明显,从第五章农户销售选择途径的统计描述就可看出这一点。
⑤ 参见徐金海,“公司+农户”经营组织的制度缺陷及其改进思路[J],农业经济,2002(12):34-37。
① 按照文盲半文盲受教育年限为 3 年,小学、初中、高中及中专、大专及以上受教育年限分别为 6、9、12、16 年计算,数据来自《中国农村统计年鉴 2005》。
② 参见伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典(英)第二卷(E-J)》北京:经济科学出版社,1996。
③ 专业技能培训对于农村收入的影响远高于其它形式的人力资本投资。参见侯风云,中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J],经济研究,2004(12):75-85。
④ 中国劳动力市场处于一种分割状态,使得城市劳动力市场二元分化,农民进城主要在低技术含量的非正式部门工作。参见赵忠,中国的城乡移民——我们知道什么,我们还应该知道什么?《经济学(季刊)》,2004(4),Vol.3, No.
① 转引自 Bussolo, M. and Whalley, J., 2003. Globalization in developing countries:the role oftransaction costs in explaining economic performance in India, Development Centre WorkingPapers. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
[1] Pingali, Prabhu. (2006). Westernization of Asian diets and the transformationof food systems: Implications for research and policy. Food Policy, 32: 281-298.
[2] von Braun, Joachim. 全球化及其对小农户的挑战[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):8-22。
[3] Reardon, T., P. Timmer, C. Barret, J. Berdegue. Therise of supermarkets in Africa, Asia and Latin America. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003, 85, (5): 1140-1146.
[4] Boselie, D., S. Henson, D. Weatherspoon. Supermarket procurement practices in developing countries: Redefiningtherole of the public and private sectors. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003, 85, (5): 1155-1161.
[5] 钟甫宁. 全球化与小农:中国面临的现实[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(6):1-7。
[6] 恰亚诺夫. 农民经济组织[M],北京:中央编译出版社,1996 年。
[7] Scott, C. Z. The Moral Economy of the Peasant. Yale University 1976.
[8] 刘易斯. 经济增长理论[M],北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
[9] 舒尔茨. 改造传统农业[M],北京:商务印书馆,1987 年版。
[10] Popkin, S. (1979).The Rational Peasant: The Political economy of Rural Society in Vietnam. Berkeley
[11] 马若孟. 中国农民经济[M],南京:江苏人民出版社,1999 版,第 208～209 页。
[12] 黄宗智. 长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展[M],北京:中华书局,2000 年版。
[13] 黄宗智. 华北的小农经济与社会变迁[M],北京:中华书局,2000 年半。
[14] Nakajima, C. (1986), Subjective Equilibrium Theory of the Farm Household. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
[15] Becker, G.S. A theory of the allocation of time. Economic Journal, September, 1965: 493-517.
[16] 加里.斯坦利.贝克尔. 家庭论[M],北京:商务印书馆,1998 年。
[17] Howard, N.; Barnum & Lyn Squire. (1979), An Econometric Application of The Theory of the Farm-household. Journal of Development Economics, (7), 79-102.
[18] Howard, N.; Barnum & Lyn Squire. A model of an agricultural household: theory and evidence, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979.
[19] Singh, Inderjit; Squire, Iyn & Strauss, John. (1986). Agricultural Household Model: Extension, Application and Policy. The John Hopkins University Press.
[20] Singh, Inderjit; Squire, Iyn & Strauss, John. (1986). A Survey of Agricultural Household Models: Recent Findings and Policy Implication. The World Bank Economic Review, VOL.1, (9), 149-179.
[21] Strauss J. (1982), Determinatants of Food Consumption in Rural Serra Leone: An Application of the Quadratic Expenditure System to the Consumption Leisure Component of a Household-Firm Model. Journal of Development Economics, 11 (3), 327-353.
[22] Lau, L.; Lin, W. & P. Yotopoulos (1978), The linear logarithmic expenditure system. Econometrica 46: 843-868.
[23] Lau, L.; Yotopoulos, P. & W. Lin (1981). TheMicroeconomics ofDistribution: A Simu-lation of theFarm Economy [J]. Journal of Policy Modeling, 3 (2), 175-206.
[24] Yotopoulos, Pan. A. & Lau, Lawrence. J. (1974), A Test for Balanced and Unbalanced Growth. Quaterly Journal of Economics, 5: 157-171.
[25] Senauer, B. M. & E. Jacinco (1988), Determinauts of the intrahousehold allocation of food in the rural Philippines, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70 (1) : 170-180.
