扇贝多肽经由EGFR/AKT/CyclinD_1/CDK-4通路抑制UVA诱导的HaCaT细胞凋亡
摘要
目的建立8J·cm-2紫外线A(UVA)辐射损伤永生化的人角质形成细胞株(HaCaT)细胞的病理模型,经由信号通路的表皮生长因子受体(EGFR),磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶(AKT),细胞周期蛋白(CyclinDl)至周期蛋白依赖激酶(4 CDK-4)角度研究扇贝多肽(Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri, PCF)抑制UVA诱导HaCaT细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法采用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡；RT-PCR法检测胞内表皮生长因子受体EGFR表达；RACE法构建EGFR的全长cDNA文库,基因测序观察EGFR经UVA辐射诱导后的变化；蛋白印迹法检测AKT,p-AKT, CyclinDl及CDK-4的蛋白表达水平。结果EGFR抑制剂AG1478和AKT抑制剂PHZ1023均可阻断UVA引起的细胞凋亡,1.42-5.68 mmol.L-1范围内的PCF可剂量依赖性抑制UVA辐射后细胞内EGFR的表达量；EGFR经8 J·cm-2 UVA辐射1h后基因产生突变,而加入2.84 mmol.L-1PCF孵育2h后可部分修复缺失的碱基片段；预先加入AG1478和PHZ1023则分别抑制UVA引起的AKT及CyclinDl, CDK-4蛋白水平的表达。结论PCF可以通过阻断EGFR-CDK-4通路来抑制UVA诱导的HaCaT细胞凋亡。
Objective We aim to investigate whether PCF protects HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by 8 J.cm-2 UVA and explore related molecular mechanisms from EGFR to CDK-4. Methods The apoptosis was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis。A DNA fragmentation assay for genetic transformation, detection of EGFR by RT-PCR. AKT, Phosphorylated AKT, activated CyclinD1, and CDK-4 were investigated by western blotting. Results showed that AG1478 and PHZ1023, corresponding the inhibitor of EGFR and AKT could significantly prevente UVA-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells. PCF not only strongly reduced the AKT production, but also diminished expression of phosphorylated AKT, CyclinDi and CDK-4 in HaCaT cells radiated by UVA in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with AG1478, EGFR inhibitor or AKT inhibitor PHZ1023 was found to effectively prohibit UVA-induced apoptosis, and AG1478 markedly blocked phosphorylation of AKT. Conclution PCF obviously protects HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by UVA and protective effects may attribute to decreasing intracellular EGFR level and blocking EGFR/CDK-4 apoptotic signaling pathway.
Objective We aim to investigate whether PCF protects HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by 8 J.cm-2 UVA and explore related molecular mechanisms from EGFR to CDK-4. Methods The apoptosis was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis。A DNA fragmentation assay for genetic transformation, detection of EGFR by RT-PCR. AKT, Phosphorylated AKT, activated CyclinD1, and CDK-4 were investigated by western blotting. Results showed that AG1478 and PHZ1023, corresponding the inhibitor of EGFR and AKT could significantly prevente UVA-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells. PCF not only strongly reduced the AKT production, but also diminished expression of phosphorylated AKT, CyclinDi and CDK-4 in HaCaT cells radiated by UVA in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with AG1478, EGFR inhibitor or AKT inhibitor PHZ1023 was found to effectively prohibit UVA-induced apoptosis, and AG1478 markedly blocked phosphorylation of AKT. Conclution PCF obviously protects HaCaT cells from apoptosis induced by UVA and protective effects may attribute to decreasing intracellular EGFR level and blocking EGFR/CDK-4 apoptotic signaling pathway.
引文
1. JeanC,BlancAetal. Epidermalgrowthfactorreceptor/beta-catenin/T-cell factor 4/matrix metalloproteinase 1:a new pathway for regulating keratinocyte invasiveness after UVA irradiation. [J]:Cancer Res.2009 Apr 15;69 (8):3291-9
2. Albanell, J., J. Codony-Servat, F. Rojo, J. M. Del Campo, S. Sauleda, J. Anido, G. Raspall, J. Giralt, J. Rosello, R. I. Nicholson, J. Mendelsohn, and J. Baselga.2001. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases:association with epidermal growth factor receptor/transforming growth factor alpha expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma and inhibition by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor treatments. Cancer Res.61:6500-6510.
3. Narayanan, U., T. Achsel, R. Luhrmann, and A. G. Matera.2004. Coupled in vitro import of U snRNPs and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein. Mol.. Cell. 16:223-234.
4. Peus D, Vasa R. A, Beyerle A, et al. UVB activates ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species in cultured keratinocytes [J]. J Invest Dermatol,1999,112:751-756.
5. Takekawa M, Posas F, Saito HA. Human homolog of the yeast Ssk2/Ssk22 MAP kinase kinase kinases,MTKI, mediates stress induced activation of the p38 and JNK pathways [J]:EMBO J,1997,16:4973-4982.
6. Nikaido, T., K. Shimada, Y. Nishida, R. S. Lee, A. B. Pardee, and Y. Nishizuka. 1989. Loss in transformed cells of cell cycle regulation of expression of a nuclear protein recognized by SLE patient antisera. Exp. Cell Res. 182:284-289.
7. MIYACH I Y, HOR IO T, IMAMURA S et. Al Sunburn cell formationis prevented by scavenging oxygen intermediates [J]:Clin ExpDerm atol,1983,8 (3):30523101
8. Kabuyama Y, Homma MK, Sekimata M, et al. Wavelength-specific activation of MAP kinase family proteins by monochromatic UV irradiation [J]. Photochem. Photobiol,2001,73:147-152.
9. WANG C B, YAO R Y, LIU Z T, et al. Protective effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on hairless mice damaged by ultraviolet A [J]:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica(中国药理学报),2002,23(9)：8132-8141
10. YAO R Y, WANG C B. Protective effects of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on Hela cells damaged by ultravioletA [J]:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica(中国药理学报),2002,23(11)：182-201
11. HAN Y T, HAN ZW, YU G Y, et al.Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlam ys farreri on ultraviolet A induced oxidative damage on human skin fibroblastsin vitro [J]:Pharmacol Res,2004,49(3): 2652-2671
12. DOU M, HAN Y T, HAN ZW, et al Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlam ys farreri on UVA induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes [J]:Invest New Drugs, 2004,22 (4):3972-3981
13. Kimura C, Zhao QL, Kondo T, et al. Mechanism of UV-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells:roles of Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease, caspase-3, and stress-activated protein kinases [J]. Exp Cell Res,1998,239:411-422
14. Ichi jo H, Nishida E, Irie K, et al. Induction of apoptosis by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways [J]:Science,1997, 275:90-94
15. Hutchison M, Berman K S, Cobb M H. Isolation of TA01, a protein kinase that activates MEKs in stress-activated protein kinase cascades [J]:J Biol Chem, 1998,273:625-632.
16. Ding M, Li J, Leonard SS, et al. Differential role of hydrogen peroxide in UV-induced signal transduction [J]. Mol. Cell Biochem,2002,234-235:81-90.
17. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH. The role of proteases during apoptosis [J]. FASEB J,1996,10:587-597
18. Reimer, G., I. Raska, E.M. Tan, and U. Scheer.1987. Human autoantibodies: probes for nucleolus structure and function. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol.54:131-143.
19. Nikaido, T., K. Shimada, M. Shibata, M. Hata, M. Sakamoto, Y. Takasaki, C. Sato, T. Takahashi, and Y. Nishida.1990. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA for Ki antigen, a highly conserved nuclear protein detected with sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Immunol.79:209-214.
20. Catani MV, Rossi A, Costanzo A, et al. Induction of gene expression via activator protein-1 in the ascorbate protection against UV-induced damage [J]. Biochem J,2001,356:77-85
21. Tanahashi, N., K. Yokota, J. Y. Ahn, C. H. Chung, T. Fujiwara, E. Takahashi, G. N. DeMartino, C. A. Slaughter, T. Toyonaga, K. Yamamura, et al.1997. Molecular properties of the proteasome activator PA28 family proteins and gamma-interferon regulation. Genes Cells.2:195-211.
22. Kaina B. DNA damage-triggered apoptosis:critical role of DNA repair, double-strand breaks, cell proliferation and signaling [J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,2003,66:1547-1554
23. Okamura, T., S. Taniguchi, T. Ohkura, A. Yoshida, H. Shimizu, M. Sakai, H. Maeta, H. Fukui, Y. Ueta, I. Hisatome, and C. Shigemasa.2003. Abnormally high expression of proteasome activator-gamma in thyroid neoplasm.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88:1374-1383.
24. Dou M, Han Y T, Han Z W, et al. Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on UVA induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes [J]. Invest New Drugs, 2004,22(4):391-398.
25. Keyse SM, Tyrrell RM. Heme oxygenase is the major 322Kda stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide and sodium arsenite [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1989,86:99-103
26. Uhlik, M. T., A. N. Abell, N. L. Johnson, W. Sun, B. D. Cuevas, K. E. Lobel-Rice, E. A. Horne, M. L. Dell'Acqua, and G. L. Johnson.2003. Rac-MEKK3-MKK3 scaffolding for p38 MAPK activation during hyperosmotic shock. Nat. Cell Biol. 5:1104-1110.
27. Ospina, J. K., G. B. Gonsalvez, J. Bednenko, E. Darzynkiewicz, L. Gerace, and A. G. Matera.2005. Cross-talk between snurportinl subdomains. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16:4660-4671.
28. Morita A, Grewe M, Grether-Bedk S, et al. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human epidermoid carcinoma cells by in vitro ultraviolet Al irradiation [J]. Photochem Photobiol,1997,65:630-635
29. Preckel, T., W. P. Fung-Leung, Z. Cai, A. Vitiello, L. Salter-Cid,0. Winqvist, T. G. Wolfe, M.. Von Herrath, A. Angulo, P. Ghazal, et al.1999. Impaired immunoproteasome assembly and immune responses in PA28-/-mice. Science. 286:2162-2165.
30. Kleinau, Olafa, B hm, et al. Different DNA repair time courses in human lymphoid cells after UVA, UVA1, UVB and PUVA in vitro[J]. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol,1997,41(122):103-108
31. Schindl A, Klosner G, H nigsmann H, et al. Flow cytometric quantification of UV-induced cell death in a human squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line dose and kinetic studies [J]. J Photochem Photobiol B:Biol,1998,2:97-106
32. Sleeman, J. E., and A. I. Lamond.1999. Newly assembled snRNPs associate with coiled bodies before speckles, suggesting a nuclear snRNP maturation pathway. Curr. Biol.9:1065-1074.
33. Realini, C., C. C. Jensen, Z. Zhang, S. C. Johnston, J. R. Knowlton, C. P. Hill, and M. Rechsteiner.1997. Characterization of recombinant REGalpha, REGbeta, and REGgamma proteasome activators.J. Biol. Chem.272:25483-25492.
34. Miyachi Y, Horio T, Imamura S. Sunburn cell formation is prevented by scavenging oxygen intermediates [J]. Clin Exp Dermatol。 1983; 8(3):305-310.
35. Wondrak GT, Roberts MJ, Jacobson MK, et al.3-hydroxypyridine chromophores are endogenous sensitizers of photooxidative stress in human skin cells [J]. J Biol Chem,2004,16;279 (29):30009-20.
36. Wondrak GT, Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL. Identification of quenchers of photoexcited States as novel agents for skin photoprotection [J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2005,312 (2):482-91.
37. Rebelo, L., F. Almeida, C. Ramos, K. Bohmann, A.I. Lamond, and M. Carmo-Fonseca. 1996. The dynamics of coiled bodies in the nucleus of adenovirus-infected cells. Mol. Biol. Cell.7:1137-1151.
1. Chen A, Davis BH. UV irradiation activates JNK and increases Ⅰ (Ⅰ) collagen gene expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:158-164.
2. Ruiter GA, Zerp SF, Bartelink H, van Blitterswijk WJ, Verheij M. Alkyl-lysophospholipids activate the SAPK/JNK pathway and enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 1999; 59:2457-2463.
3. Krumenacker JS, Kots A, Murad F. Effects of the JNK inhibitor anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one (SP-600125) on soluble guanylyl cyclase alphal gene regulation and cGMP synthesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C778-C784.
4. Adams, D. G., N. A. Sachs, and R. R. Vaillancourt.2002. Phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinase, MEKK3, at serine 166. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 407:103-116.
5. Hayakawa J, Depatie C, Ohmichi M, Mercola D. The activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by DNA-damaging agents serves to promote drug resistance via activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)-dependent enhanced DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20582-20592.
6. Surapisitchat J, Hoefen RJ, Pi X, Yoshizumi M, Yan C, Berk BC.:Fluid shear stress inhibits TNF-alpha activation of JNK but not ERK1/2 or p38 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells:Inhibitory crosstalk among MAPK family members. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; 98:6476-6481
7. Al-Baker, E.A., J. Boyle, R. Harry, and I. R. Kill.2004. A p53-independent pathway regulates nucleolar segregation and antigen translocation in response to DNA damage induced by UV irradiation. Exp. Cell Res.292:179-186.
8. Choi J, Park SY, Joo CK:Hepatocyte growth factor induces proliferation of lens epithelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/SAPK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:2696-704
9. Barton, L. F., H. A. Runnels, T. D. Schell, Y. Cho, R. Gibbons, S. S. Tevethia, G. S. Deepe Jr., and J. J. Monaco.2004. Immune defects in 28-kDa proteasome activator gamma-deficient mice. J. Immunol.172:3948-3954.
10. Li YY, Baccam M, Waters SB, Pessin JE, Bishop GA, Koretzky GA. CD40 ligation results in protein kinase C-independent activation of ERK and JNK in resting murine splenic B cells. J Immunol 1996; 157:1440.
11. Lin A, Smeal T, et al. Identification of an oncoprotein-and uv-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-jun activation domain[J].Gens and Dev,1993,7:2135-2148
12. Gupta S, Barrett T, Whitmarsh AJ, et al. Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors. EMBO J,1996,15(11):2760
13. Bohmann, K., J. A. Ferreira, and A. I. Lamond.1995. Mutational analysis of p80 coilin indicates a functional interaction between coiled bodies and the nucleolus. J. Cell Biol.131:817-831.