[26] De Janvry, Alain; Marcel Fafchamps & Elisabeth Sadoulet. Peasant Household Behavior with Missing Markets some paradoxes explained .The Economic Journal, Novermber, 1991
[27] Elisabeth sadoulet; De Janvry, Alain & Benjamin, C. (1996). Household Behavior with Imperfect Labor Markets. Mimeo Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics Working Paper No.786 University of California at Berkeley.
[28] Emmanuel Skoufias. Using Shadow Wages to Estimate Labor Supply of Agricultural Household, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, May, 1994.
[29] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. To Trade or Not To Trade: Non-separable Farm Household Models In Partial and General Equilibrium. TMD discussion paper NO.37, International Food Policy Research Institute, January 1999
[30] Nigel Key, Elasabeth Sadoulet & Alain de Janvry. (2000), Transactions Costs and Agricultural Household Supply Response. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, (5), 245-259.
[31] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. General Equilibrium Simulation Models in Agricultural Economics. Paper presented to the annual meeting of the Agricultural Economics Society, April 2003.
[32] Basu, Kaushik. (2006). Gender and Say: A Model of Household Behavior with Endogenously determined Balance of Power., The Economic Journal, 116: 558-580.
[33] Chiappori, P. A. (1992), Collective labor supply and welfare. Journal of Political Economy, 100 (3): 437-467.
[34] Taylor, J. E. & Adelman, I. (2003). Agricultural Household Molde: Genesis, Evolution, and Extensions. Review of Economics of the Household, 1 (1): 33-58.
[35] Serra, T., B. Goodwin & M. Featherstone (2005), Agricultural policy reform and off-farm labor decision. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56 (2): 271-285.
[36] Vance, C. & J. Geoghegan (2002), Temporal and spatial modelling of tropical deforestation, Agricultural Economics, 27 (3): 317-332.
[37] Ahituv, A. & A. Kimhi (2006), Simultaneous estimation of work choices and the level of farm using panel data. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 33 (1): 49-71.
[38] 温铁军. 中国农村基本经济制度研究[M],北京:中国经济出版社,2000 年。
[39] 林毅夫. 中国农药家庭责任制改革的理论与经验研究[A],制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,30-62。
[40] 史清华,黄祖辉. 农户家庭经济结构变迁及其根源研究——以 1986~2000 年浙江 10 村固定跟踪观察农户为例[J],管理世界,2001(4):112-119。
[41] 史清华. 农户经济可持续发展研究[M],北京:中国农业出版社,2005 年。
[42] 史清华,万广华,黄珺. 沿海与内地农户家庭储蓄借贷行为比较研究——以晋浙两省 1986-2000年固定跟踪观察的农户为例[J],中国农村观察,2004(2):26-34。
[43] 万广华,史清华. 转型经济中农户储蓄行为:中国农村的实证研究[J],经济研究,2003(5):3-12。
[44] 胡继连. 中国农户经济行为研究[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1992 年。
[45] 马鸿运. 中国农户经济行为研究[M],上海:上海人民出版社,1994 年。
[46] 孔祥智,方松海,庞晓鹏等,西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析[J],经济研究,2004(12):85-96。
[47] 郭敏,屈艳芳. 农户投资行为实证研究[J],经济研究,2002(6):86-92。
[48] 李岳云,蓝海涛,方晓军. 不同经营规模农户经营行为的研究[J],中国农村观察,1999(4):39-45。
[49] 张广胜,吕杰,周小斌等. 诱致性制度变迁下的农户经济行为研究及启示[J],沈阳农业大学学报(社科版),2000(6)125-127。
[50] 周立群,曹立群. 商品契约优于要素契约——以农业产业化经营中的契约选择为例[J],经济研究,2002(1):14-19。