14. Hibi, M A, Lin T, Smeal A, ea al. Identification of an oncoprotein and UV-responsive protein kinase that bind and potentiate the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Dev 1993; 7:2135-2148
15. Kallunki TB, Su I, Tsigelny HK, Sluss B, Derijard G, ea al. JNK2 contains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and hosphorylation. Genes Dev 1994; 8:2996-3007
16. Sluss HK, Barrett T, Derijard B and Davis RJ. Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor mediated by JNK protein kinases.Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:8376-8384
17. Boisvert, F. M., J. Cote, M. C. Boulanger, P. Cleroux, F. Bachand, C. Autexier, and S. Richard.2002. Symmetrical dimethylarginine methylation is required for the localization of SMN in Cajal bodies and pre-mRNA splicing. J. Cell Biol. 159:957-969.
18. Marti F, Krause A, Post NH, Lyddane C, Dupont B, Sadelain M, and King PD. Negative-Feedback Regulation of CD28 Costimulation by a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP6. J Immunol 2001; 166,197-206.
19. Tanoue T, Yamamoto T, Maeda R, Nishida E. A Novel MAPK phosphatase MKP-7 acts preferentially on JNK/SAPK and p38 alpha and beta MAPKs. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 26629-26639.
20. Carmo-Fonseca, M., J. Ferreira, and A. I. Lamond.1993. Assembly of snRNP-containing coiled bodies is regulated in interphase and mitosis-evidence that the coiled body is a kinetic nuclear structure. J. Cell Biol.120:841-852.
21. Chen YR, Han J, Kori R, Kong AN, Tan TH:Phenylethyl isothiocyanate induces apoptotic signaling via suppressing phosphatase activity against c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:39334-39342.
22. Derijard B, Raingeaud J, Barrett T, Wu Lh, Han J, Ulevitch Rj, et al. Independent human MAP kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms. Science 1995; 267:682-685
23. Sanchez I, Hughes RT, Mayer BJ, Yee K, Woodgett JR, Avruch J, et al:Role of SAPK/ERK kinase-1 in the stress-activated pathway regulating transcription factor c-Jun. Nature 1994;372:794-798.
24. Cioce, M., and A. I. Lamond.2005. Cajal bodies:a long history of discovery. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.21:105-131.
25. Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ:Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94:7337-7342.
26. Wada T, Nakagawa K, Watanabe T, Nishitai G, Seo J, Kishimoto H. Impaired synergistic activation of stress-activated protein kinase SAPK/JNK in mouse embryonic stem cells lacking SEK1/MKK4. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30892-30897.
27. Claus, P., F. Doring, S. Gringel, F. Muller-Ostermeyer, J. Fuhlrott, T. Kraft, and C. Grothe.2003. Differential intranuclear localization of fibroblast growth factor-2 isoforms and specific interaction with the survival of motoneuron protein. J. Biol. Chem.278:479-485.
28. Xia Y, Makris C, Su B, Li E, Yang J, Glen R. Nemerow, and Michael Karin. MEK kinase 1 is critically required for c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by proinflammatory stimuli and growth factor-induced cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000; 97 (10): 5243-5248
29. Blank, JL, Gerwins P. Elliott EM, Sather S, and. Johnson GL. Molecular cloning of mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase kinases (MEKK) 2 and 3. Regulation of sequential phosphorylation pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5361-5368.
30. Darzacq, X., B. E. Jady, C. Verheggen, A. M. Kiss, E. Bertrand, and T. Kiss.2002. Cajal body-specific small nuclear RNAs:a novel class of 2'-O-methylation and pseudouridylation guide RNAs. EMBO J.21:2746-2756.
31. Wang XS, Diener K, Jannuzzi D, Trollinger D, Tan TH, Lichenstein H, Zukowski M, and Yao Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel protein kinase with a catalytic domain homologous to mitogen-ctivated protein kinase kinase kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31607-31611
32. Cheng J, Yang J, Xia Y, Karin M, And Su B. Synergistic interaction of MEK Kinase 2, c-jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) kinase 2, and JNK1 results in efficient and specific JNK1 activation. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:2334-2342.
33. Dundr, M., and T. Misteli.2001. Functional architecture in the cell nucleus. Biochem. J.356:297-310.
34. Fanger GR, Gerwins P, Widmann C, Jarpe MB, Johnson GL. MEKKs, GCKs, MLKs, PAKs, TAKs, and tpls:upstream regulators of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases? Curr Opin Genet Dev1997; 7(1):67-74
35. Teramoto H, Coso OA, Miyata H, Igishi T, Miki T, Gutkind JS. Signaling from the small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase pathway. A role for mixed lineage kinase 3/protein-tyrosine kinase 1, a novel member of the mixed lineage kinase family. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(44),27225-27228
36. Eggert, C., A. Chari, B. Laggerbauer, and U. Fischer.2006. Spinal muscular atrophy: the RNP connection. Trends Mol. Med.12:113-121.
37. Fan M, Goodwin ME, Birrer MJ, et al. The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase/AP-1 pathway is required for efficient apoptosis induced by vinblastine[J]. Cancer Res, 2001,61:4450
38. Gupta S, Campbell D, Derijard B, and Davis RJ. Transcription factor ATF-2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 1995;267:389-393
39. Fox, A. H., Y. W. Lam, A. K. Leung, C. E. Lyon, J. Andersen, M. Mann, and A. I. Lamond. 2002. Paraspeckles:a novel nuclear domain. Curr. Biol.12:13-25.
40. Field RW, Becker K. Does exposure to residential radon increase the risk of lung cancer[J]. Radiat Prot Dosim,2001; 95:75-81.
41. Cavigelli M, Dolfi F, Claret FX, Karin M. Induction of c-fos expression through JNK-mediated TCF/Elk-1 phosphorylation. EMBO J 1995; 14(23):5957-64
42. Johnson NL, Gardner AM, Diener KM, Lange-Carter CA, Gleavy J, Jarpe MB, Minden A, Karin M, Zon LI, Johnson GL. Signal Transduction Pathways Regulated by Mitogen-activated/Extracellular Response Kinase Kinase Kinase Induce Cell Death[J]. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:3229-3237
43. Frey, M. R., and A. G. Matera.1995. Coiled bodies contain U7 small nuclear RNA and associate with specific DNA sequences in interphase human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.92:5915-5919.
44. Kallunki T, Su B, Tsigelny I, Sluss HK, Derijard B, Moore G, Davis R, and. Karin M. JNK2 ontains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and phosphorylation. Genes Dev 1994; 8:2996-3007
45. Uhlig U, Haitsma JJ, Goldmann T, Poelma DL, Lachmann B, Uhlig S. Ventilation-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Eur Respir J 2002; 20(4):946-956
46. Frugier, T., S. Nicole, C. Cifuentes-Diaz, and J. Melki.2002. The molecular bases of spinal muscular atrophy. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.12:294-298.
47. Fuchs SY, Adler V, Buschmann T, Yin Z, Wu X, Jones SN, and Ronai Z. JNK targets p53 ubiquitination and degradation in non-stressed cells. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2658-2663.
48. Fuchs SY, Adler V, Pincus MR and Ronai Z. MEKK1/JNK signaling stabilizes and activates p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998; 95:10541-10546.
49. Chipuk JE, Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Droin NM, Newmeyer DD, Schuler M. and Green DR. Direct activation of Bax by p53 mediates mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. Science 2004; 303:1010-1014
50. Gall, J. G.2001. A role for Cajal bodies in assembly of the nuclear transcription machinery. FEBS Lett.498:164-167.
51. Noguchi K, Kitanaka C, Yamana H, Kokubu A, Mochizuki T, Kuchino Y. Regulation of c-Myc through phosphorylation.at Ser-62 and Ser-71 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem.1999; 274:32580-32587.
52. Spencer CA and Groudine M. Control of c-myc regulation in normal and neoplastic cells[J].Adv Cancer Res 1991; 56:1-48
53. Kretzner L, Blackwood EM, and Eisenman RN. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities[J]. Nature 1992; 359(6394):426-9
54. Noguchi K, Kitanaka C, Yamana H, et al. Regulation of c-Mycthrough phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser271 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase[J].J Biol Chem 1999; 274 (46): 32580-32587
55. Liang Q, Bueno OF, Wilkins BJ, Kuan CY, Xia Y, Molkentin JD. C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) antagonize cardiac growth through cross-talk with calcineurin-NFAT signaling. EMBO J.2003; 22(19):5079-89
56. Gall, J.G.2003. The centennial of the Cajal body. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4:975-980.
57. Camps M, Nichols A, and Arkinstall S. Dual specificity phosphatases:a gene family for control of MAP kinase function. FASEB J 2000;14:6-16
58. Marti F, Krause A, Post NH, Lyddane C, Dupont B, Sadelain M, and King PD. Negative-Feedback Regulation of CD28 Costimulation by a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP6. J Immunol 2001; 166:197-206.
59. Gangwani, L., R. A. Flavell, and R. J. Davis.2005. ZPR1 is essential for survival and is required for localization of the survival motor neurons (SMN) protein to Cajal bodies. Mol. Cell. Biol.25:2744-2756.
60. Masuda K, Shima H, Watanabe M, and Kikuchi K. MKP-7, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, functions as a shuttle protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 39002-39011.
61. Chen YR, Han J, Kori R, Kong AN, Tan TH. Phenylethyl isothiocyanate induces apoptotic signaling via suppressing phosphatase activity against c-jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 77(42):39334-42
62. Park HS, Lee JS, Huh SH, et al. Hsp 72 fuctions as a natural inhibitoryprotein of c-Jun N-terminal kinase [J]. EMBO J 2001; 20:446-456
63. Goossens V, Grooten J, De Vos K, et al. Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1995,92 (18):811528119.
64. Gilmore, P.M., N. McCabe, J. E. Quinn, R.D. Kennedy, J. J. Gorski, H.N. Andrews, S. McWilliams, M. Carty, P.B. Mullan, W. P. Duprex, et al.2004. BRCA1 interacts with and is required for paclitaxel-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3. Cancer Res.64:4148-4154.
65. H Nakano. Signaling crosstalk between NF-kappaB and JNK[J].Trends Immunol,2004; 25(8):402-405.
66. Clerk A, Sugden PH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated by oxidative stress and cytokines in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes[J]. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997;25:566S.
67. Clerk A, Fuller SJ, Michael A, Sugden PH. Stimulation of "stressregulated"mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPKs/JNKs and p38-MAPKs) in perfused rat hearts by oxidative and other stresses [J]. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7228-7234.
68. Gross, S., A. Knebel, T. Tenev, A. Neininger, M. Gaestel, P. Herrlich, and F. D. Bohmer.1999. Inactivation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases as mechanism of UV-induced signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem.274:26378-26386.
69. Aikawa R, Komuro I, Yamazaki T, et al. Oxidative stress activates extracellular signalregulaed kinases through Src and Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats[J]. J Clin Invest.1997;100:1813-1821.
70. Gulati, P., B. Markova, M. Gottlicher, F. D. Bohmer, and P. A. Herrlich.2004. UVA inactivates protein tyrosine phosphatases by calpain-mediated degradation. EMBO Rep.5:812-817.
71. Abe MK, Chao TS, Solway J, Rosner MR, and Hershenson MB. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase in bovine tracheal myocytes: implications for human airway disease[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 577-585
72. Sheng Z, Knowlton K, Chen J, et al. Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway: divergence from downstream CT-1 signals for myocardial cell hypertrophy[J]. J Biol Chem.1997; 272:5783-5791
73. Si J, Wang Q, and Mei L. Essential Roles of c-JUN and c-JUN N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in Neuregulin-Increased Expression of the Acetylcholine Receptor e-Subunit. J Neurosci 1999; 19:8498-8508.
74. Hagemann, C., R. Patel, and J. L. Blank.2003. MEKK3 interacts with the PA28 gamma regulatory subunit of the proteasome. Biochem. J.373:71-79.
75. Kaiser RA, Liang Q, Bueno 0, Huang Y, Lackey T, Klevitsky R. Genetic inhibition or activation of JNK1/2 protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell death in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32602-32608.
76. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. Haegeman. The interplay between the Glucocorticoid receptor and NF-κB activator protein-1:Molecular Mechanisms for Gene Repression[J]. Biol. Reviews 2003; 24(4):488-522
77. Graves JD, Draves KE, Graxtom A, et al. Involvement of stress-activated protein and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in mIgm-induced apoptosis of human B lymphcytes[J]. Cell Biol 1996; 93:13684-13818
78. Handwerger, K. E., and J. G. Gall.2006. Subnuclear organelles:new insights into form and function. Trends Cell Biol.16:19-26.
79. Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK, Nimnual A, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-874
80. Jarvis WD, Fomar FA, et al. Coordinate regulation of stress-and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the apoptotic actions of ceramide and sphingosine. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:935-947
81. Noguchi K, Kokubu A, Kitanaka C, Ichijo Hand Kuchino. ASKl-signaling promotes c-Myc protein stability during apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:1313-20
82. Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK, Nimnual A, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-4.
83. Hebert, M.D., P.W. Szymczyk, K. B. Shpargel, and A.G. Matera.2001. Coilin forms the bridge between Cajal bodies and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein. Genes Dev.15:2720-2729.
84. Kalus W, weckstetterM Z, Renner C, Sanchez Y, Georgescu J, Grol M, Demuth D, Schumacher R, Dony C, Lang K, and Holak TA. Structure of the IGF-binding domain of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5):implications for IGF and IGF-I receptor interactions[J]. EMBO J 1998; 17(22):6558-72
85. Kimura C, Zhao QL, Kondo T, et al. Mechanism of UV-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells:roles of Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease, caspase-3, and stress-activated protein kinases [J]. Exp Cell Res 1998; 239:411-422
86. Dent P, Yacoub A, Fisher PB, et al. MAPK pathways in radiation responses [J]. Oncogene 2003; 2(37):5885
87. Faris M, Kokot N, Latinis K, et al. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascade plays a role in stress-induced.apoptosis in Jurkat cells by up-regulating Fas ligand expression. J Immunol,1998,160 (1):134-144
88. Hebert, M.D., K.B. Shpargel, J. K. Ospina, K. E. Tucker, and A.G. Matera.2002. Coilin methylation regulates nuclear body formation. Dev. Cell.3:329-337.
89. Kolbus A, Herr I, Schreiber M, Debatin KM, Wagner EF, Angel P. C-Jun-dependent CD95-L expression is a rate-limiting step in the induction of apoptosis by alkylating agents. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:575-582
90. Su JL, Lin MT, Hong CC, Chang CC, Shiah SG, Wu CW, et al. Resveratrol induces FasL-related apoptosis through Cdc42 activation of ASKl/JNK-dependent signaling pathway in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1-10
91. Lenczowski, J. M., L. Dominguez, A. M. Eder, L. B. King, C. M. Zacharchuk, J. D. Ashwell.1997. Lack of a role for Jun kinase and AP-1 in Fas-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol.17:170-181
92. Jady, B. E., X. Darzacq, K. E. Tucker, A. G. Matera, E. Bertrand, and T. Kiss.2003. Modification of Sm small nuclear RNAs occurs in the nucleoplasmic Cajal body following import from the cytoplasm. EMBO J.22:1878-1888.