[51] 陈传波,农户多样化选择行为实证分析[J],农业技术经济,2007(1):48-54。
[52] 文贯中. 发展经济学的新动向——农业租约于农户行为研究[M],载汤敏,茅于轼. 现代经济学前言专题(第 1 集). 北京:商务印书馆,1989 年。
[53] 张林秀. 农户经济学基本理论概述[J],农业技术经济,1996(3):24-30。
[54] 张广胜. 市场经济下的农户经济行为研究[J],调研世界,1999(3):25-26(33)。
[55] 张林秀, 徐小明. 农户生产在不同政策环境下行为的研究——农户系统模型的应用[J],农业技术经济,1996(4):27-32。
[56] AlbertPark,任常青. 自给自足和风险状态下的农户生产决策模型——来自中国贫困地区的实证研究[J],农业技术经济,1995(5):22-26。
[57] 都阳. 中国贫困地区农户劳动供给研究[M],北京:华文出版社,2001 年。
[58] 曹轶英. 开放贸易背景下农户粮食销售行为与我国粮食安全的关系[D],中国农业大学博士学位论文,2001 年。
[59] 李强,张林秀. 农户模型方法在实证分析中的运用——以中国加入 WTO 后对农户的生产和消费行为影响分析为例[J],南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2007,7(1):25-32。
[60] 宋洪远. 经济体制与农户行为:一个理论分析框架及其对中国农户问题的应用研究[J],经济研究,1994(8):22-28(35)。
[61] 张晓山等. 联结农户与市场――中国农民中介组织探究[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002。
[62] 贾仁安等.“公司+农户”规模经营系统的反馈基模生成集分析[J],系统工程理论与实践, 2005(12):107-117。
[63] 石敏俊,金少胜. 中国农民需要合作组织吗?——沿海地区农户参加农民合作组织意向研究[J],浙江大学学报(人文社会科学版),2004(5):35-44。
[64] 张闯,夏春玉. 农产品流通渠道:权力结构与组织体系的构建[J],农业经济问题,2005(7):28-35。
[65] 罗必良等. 农产品流通组织制度的效率决定:一个分析框架[J],农业经济问题,2000(8):26-31。
[66] 周立群,曹利群. 农村经济组织形态的演变与创新——山东省莱阳市农业产业化调查报告[J],经济研究,2001(1):69-75(83)。
[67] 郭红东,将文化. 影响农户参与专业合作经济组织行为的因素分析——基于对浙江省农户的实证研究[J]. 中国农村经济,2004(5):10-17。
[68] 郭红东. 我国农户参与订单农业行为的影响因素分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(3):24-32。
[69] 周章跃,万广华. 论市场整合研究方法——兼评喻闻、黄季《从大米市场整合程度看我国粮食市场改革》[J]. 经济研究,1999(3):73-79。
[70] 卫新,胡豹,徐萍. 浙江省农户生产经营行为特征与差异分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(10):49-56。
[71] 刘滨,池泽新,康小兰. 农户交易中介化——概念模型与立论依据[J],江西农业大学学报(社会科学版),Vo.l 5,No. 4,2006(12):29-32。
[72] 黄丽萍. 交易成本与农村专业合作经济组织发展困境——基于农户层面的分析[J],《东南学术》,2007(5):34-39。
[73] 胡定寰,Fred Gale,Thomas Reardon. 试论“超市+农产品加工企业+农户”新模式[J],农业经济问题,2006(1):36-39。
[74] 向国城,韩绍凤. 农户兼业化-基于分工视角的分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(8):4-10。
[75] 何秀荣,ThomasI.Wah. 中国农产品贸易:最近 20 年的变化[J],中国农村经济,2002(6):9-14(19)。
[76] 钟钰等. 中国农产品贸易进口波动因素分析[J]. 南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2005(12):6-10。
[77] 赵一夫,田志宏,乔忠. 中国农产品对外贸易的产品结构特征分析[J],农业技术经济,2005(4):33-37。
[78] 庚德昌,程春庭,储英奂. 农户经济行为量化分析[J]. 中国农村观察,1996(1):42-49。
[79] 李伟克. 国外农产品市场体系与产销一体化组织的发展情况[J]. 中国农村经济,1997(9):73-78。
[80] 张巨勇等. 我国农产品国内市场与国际市场价格整合研究[J]. 中国农村经济,1999(9):27-34。
[81] 翁鸣. 韩国进口农产品市场结构分析[J]. 世界农业,2005(4):35-38。
[82] 黄季焜,Scott Rozelle,解玉平等. 从农产品价格保护程度和市场整合看入世对中国农业的影响[J]. 管理世界,2002(9):84-94。
[83] 祝俊明. 农产品批发市场竞争力测评:理论、方法与应用[J],农业技术经济,2006(1):53-61。
[84] 罗雪中,潘志强 农业产业化发展与农民市场风险[J],财经理论与实践,2006(5):118-122。
[85] Okwudili O. Onianwa. (1995). The Potential for High-Value Agricultural Products Under The North American Free Trade Agreement: The Case of Beef in Mexico and Canada. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 27 (2), December, 377-385.
[86] Anita Regmi, Mark Gehlhar, John Wainio etc. (2005). Market Access for High-Value Foods. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Economic Report Number 840, February.
[87] Senauer, Ben. (2006). The Gr owing Market for High-Value Food Products in Developing and Transition Countries. Journal Food Distribution Research, March, 22-27.