93. Park J, Kim I, Young JO, Lee KW, Han PL, Choi EJ. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase antagonizes an anti-apoptotic action of bcl-2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 16725-8.
94. Fan M, Goodwin M, Vu T, Brantley-Finley C, Gaarde WA. Chambers TC. Vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL is mediated by JNK and occurs in parallel with inactivation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK cascade. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29980-5.
95. Yamamoto K, Ichijo H, Korsmeyer S J. BCL-2 is phosphorylated and inactivated by an ASK1/Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway normally activated at G(2)/M. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 19:8469-78.
96. Kharbanda S, Saxena S, Yoshida K, et al. Translocation of SAPK/JNK to mitochondria and interaction with Bcl-XL in response to DNA damage. J Biol Chem.2000;275:322-327
97. Koch-Paiz, C. A., S. A. Amundson, M. L. Bittner, P. S. Meltzer, and A. J. Fornace Jr. 2004. Functional genomics of UV radiation responses in human cells. Mutat. Res. 549:65-78
98. Tournier CP, Hess DD, Yang J, Xu TK, Turner A, Nimnual D, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-874
99. Wang L, Xu D, Dai W, Lu L. An Ultraviolet-activated K+ Channel Mediates Apoptosis Of Myeloblastic Leukemia Cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(6):3678-85
100. Chen YR, Wang X, Templeton D, Davis RJ, Tan TH. The role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in apoptosis induced by ultraviolet C and gamma radiation. Duration of JNK activation may determine cell death and proliferation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 31929-36.
101.Kurki, S., L. Latonen, and M. Laiho.2003. Cellular stress and DNA damage invoke temporally distinct Mdm2, p53 and PML complexes and damage-specific nuclear relocalization.J. Cell Sci.116:3917-3925.
102. Lo PK, Huang SZ, Chen HC, Wang FF. The prosurvival activity of p53 protects cells from UV-induced apoptosis by inhibiting c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity and mitochondrial death signaling. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8736-45
103. Devary Y, Rosette C, DiDonato JA, Karin M.. NF-kappa B activation by ultraviolet light not dependent on a nuclear signal. Science 1993; 261(5127):1442-5
104. Sachsenmaier C, Radler-Pohl A, Zinck R, Nordheim A, Herrlich P, Rahmsdorf HJ. Involvement of growth factor receptors in the mammalian UVC response. Cell.1994; 78(6):963-72
105. Rosette C. & Karin M. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress:activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 1996; 274(5290):1194-7.
106. Kurki, S., L. Latonen, and M. Laiho.2003. Cellular stress and DNA damage invoke temporally distinct Mdm2, p53 and PML complexes and damage-specific nuclear relocalization.J. Cell Sci.116:3917-3925.
107. Lu L, Wang L, Shell B:UV-induced signaling pathways associated with corneal epithelial cell apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:5102-5109
108. Stacey JB, E Premkumar Reddy. Modulation of life and death by the TNF recaptor superfamily [J]. Oncogene,1998,17:3261-3270.
109. Carina M, David LV. Signalling by CD95 and TNF receptors:not only life and death [J]. Immuno and Cell Bio.1999,77:41-46.
110. Kurki, S., K. Peltonen, and M. Laiho.2004. Nucleophosmin, HDM2 and p53:players in UV damage incited nucleolar stress response. Cell Cycle.3:976-979.
111. Devin A, Lin Y, Liu ZG.. The role of the death-domain kinase RIP in tumour necrosis factor induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases [J]. EMBO Rep,2003, 4 (6):623-627.
112. Hsu H, Shu HB, Pan MG, et al. TRADD-TRAF2 and TRADD-FADD interactions define two distinct TNF receptor 1 signal transduction pathways [J]. Cell,1996,84(2):299-308.
113. Richard NK. Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis [J]. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1998,60:643-665.
114. David KP, Yusuf AH. The role of ceramide in cell signaling [J]. B. B. A.2001, 1436:233-243.
115.Matera, A. G., and K. B. Shpargel.2006. Pumping RNA:nuclear bodybuilding along the RNP pipeline. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.18:317-324.
116. Monney L,Oliver R, et al. Role of an acidic compartment in tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-induced production of ceramide, activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis [J]. Eur J Biochem,1998,251:295-303.
117. Sawada M, Kiyono T, Nakashima S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced ceramide formation in human glioma cells:p53-mediated oxidant stress-dependent and-independent pathways [J]. Cell Death Differ,2004,11(9):997-1008
118. Sawada M, Kiyono T, Nakashima S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced ceramide formation in human glioma cells:p53-mediated oxidant stress-dependent and-independent pathways [J]. Cell Death Differ,2004,11 (9):997-1008.
119. Murata, S., H. Kawahara, S. Tohma, K. Yamamoto, M. Kasahara, Y. Nabeshima, K. Tanaka, and T. Chiba.1999. Growth retardation in mice lacking the proteasome activator PA28gamma. J. Biol. Chem.274:38211-38215.
120. Kim K,Takimoto R, Dicker DT, et al. Enhanced TRAIL sensitivity by p53 overexpression in human cancer but not normal cell lines [J].Int J Oncol,2001,18:241-247
121.Gabriele K, Dagmar K, Birgit P, et al. Intetrleukin-1 protects transformed keratinocytes from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [J]. J Biol. Chem.1998:273:29247-29253.
122. Jeremias I, Kupat C, Baumann B, et al Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation attenuates apoptosis resistance in lymphoid cells [J]. Blood,1998,91:4624-463
2. Albanell, J., J. Codony-Servat, F. Rojo, J. M. Del Campo, S. Sauleda, J. Anido, G. Raspall, J. Giralt, J. Rosello, R. I. Nicholson, J. Mendelsohn, and J. Baselga.2001. Activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases:association with epidermal growth factor receptor/transforming growth factor alpha expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma and inhibition by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor treatments. Cancer Res.61:6500-6510.
3. Narayanan, U., T. Achsel, R. Luhrmann, and A. G. Matera.2004. Coupled in vitro import of U snRNPs and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein. Mol.. Cell. 16:223-234.
4. Peus D, Vasa R. A, Beyerle A, et al. UVB activates ERK1/2 and p38 signaling pathways via reactive oxygen species in cultured keratinocytes [J]. J Invest Dermatol,1999,112:751-756.
5. Takekawa M, Posas F, Saito HA. Human homolog of the yeast Ssk2/Ssk22 MAP kinase kinase kinases,MTKI, mediates stress induced activation of the p38 and JNK pathways [J]:EMBO J,1997,16:4973-4982.
6. Nikaido, T., K. Shimada, Y. Nishida, R. S. Lee, A. B. Pardee, and Y. Nishizuka. 1989. Loss in transformed cells of cell cycle regulation of expression of a nuclear protein recognized by SLE patient antisera. Exp. Cell Res. 182:284-289.
7. MIYACH I Y, HOR IO T, IMAMURA S et. Al Sunburn cell formationis prevented by scavenging oxygen intermediates [J]:Clin ExpDerm atol,1983,8 (3):30523101
8. Kabuyama Y, Homma MK, Sekimata M, et al. Wavelength-specific activation of MAP kinase family proteins by monochromatic UV irradiation [J]. Photochem. Photobiol,2001,73:147-152.
9. WANG C B, YAO R Y, LIU Z T, et al. Protective effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on hairless mice damaged by ultraviolet A [J]:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica(中国药理学报),2002,23(9)：8132-8141
10. YAO R Y, WANG C B. Protective effects of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on Hela cells damaged by ultravioletA [J]:Acta Pharmacologica Sinica(中国药理学报),2002,23(11)：182-201
11. HAN Y T, HAN ZW, YU G Y, et al.Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlam ys farreri on ultraviolet A induced oxidative damage on human skin fibroblastsin vitro [J]:Pharmacol Res,2004,49(3): 2652-2671
12. DOU M, HAN Y T, HAN ZW, et al Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlam ys farreri on UVA induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes [J]:Invest New Drugs, 2004,22 (4):3972-3981
13. Kimura C, Zhao QL, Kondo T, et al. Mechanism of UV-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells:roles of Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease, caspase-3, and stress-activated protein kinases [J]. Exp Cell Res,1998,239:411-422
14. Ichi jo H, Nishida E, Irie K, et al. Induction of apoptosis by ASK1, a mammalian MAPKKK that activates SAPK/JNK and p38 signaling pathways [J]:Science,1997, 275:90-94
15. Hutchison M, Berman K S, Cobb M H. Isolation of TA01, a protein kinase that activates MEKs in stress-activated protein kinase cascades [J]:J Biol Chem, 1998,273:625-632.
16. Ding M, Li J, Leonard SS, et al. Differential role of hydrogen peroxide in UV-induced signal transduction [J]. Mol. Cell Biochem,2002,234-235:81-90.
17. Patel T, Gores GJ, Kaufmann SH. The role of proteases during apoptosis [J]. FASEB J,1996,10:587-597
18. Reimer, G., I. Raska, E.M. Tan, and U. Scheer.1987. Human autoantibodies: probes for nucleolus structure and function. Virchows Arch. B Cell Pathol. Incl. Mol. Pathol.54:131-143.
19. Nikaido, T., K. Shimada, M. Shibata, M. Hata, M. Sakamoto, Y. Takasaki, C. Sato, T. Takahashi, and Y. Nishida.1990. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA for Ki antigen, a highly conserved nuclear protein detected with sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin. Exp. Immunol.79:209-214.
20. Catani MV, Rossi A, Costanzo A, et al. Induction of gene expression via activator protein-1 in the ascorbate protection against UV-induced damage [J]. Biochem J,2001,356:77-85
21. Tanahashi, N., K. Yokota, J. Y. Ahn, C. H. Chung, T. Fujiwara, E. Takahashi, G. N. DeMartino, C. A. Slaughter, T. Toyonaga, K. Yamamura, et al.1997. Molecular properties of the proteasome activator PA28 family proteins and gamma-interferon regulation. Genes Cells.2:195-211.
22. Kaina B. DNA damage-triggered apoptosis:critical role of DNA repair, double-strand breaks, cell proliferation and signaling [J]. Biochemical Pharmacology,2003,66:1547-1554
23. Okamura, T., S. Taniguchi, T. Ohkura, A. Yoshida, H. Shimizu, M. Sakai, H. Maeta, H. Fukui, Y. Ueta, I. Hisatome, and C. Shigemasa.2003. Abnormally high expression of proteasome activator-gamma in thyroid neoplasm.J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.88:1374-1383.
24. Dou M, Han Y T, Han Z W, et al. Inhibitory effect of polypeptide from Chlamys farreri on UVA induced apoptosis in human keratinocytes [J]. Invest New Drugs, 2004,22(4):391-398.
25. Keyse SM, Tyrrell RM. Heme oxygenase is the major 322Kda stress protein induced in human skin fibroblasts by UVA radiation, hydrogen peroxide and sodium arsenite [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1989,86:99-103
26. Uhlik, M. T., A. N. Abell, N. L. Johnson, W. Sun, B. D. Cuevas, K. E. Lobel-Rice, E. A. Horne, M. L. Dell'Acqua, and G. L. Johnson.2003. Rac-MEKK3-MKK3 scaffolding for p38 MAPK activation during hyperosmotic shock. Nat. Cell Biol. 5:1104-1110.
27. Ospina, J. K., G. B. Gonsalvez, J. Bednenko, E. Darzynkiewicz, L. Gerace, and A. G. Matera.2005. Cross-talk between snurportinl subdomains. Mol. Biol. Cell. 16:4660-4671.
28. Morita A, Grewe M, Grether-Bedk S, et al. Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human epidermoid carcinoma cells by in vitro ultraviolet Al irradiation [J]. Photochem Photobiol,1997,65:630-635
29. Preckel, T., W. P. Fung-Leung, Z. Cai, A. Vitiello, L. Salter-Cid,0. Winqvist, T. G. Wolfe, M.. Von Herrath, A. Angulo, P. Ghazal, et al.1999. Impaired immunoproteasome assembly and immune responses in PA28-/-mice. Science. 286:2162-2165.
30. Kleinau, Olafa, B hm, et al. Different DNA repair time courses in human lymphoid cells after UVA, UVA1, UVB and PUVA in vitro[J]. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol,1997,41(122):103-108
31. Schindl A, Klosner G, H nigsmann H, et al. Flow cytometric quantification of UV-induced cell death in a human squamous cell carcinoma-derived cell line dose and kinetic studies [J]. J Photochem Photobiol B:Biol,1998,2:97-106
32. Sleeman, J. E., and A. I. Lamond.1999. Newly assembled snRNPs associate with coiled bodies before speckles, suggesting a nuclear snRNP maturation pathway. Curr. Biol.9:1065-1074.
33. Realini, C., C. C. Jensen, Z. Zhang, S. C. Johnston, J. R. Knowlton, C. P. Hill, and M. Rechsteiner.1997. Characterization of recombinant REGalpha, REGbeta, and REGgamma proteasome activators.J. Biol. Chem.272:25483-25492.
34. Miyachi Y, Horio T, Imamura S. Sunburn cell formation is prevented by scavenging oxygen intermediates [J]. Clin Exp Dermatol。 1983; 8(3):305-310.
35. Wondrak GT, Roberts MJ, Jacobson MK, et al.3-hydroxypyridine chromophores are endogenous sensitizers of photooxidative stress in human skin cells [J]. J Biol Chem,2004,16;279 (29):30009-20.
36. Wondrak GT, Jacobson MK, Jacobson EL. Identification of quenchers of photoexcited States as novel agents for skin photoprotection [J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2005,312 (2):482-91.
37. Rebelo, L., F. Almeida, C. Ramos, K. Bohmann, A.I. Lamond, and M. Carmo-Fonseca. 1996. The dynamics of coiled bodies in the nucleus of adenovirus-infected cells. Mol. Biol. Cell.7:1137-1151.
1. Chen A, Davis BH. UV irradiation activates JNK and increases Ⅰ (Ⅰ) collagen gene expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:158-164.
2. Ruiter GA, Zerp SF, Bartelink H, van Blitterswijk WJ, Verheij M. Alkyl-lysophospholipids activate the SAPK/JNK pathway and enhance radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 1999; 59:2457-2463.