[88] 宣杏云,王春法. 西方国家农业现代化透视[M],上海:上海远东出版社,1998 年,第 11 页。
[89] 王宽让,贾生华.传统农民向现代农民的转化[M],贵阳:贵州人民出版社,1994 年,第 53 页。
[90] 向国成、韩绍凤,分工与农业专业化演进:基于间接定价理论模型的分析[J],经济学(季刊),2007(1):514-537。
[91] 常修泽,高明华. 中国国民经济市场化的推进程度及发展思路[J],经济研究,1998(11):48-55。
[92] 习近平,论中国农村市场化进程测度[J],经济学动态,2001(11):11-17。
[93] 陈宗胜,中国经济体制市场化进程研究[M],上海:上海人民出版社,1999 年。
[94] 农村固定观察点办公室,《全国农村社会经济典型调查数据汇编》,北京:中国农业出版社,2001年。
[95] 普拉布. 平加利. 农业增长和经济发展:全球化视角的观点[J],农业经济问题,2007(2):8-17。
[96] 弗兰克.艾利思著,胡景北译. 农民经济学——农民家庭农业和农业发展[M],上海:上海人民出版社,2006 年。
[97] 詹姆斯.C.斯科特. 农民的道义经济学:东南亚的反叛与生存[M],南京:译林出版社,2004 年版,第 19 页。
[98] Grisley, W. & Kellog, E. (1987). Risk-taking preferences of farmers in Northern Thailand: measurements and implications. Agricultural Economics, Vol. 1, No.2, 127-142.
[99] Eleni Z.Gabre-Madhin. (2001). Market institutions, transaction costs,and social capital in the Ethiopian grain market. IFPRI Research Report , No.124. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[100] Alexander, Carol, and John Wyeth. (1994). Cointegration and market integration: An application to the Indonesian rice market. Journal of Development Studies 30(2): 303-328.
[101] Goletti, Francesco. (1994). The changing public role in a rice economy approaching self-sufficiency: The case of Bangladesh. IFPRI Research Report, No.98. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[102] Gebremeskel, D., T.S. Jayne, and J.D. Shaffer. (1998). Market structure, conduct, and performance: Constraints on performance of Ethiopian grain markets. Working Paper No.8. Grain Marketing Research Project, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
[103] Dadi, L., A. Negassa, and S. Franzel. (1992). Marketing maize and teff in western Ethiopia: Implications for policies following market liberalization. Food Policy 17(3): 201-213.
[104] 曹阳、王春超. 农户经济模型的演变与最新发展[J],经济学动态,2007(2):74-78。
[105] 陈和午. 农户模型的发展与应用:文献综述[J],农户技术经济,2004(3):2-10。
[106] 高小蒙,向宁. 中国农业价格政策分析[M],杭州:浙江人民出版社,1992 年。
[107] Dolan,C. & Humphrey, J. (2001). Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: the impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticultural industry. Journal of Development Studies 37, 147-76.
[108] Binswanger, H.P., Deininger, K. & Feder, G. (1993). Agricultural land relations in the developing world. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 75, 1242-8.
[109] Hall, B. F., P. LeVeen. (1978). Farm size and economic efficiency: The case of California. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60 (4): 589-600.
[110] Anil B. Deolalikar. (1981). The inverse relationship between productivity and farm size: A test using regional data from India. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63 (5): 275-279.
[111] 林毅夫. 制度、技术与中国农业发展[M],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,1994 年。
[112] 高梦滔,张颖. 小农户更有效率?——八省农村的经验证据[J],统计研究,2006(8):21-26。
[113] Fan, S. (1991). Effects of Technological Change and Institutional Reform on Production Growth in Chinese Agriculture. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73: 2, 266-275.
[114] Lin, J. Y. (1992). Rural Reform and Agricultural Growth in China. American Economic Review 82 (1), 34-51.
[115] Thirtle, C., D. Hadley, & R. Townsend. (1995). Policy-Induced Innovation in Sub-Saharan African Agriculture. Development Policy Review 13: 4, 323-348.
[116] Kalirajan, K. P., M. B. Obwona, & S. Zahao. (1996). A Decomposition of Total Factor Productivity Growth: The Case of Chinese Agricultural Growth before and after Reforms. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 78: 3, 331-338.
[117] Xiaosong Xu and Scott R. Jeffrey. (1998). Efficiency and Technical Progress in Traditional and Modern Agriculture: Evidence from Rice Production in China. Agricultural Economics, 18, 157-165.
[118] Shenggen Fan. (1999). Technological Change, Technical and Allocative Efficiency in Chinese Agriculture: the Case of Rice Production in Jiangsu. Environment and Production Technology Division, International Food Policy Research Institute, Eptd Discussion Paper, No.39.