3. Krumenacker JS, Kots A, Murad F. Effects of the JNK inhibitor anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one (SP-600125) on soluble guanylyl cyclase alphal gene regulation and cGMP synthesis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C778-C784.
4. Adams, D. G., N. A. Sachs, and R. R. Vaillancourt.2002. Phosphorylation of the stress-activated protein kinase, MEKK3, at serine 166. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 407:103-116.
5. Hayakawa J, Depatie C, Ohmichi M, Mercola D. The activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) by DNA-damaging agents serves to promote drug resistance via activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2)-dependent enhanced DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:20582-20592.
6. Surapisitchat J, Hoefen RJ, Pi X, Yoshizumi M, Yan C, Berk BC.:Fluid shear stress inhibits TNF-alpha activation of JNK but not ERK1/2 or p38 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells:Inhibitory crosstalk among MAPK family members. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2001; 98:6476-6481
7. Al-Baker, E.A., J. Boyle, R. Harry, and I. R. Kill.2004. A p53-independent pathway regulates nucleolar segregation and antigen translocation in response to DNA damage induced by UV irradiation. Exp. Cell Res.292:179-186.
8. Choi J, Park SY, Joo CK:Hepatocyte growth factor induces proliferation of lens epithelial cells through activation of ERK1/2 and JNK/SAPK. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45:2696-704
9. Barton, L. F., H. A. Runnels, T. D. Schell, Y. Cho, R. Gibbons, S. S. Tevethia, G. S. Deepe Jr., and J. J. Monaco.2004. Immune defects in 28-kDa proteasome activator gamma-deficient mice. J. Immunol.172:3948-3954.
10. Li YY, Baccam M, Waters SB, Pessin JE, Bishop GA, Koretzky GA. CD40 ligation results in protein kinase C-independent activation of ERK and JNK in resting murine splenic B cells. J Immunol 1996; 157:1440.
11. Lin A, Smeal T, et al. Identification of an oncoprotein-and uv-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-jun activation domain[J].Gens and Dev,1993,7:2135-2148
12. Gupta S, Barrett T, Whitmarsh AJ, et al. Selective interaction of JNK protein kinase isoforms with transcription factors. EMBO J,1996,15(11):2760
13. Bohmann, K., J. A. Ferreira, and A. I. Lamond.1995. Mutational analysis of p80 coilin indicates a functional interaction between coiled bodies and the nucleolus. J. Cell Biol.131:817-831.
14. Hibi, M A, Lin T, Smeal A, ea al. Identification of an oncoprotein and UV-responsive protein kinase that bind and potentiate the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Dev 1993; 7:2135-2148
15. Kallunki TB, Su I, Tsigelny HK, Sluss B, Derijard G, ea al. JNK2 contains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and hosphorylation. Genes Dev 1994; 8:2996-3007
16. Sluss HK, Barrett T, Derijard B and Davis RJ. Signal transduction by tumor necrosis factor mediated by JNK protein kinases.Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:8376-8384
17. Boisvert, F. M., J. Cote, M. C. Boulanger, P. Cleroux, F. Bachand, C. Autexier, and S. Richard.2002. Symmetrical dimethylarginine methylation is required for the localization of SMN in Cajal bodies and pre-mRNA splicing. J. Cell Biol. 159:957-969.
18. Marti F, Krause A, Post NH, Lyddane C, Dupont B, Sadelain M, and King PD. Negative-Feedback Regulation of CD28 Costimulation by a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP6. J Immunol 2001; 166,197-206.
19. Tanoue T, Yamamoto T, Maeda R, Nishida E. A Novel MAPK phosphatase MKP-7 acts preferentially on JNK/SAPK and p38 alpha and beta MAPKs. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 26629-26639.
20. Carmo-Fonseca, M., J. Ferreira, and A. I. Lamond.1993. Assembly of snRNP-containing coiled bodies is regulated in interphase and mitosis-evidence that the coiled body is a kinetic nuclear structure. J. Cell Biol.120:841-852.
21. Chen YR, Han J, Kori R, Kong AN, Tan TH:Phenylethyl isothiocyanate induces apoptotic signaling via suppressing phosphatase activity against c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:39334-39342.
22. Derijard B, Raingeaud J, Barrett T, Wu Lh, Han J, Ulevitch Rj, et al. Independent human MAP kinase signal transduction pathways defined by MEK and MKK isoforms. Science 1995; 267:682-685
23. Sanchez I, Hughes RT, Mayer BJ, Yee K, Woodgett JR, Avruch J, et al:Role of SAPK/ERK kinase-1 in the stress-activated pathway regulating transcription factor c-Jun. Nature 1994;372:794-798.
24. Cioce, M., and A. I. Lamond.2005. Cajal bodies:a long history of discovery. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol.21:105-131.
25. Tournier C, Whitmarsh AJ, Cavanagh J, Barrett T, Davis RJ:Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 is an activator of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94:7337-7342.
26. Wada T, Nakagawa K, Watanabe T, Nishitai G, Seo J, Kishimoto H. Impaired synergistic activation of stress-activated protein kinase SAPK/JNK in mouse embryonic stem cells lacking SEK1/MKK4. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:30892-30897.
27. Claus, P., F. Doring, S. Gringel, F. Muller-Ostermeyer, J. Fuhlrott, T. Kraft, and C. Grothe.2003. Differential intranuclear localization of fibroblast growth factor-2 isoforms and specific interaction with the survival of motoneuron protein. J. Biol. Chem.278:479-485.
28. Xia Y, Makris C, Su B, Li E, Yang J, Glen R. Nemerow, and Michael Karin. MEK kinase 1 is critically required for c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation by proinflammatory stimuli and growth factor-induced cell migration. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2000; 97 (10): 5243-5248
29. Blank, JL, Gerwins P. Elliott EM, Sather S, and. Johnson GL. Molecular cloning of mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase kinases (MEKK) 2 and 3. Regulation of sequential phosphorylation pathways involving mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:5361-5368.
30. Darzacq, X., B. E. Jady, C. Verheggen, A. M. Kiss, E. Bertrand, and T. Kiss.2002. Cajal body-specific small nuclear RNAs:a novel class of 2'-O-methylation and pseudouridylation guide RNAs. EMBO J.21:2746-2756.
31. Wang XS, Diener K, Jannuzzi D, Trollinger D, Tan TH, Lichenstein H, Zukowski M, and Yao Z. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel protein kinase with a catalytic domain homologous to mitogen-ctivated protein kinase kinase kinase. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:31607-31611
32. Cheng J, Yang J, Xia Y, Karin M, And Su B. Synergistic interaction of MEK Kinase 2, c-jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) kinase 2, and JNK1 results in efficient and specific JNK1 activation. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:2334-2342.
33. Dundr, M., and T. Misteli.2001. Functional architecture in the cell nucleus. Biochem. J.356:297-310.
34. Fanger GR, Gerwins P, Widmann C, Jarpe MB, Johnson GL. MEKKs, GCKs, MLKs, PAKs, TAKs, and tpls:upstream regulators of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases? Curr Opin Genet Dev1997; 7(1):67-74
35. Teramoto H, Coso OA, Miyata H, Igishi T, Miki T, Gutkind JS. Signaling from the small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Cdc42 to the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinase pathway. A role for mixed lineage kinase 3/protein-tyrosine kinase 1, a novel member of the mixed lineage kinase family. J Biol Chem 1996; 271(44),27225-27228
36. Eggert, C., A. Chari, B. Laggerbauer, and U. Fischer.2006. Spinal muscular atrophy: the RNP connection. Trends Mol. Med.12:113-121.