[119] 黄少安,孙圣民,宫明波. 中国土地产权制度对农业经济增长的影响——对 1949～1978 年中国大陆农业生产效率的实证分析[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):38-49。
[120] 亢霞,刘秀梅. 我国粮食生产的技术效率分析——基于随机前沿分析方法[J],中国农村观察,2005(4):25-32。
[121] 曹暕，孙顶强，谭向勇. 农户奶牛生产技术效率及影响因素分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(10):42-48。
[122] 刘璨. 1978-1997 年金寨县农户生产力发展与消除贫困问题研究[J],中国农村观察,2004(1):35-43。
[123] 李周,于法稳. 西部地区农业生产效率的 DEA 分析[J],中国农村观察,2005(6):2-11。
[124] 张冬平,冯继红. 我国小麦生产效率的 DEA 分析[J],农业技术经济,2005(3):48-54。
[125] 黄映晖,戎承法,张正河. DEA 方法在小麦生产效率衡量中的应用[J],农业技术经济,2004(5):16-22。
[126] 周宏,褚保金. 中国水稻生产效率的变动分析[J],中国农村经济,2003(12):42-46。
[127] Battese, G.E. and T.J. Coelli. (1995). A Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects in a Stochastic Frontier Production Function for Panel Data. Empirical Economics, 20: 325-332.
[128] Battese, G.E. and Corra, G.S. (1977). Estimation of a Production Frontier Model: With Application to the Pastoral Zone of Eastern Australia, Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21: 169-179.
[129] Atanu Saha, H. Alan Love, & Robeit Schwar. (1994). “Adoption of Emerging Technologies under Output Uncertainty”, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76(11): 836-846.
[130] 林毅夫. 中国的杂交水稻创新:一个集中计划经济中市场需求诱致的技术创新研究[A],制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2005 年。
[131] Hayami, Yujiro, & Robert, W. Herdt. (1977). Market Price Effects of Technological Change onIncome Distribution in Semi-subsistence Agriculture. American Journal of Agriculture Economics, 59 (5): 245-256.
[132] Ruttan, Veron W. (1978). The Green Revolution: Seven Generalizations. International Development Review, 19, 16-23.
[133] 速水佑次郎、弗农.拉坦著,郭熙保、张进铭译,农业发展的国际分析(修订扩充版)[M],北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000 年,第 408-409 页.
[134] Richard, N. Boisvert. (1982). The Translog Production Function: Its Properties, Its several Interpretations and Estimation Problems. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, Vol.28, September, 5-35
[135] Coelli, T.J. (1996). A Guide to FRONTIER Version 4.1: A Computer Program for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation. Center for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis (CEPA) Working Paper, NO.7.
[136] 李谷成,冯中朝,范丽霞. 农户家庭经营效率及其影响因素的实证分析[C],第六届中国经济学年会大会论文。
[137] Battese, G. E. and S. S. Broca, 1997, “Functional Forms of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions and Models for Technical Inefficiency Effects: a Comparative Study for Wheat Farmers in Pakistan”, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 8, 395-414.
[138] 霍学喜,屈小博. 西部传统农业区域农户资金借贷的需求与供给分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(8):58-67。
[139] 王志刚等,农户采用水稻轻简栽培技术的行为分析[J],农业技术经济,2007(3):102-107。
[140] 朱进. 农民采用大棚蔬菜技术的影响因素分析[D],北京:中国农业大学,2004 年。
[141] 王济文. 我国贫困地区农户技术应用行为的实证分析[J],农业技术经济,1995(3):20-24。
[142] 赵龙群,孙希琪,孙明贞等. 我国农民采用新技术的行为特点及其对策研究[J],农业科技管理,1997(2):42-45。
[143] 覃守贵. 贫困山区农民采用旱稻的影响因素研究[D],北京:中国农业大学,2005 年。
[144] 高启杰,农业技术推广中的农民行为研究[J],农业科技管理,2000(1):28-30。
[145] 康云海,农业产业化中的农户行为分析[J],农业技术经济,1998(1):6-11。
[146] 朱明芬,陈文华,李南田. 农户科技行为与调控对策[J],农业科技管理,2001(4):48-51。
[147] 蒋和平,高新技术改造传统农业论[M],北京:中国农业出版社,1996:190-206。
[148] Napier, R. (2001). Global trends impacting farmers: implications for family farm management, Paper presented at Pulse Days, 2001, Saskatoon. New South Wales, Australia.
[149] 周衍平,陈会英. 中国农户采用新技术内在需求机制的形成与培育——农业踏板原理及其应用[J],农业经济问题,1998(8):9-11。
[150] 汪三贵,刘晓展. 信息不完备条件下贫困农民接受新技术行为分析[J],农业经济问题,1996(12):31-36。
[151] 邢大伟. 重视农民技术需求加强农业科技推广[J],江西农业大学学报,2001(5):207-209。
[152] 吕玲丽. 农民采用新技术的行为分析[J],经济问题,2000(11):27-29。
[153] 池泽新. 农户行为的影响因素、基本特点与制度启示[J],农业现代化研究,2003,25(5):368-371。
[154] 黄祖辉,朱允卫. 全球化进程中的农业经济与政策问题[J],中国农村经济,2007(1):75-78。
[155] 陆文聪,西爱琴. 农户农业生产的风险反应:以浙江为例的 MOTAD 模型分析[J],中国农村经济,2005(12):68-75。
[156] Ellis, F. Peasant Economics, Cambridge University Press, 1987.
[157] 高梦滔,姚洋. 健康风险冲击对农户收入的影响[J],经济研究,2005(12):15-25。
[158] Binswanger, H.P. & Sillers, D.A. (1983). Risk aversion and credit constraints in farmers’decision-making: a reinterpretation. Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 20, No.1, 56-67.
[159] 马小勇. 中国农户的风险规避行为——以陕西为例[J],中国软科学,2006(2):22-30。
[160] Wolgin, J.M. (1975). Resource allocation and risk: a case study of smallholder agriculture in Kenya. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 57, No.5.
[161] Stern, N. (1986). Book Review in Economic Development and Cultural Change, 257-259.
[162] de Janvry, A. (1972). Optimal levels of fertilization under risk: the potential for corn and wheat fertilization under alternative price policies in Argentina. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 54, No.1.
[163] Hamal, K.B. & Anderson, J.R. (1982). A note on decreasing absolute risk aversion among farmers in Nepal. Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.26, No.3, 220-225.
[164] Just, R.E. and R.D. Pope (1991). Production function estimation and related risk considerations. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 61, No.3. 276-284.
[165] Parikh, Ashok and Bernard, Andrew (1988). Impact of Risk on HYV Adoption in Bangladesh, Agricultural Economics, Vol. 2, N0. 2, 167-178.
[166] 刘建国. 我国农户消费倾向偏低的原因分析[J],经济研究,1999(3):52-60。
[167] 张文璋. 实用现代统计分析方法与 SPSS 应用[M],北京:中国统计出版社,第 350-355 页。
[168] 郭剑雄. 人力资本、生育率与城乡收入差距[J],中国社会科学,2005(3):27-37。
[169] Pingali, P.; Khwaja, Y. and Meijer, M.: Commercializing Small Farms: Reducing Transaction Costs, Agricultural and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. ESA Working Paper No. 05-08, 2005.
[170] 黄祖辉、梁巧. 小农户参与大市场的集体行动[J],农业经济问题,2007(9):66-71。
[171] Pingali, P. L. 1997. From Subsistence to Commercial Production Systems: The Transformation of Asian Agricultural. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79: 628-634
[172] 唐步龙. 产业链框架下江苏农户杨树销售决策的主成分分析[J],中国农学通报,第 23 卷 第 5期,2007(5):525-529。
[173] Goulven K.L. (2001), Institutions and price transmission in the Vietnamese hog market, International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2(3): 375-390.
[174] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第一卷(A-D)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 144 页。
[175] 王桂霞,霍灵光,张越杰. 我国肉牛养殖户纵向协作形式选择的影响因素分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(8):54-58。
[176]. Von Braun, J. (1995). Agricultural Commercialization: Impacts on Income and Nutrition and Implications for Policy. Food Policy, 20 (3), 187-202.
[177] Sadoulet, E., Fukui, S., Janvry, A. (1995). Efficient Share Tenancy Contracts Under risk: The case of two Rice-growing villages in Thailand. Journal of Development Economics, 45 (2), 225-243.
[178] Coase, R. H., (1937). The Natural of the Firm, Economica, 4: 386-405.
[179] Williamson, O. E. (1986). Economic Organization: Firms, Markets and Policy Control. Hertfordshire, UK: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
[180] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第二卷(E-J)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 58 页。
[181] Coase, R. H., 1960. ‘The Problem of Social Cost’, Journal of Law and Economics, 3: 1-44.
[182] 黄少安. 产权经济学导论[M],济南:山东人民出版社,1995 年。
[183] Hobbs, J.E. (1995). A Transaction Cost Analysis of Finished Beef Marketing in the United Kingdom. PHD dissertation, University of Aberdeen Scotland.
[184] Hobbs, J.E. (1997). Measuring the Importance of Transaction Costs in the Marketing. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 79: 1083-1095.
[185] 何坪华,杨名远.农户经营市场交易成本构成与现状的实证分析[J],中国农村经济,1999(6):40-44。
[186] 何坪华,杨名远.中介组织降低农业家庭经营市场交易成本分析[J],农业技术经济,1999(4):9-13。
[187] 贺 锋. 中国农产品物流模式构建:基于批发市场的研究[J],农业技术经济,2006(5):40-44。
[188] 林毅夫. 禀赋、技术和要素市场:中国农村改革中关于诱致性制度创新假说的一个自然实验[A]. 再论制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],北京:北京大学出版社,2000 年版:103-125。
[189] Greece, W. (1997). Econometric Analysis, Prentice Hall: New Jersey
[190] Jayachandran N. 1996. A Probit Latent Variable Models of Nutrition Information and Dietary Fiber Intake. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 78: 628-639.
[191] 赵忠. 我国农村人口的健康状况及影响因素[J],管理世界,2006(3):78-85。
[192] Bailey, D.B., Brorsen, B.W., Thomsen, M.R., 1995. Identifying Buyer Market Area and the Impact of Buyer Concentration in Feeder Cattle Markets Using Mapping and Spatial Statistics. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77: 309-318.
[193] Frank, S.D., Henderson, D.(1992). Transaction Costs as Determinants of Vertical Coordination in U.S. Food Industries. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74: 941-950.
[194] 张忠根,史清华. 农地生产率变化及不同规模农户农地生产率比较研究——浙江省农村固定观察点农户农地经营状况分析[J],中国农村经济,2001(1):67-73。
[195] Kydd, J., Poulton, C. and et. al., 2000. Globalization, Agricultural Liberalization, and Market Access for the Rural Poor, Wye College, Kent, UK.
[196] Schultz, T. W. (1964). Transforming Traditional Agriculture. New Haven: Yale University Press.
[197] 林毅夫. 中国的农村改革与农业增长[A]. 制度、技术与中国农业发展[C],上海:上海三联书店、上海人民出版社,2005年版,第63-92页。
[198] 李锐. 我国农村居民消费结构的数量分析[J],中国农村经济,2003(5):12-17(44)。
[199] Halbrendt, C. and Tuan, F. (1994), Rural Chinese food consumption: The case of Guangdong, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 76 (11): 794-99.
[200] Fan, S., G. E. Wailesl and C. Cramer (1995) , Household Demand in rural China: A Two-Stage LES-AIDS Model. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.77, (2), 54-62.
[201] Wu, Y.R. and Li, E. (1995). Food consumption in urban China: An empirical analysis. Applied Economics, Vol. 27: 509-515.
[202] Huang, J.K. and Rozelle, S. (1998). Market development and food demand in rural China, China Economic Review, Vol. 9: 25-45.
[203] Wan, G.H. (1998). Nonparametric measurement of preference changes: The case of food demand in rural China. Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 5: 433-436.
[204] Sakong, Y. and Hayes, D.J. (1993). Testing the stability of preferences: a nonparametric approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 75: 269-77.
[205] Guo, X.G., Mroz, T. A. and Popkin, B.M.(2000). Structural change in the impact of income on food consumption in China, 1989-1993. Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 48:737-60.
[206] Haines, P.S., Guilkey, D.K. and Popkin, B.M. (1988). Modeling food consumption decisions as a two-step process. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 70: 543-52.
[207] Gould. (2002). Household composition and food expenditure in China. Agribusiness, Vol.18: 87-402.
[208] Fan, S., G. C. Cramer, and E. Wailesl. (1994). Food demand in rural China: evidence from rural household survey. Agricultural Economics, Vol.11, (9), 61-69.
[209] 臧旭恒,孙文祥. 城乡居民消费结构:基于ELES模型和AIDS模型的比较分析[J],山东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2003(6):122-126。
[210] 秦朵 居民消费与收入关系的总量研究[J],经济研究,1990(7):46-49。
[211] 黄季琨. 食品消费的经济计量分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1995(2):54-62。
[212] 李锐等. 基于截取回归模型的农户消费需求分析[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1995(2):29-37。
[213] 庄贵军. 收入的增长趋势与不稳定性对中国农户消费倾向的影响[J],经济理论与经济管理,2001(1):29-34。
[214] 张广胜. 农村市场发育对农户消费行为影响的实证研究[J],中国农村观察,2002(4):43-47。
[215] 朱信凯. 流动性约束、不确定性与中国农户消费行为分析[J],统计研究,2005(2):38-42。
[216] 李小宁,李辉. 粮食主产区农村居民食物消费行为的计量分析[J]. 统计研究,2005(2):42-47。
[217] 陈传波,张利庠,苏振斌. 农户消费平滑与收入平滑——基于湖北省农村住户调查月度数据的分析[J],统计研究,2006(9):50-53。
[218] 屈小博,霍学喜,胡求光. 收入分配对不发达地区农户消费需求影响的实证分析[J],商业研究,2007(2):182-185(213)。
[219] X.M. Gao, Eric J, Wailes, & Gail L. Cramer. (1996). A Two-Stage Rural Household Demand Analysis: Microdata Evidence from Jiangsu Province, China. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.78, (8), 604-613.
[220] Gorman, W.M. (1959). Separable Utility and Aggregation, Econometrica, Vol.27, (7), 469-488.
[221] Baker, P., R. Blundell, & J. Micklewright. (1989). Modeling Household Energy Expenditures Using Microdata, Economics Journal, Vol.99, (9), 720-738.
[222] Timmer, P., and H. Alderman. (1979). Estimating Consumption Parameters for Food Policy Analysis, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.61, (12), 982-987.
[223] A. Deaton and J. Mullbauer. (1980). An Almost Ideal Demand System, American Economic Review, Vol.70, (6), 312-326.
[224] 万广华. 估计几乎理想需求系统的一种新方法[J],数量经济技术经济研究,1997(1):65-67。
[225] L. Blanciforti and R. Green. (1983). An Almost Ideal Demand System Incorporating Habits: An Analysis of Expenditure on Food and Aggregate Commodity Groups, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol.65, (3), 511-515.
[226] 张文彤. “聚类分析与判别分析”, SPSS 统计分析高级教程[M],北京:北京希望电子出版社,2002 年,p166-177.
[227] Hans Lofgren & Sherman Robinson. (1999). To Trade or Not To Trade: Non-separable Farm Household Models In Partial and General Equilibrium. TMD discussion paper NO.37, International Food Policy Research Institute, January.
[228] 马志艳. 农户流通型专业协会选择的实证分析——以内蒙古开鲁县为例[J],农业技术经济,2006(3):20-26。
[229] 国鲁来. 合作社制度及专业协会实践的制度经济学分析[J],中国农村观察,2001(4):36-48。
[230] 黄祖辉,徐旭初,冯冠胜. 农民专业合作组织发展的影响因素分析——对浙江省农民专业合作组织发展现状的探讨[J],中国农村经济,2002(3):13-21。
[231] 黎元生. 我国农产品批发市场组织机制:缺陷与创新[J],青海社会科学,2006(1):28-31。
[232] 黄祖辉,刘东英. 我国农产品物流体系建设与制度分析[J],农业经济问题,2005(4):45-49。
[233] 贾生华,刘清华. 拍卖交易与我国农产品批发市场交易方式创新[J],中国农村经济,2001(2):63-67。
[234] 蔡荣,虢佳花,祁春节. 农产品批发市场价格形成机制及其交易效率[J],经济问题探索,2007(9):71-74。
[235] 陈炳辉,安玉发. 农产品批发市场发展模式国际比较及对中国的启示[J],世界农业,2006(2):7-9。
[236] 李泽华,我国农产品批发市场的现状与发展趋势[J],中国农村经济,2002(6):36-42。
[237] 黄祖辉,吴克象,金少胜. 发达国家现代农产品流通体系变化及启示[J],福建论坛.经济社会版,2003(4):32-36。
[238] 何嗣江、张丹. “公司+农户”模式的演变与发展路径[J],经济学家,2005(1):118-119。
[239] 郭红东. 龙头企业与农户订单安排与履约:理论和来自浙江企业的实证分析[J],农业经济问题,2006(2):36-43。
[240] 徐金海. “公司+农户”经营组织的制度缺陷及其改进思路[J],农业经济,2002(12):34-37。
[241] VonBraun, J. Agricultural economics and distributional effects: shaping agricultural policy for improved outcomes. Presidential Address[R]. 25th Conference of the International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) on Reshaping Agriculture’s Contribution to Society. Durban, South AfricaAugust16-22, 2003.
[242] 郭红东. “行业协会+公司+合作社+专业农户” 订单模式的实践与启示[J],中国农村经济,2007(4):48-52。
[243] 伊特韦尔(Eatwell,J..)等编,《新帕尔格雷夫经济学大词典第二卷(E-J)》,北京:经济科学出版社,1996 年版,第 736 页。
[244] 侯风云. 中国农村人力资本收益率研究[J],经济研究,2004(12):75-85。
[245] 赵忠. 中国的城乡移民——我们知道什么,我们还应该知道什么?[J],经济学(季刊),Vol.3,No.3,2004(4):517-534。
[246] Bussolo, M. and Whalley, J. (2003). Globalization in developing countries: the role oftransaction costs in explaining economic performance in India, Development Centre WorkingPapers. OECD Development Centre, Paris.
[247] 党国英. 农民、市场、社会[J],中国农村经济,2003(9):77-80。
[248] Pingali, P.L., Stamoulis, K. & Stringer, R. (2006). Eradicating extreme poverty and hunger: Towards a coherent policy agenda, ESA Working Paper No. 06-01. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.