37. Fan M, Goodwin ME, Birrer MJ, et al. The c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase/AP-1 pathway is required for efficient apoptosis induced by vinblastine[J]. Cancer Res, 2001,61:4450
38. Gupta S, Campbell D, Derijard B, and Davis RJ. Transcription factor ATF-2 regulation by the JNK signal transduction pathway. Science 1995;267:389-393
39. Fox, A. H., Y. W. Lam, A. K. Leung, C. E. Lyon, J. Andersen, M. Mann, and A. I. Lamond. 2002. Paraspeckles:a novel nuclear domain. Curr. Biol.12:13-25.
40. Field RW, Becker K. Does exposure to residential radon increase the risk of lung cancer[J]. Radiat Prot Dosim,2001; 95:75-81.
41. Cavigelli M, Dolfi F, Claret FX, Karin M. Induction of c-fos expression through JNK-mediated TCF/Elk-1 phosphorylation. EMBO J 1995; 14(23):5957-64
42. Johnson NL, Gardner AM, Diener KM, Lange-Carter CA, Gleavy J, Jarpe MB, Minden A, Karin M, Zon LI, Johnson GL. Signal Transduction Pathways Regulated by Mitogen-activated/Extracellular Response Kinase Kinase Kinase Induce Cell Death[J]. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:3229-3237
43. Frey, M. R., and A. G. Matera.1995. Coiled bodies contain U7 small nuclear RNA and associate with specific DNA sequences in interphase human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.92:5915-5919.
44. Kallunki T, Su B, Tsigelny I, Sluss HK, Derijard B, Moore G, Davis R, and. Karin M. JNK2 ontains a specificity-determining region responsible for efficient c-Jun binding and phosphorylation. Genes Dev 1994; 8:2996-3007
45. Uhlig U, Haitsma JJ, Goldmann T, Poelma DL, Lachmann B, Uhlig S. Ventilation-induced activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Eur Respir J 2002; 20(4):946-956
46. Frugier, T., S. Nicole, C. Cifuentes-Diaz, and J. Melki.2002. The molecular bases of spinal muscular atrophy. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev.12:294-298.
47. Fuchs SY, Adler V, Buschmann T, Yin Z, Wu X, Jones SN, and Ronai Z. JNK targets p53 ubiquitination and degradation in non-stressed cells. Genes Dev 1998; 12: 2658-2663.
48. Fuchs SY, Adler V, Pincus MR and Ronai Z. MEKK1/JNK signaling stabilizes and activates p53. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1998; 95:10541-10546.
49. Chipuk JE, Kuwana T, Bouchier-Hayes L, Droin NM, Newmeyer DD, Schuler M. and Green DR. Direct activation of Bax by p53 mediates mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and apoptosis. Science 2004; 303:1010-1014
50. Gall, J. G.2001. A role for Cajal bodies in assembly of the nuclear transcription machinery. FEBS Lett.498:164-167.
51. Noguchi K, Kitanaka C, Yamana H, Kokubu A, Mochizuki T, Kuchino Y. Regulation of c-Myc through phosphorylation.at Ser-62 and Ser-71 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem.1999; 274:32580-32587.
52. Spencer CA and Groudine M. Control of c-myc regulation in normal and neoplastic cells[J].Adv Cancer Res 1991; 56:1-48
53. Kretzner L, Blackwood EM, and Eisenman RN. Myc and Max proteins possess distinct transcriptional activities[J]. Nature 1992; 359(6394):426-9
54. Noguchi K, Kitanaka C, Yamana H, et al. Regulation of c-Mycthrough phosphorylation at Ser262 and Ser271 by c-Jun N-terminal kinase[J].J Biol Chem 1999; 274 (46): 32580-32587
55. Liang Q, Bueno OF, Wilkins BJ, Kuan CY, Xia Y, Molkentin JD. C-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) antagonize cardiac growth through cross-talk with calcineurin-NFAT signaling. EMBO J.2003; 22(19):5079-89
56. Gall, J.G.2003. The centennial of the Cajal body. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 4:975-980.
57. Camps M, Nichols A, and Arkinstall S. Dual specificity phosphatases:a gene family for control of MAP kinase function. FASEB J 2000;14:6-16
58. Marti F, Krause A, Post NH, Lyddane C, Dupont B, Sadelain M, and King PD. Negative-Feedback Regulation of CD28 Costimulation by a Novel Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Phosphatase, MKP6. J Immunol 2001; 166:197-206.
59. Gangwani, L., R. A. Flavell, and R. J. Davis.2005. ZPR1 is essential for survival and is required for localization of the survival motor neurons (SMN) protein to Cajal bodies. Mol. Cell. Biol.25:2744-2756.
60. Masuda K, Shima H, Watanabe M, and Kikuchi K. MKP-7, a novel mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase, functions as a shuttle protein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 39002-39011.
61. Chen YR, Han J, Kori R, Kong AN, Tan TH. Phenylethyl isothiocyanate induces apoptotic signaling via suppressing phosphatase activity against c-jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2002; 77(42):39334-42
62. Park HS, Lee JS, Huh SH, et al. Hsp 72 fuctions as a natural inhibitoryprotein of c-Jun N-terminal kinase [J]. EMBO J 2001; 20:446-456
63. Goossens V, Grooten J, De Vos K, et al. Direct evidence for tumor necrosis factor-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen intermediates and their involvement in cytotoxicity[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1995,92 (18):811528119.
64. Gilmore, P.M., N. McCabe, J. E. Quinn, R.D. Kennedy, J. J. Gorski, H.N. Andrews, S. McWilliams, M. Carty, P.B. Mullan, W. P. Duprex, et al.2004. BRCA1 interacts with and is required for paclitaxel-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3. Cancer Res.64:4148-4154.
65. H Nakano. Signaling crosstalk between NF-kappaB and JNK[J].Trends Immunol,2004; 25(8):402-405.
66. Clerk A, Sugden PH. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are activated by oxidative stress and cytokines in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes[J]. Biochem Soc Trans. 1997;25:566S.
67. Clerk A, Fuller SJ, Michael A, Sugden PH. Stimulation of "stressregulated"mitogen-activated protein kinases (SAPKs/JNKs and p38-MAPKs) in perfused rat hearts by oxidative and other stresses [J]. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:7228-7234.
68. Gross, S., A. Knebel, T. Tenev, A. Neininger, M. Gaestel, P. Herrlich, and F. D. Bohmer.1999. Inactivation of protein-tyrosine phosphatases as mechanism of UV-induced signal transduction. J. Biol. Chem.274:26378-26386.
69. Aikawa R, Komuro I, Yamazaki T, et al. Oxidative stress activates extracellular signalregulaed kinases through Src and Ras in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats[J]. J Clin Invest.1997;100:1813-1821.
70. Gulati, P., B. Markova, M. Gottlicher, F. D. Bohmer, and P. A. Herrlich.2004. UVA inactivates protein tyrosine phosphatases by calpain-mediated degradation. EMBO Rep.5:812-817.
71. Abe MK, Chao TS, Solway J, Rosner MR, and Hershenson MB. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase in bovine tracheal myocytes: implications for human airway disease[J]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 577-585
72. Sheng Z, Knowlton K, Chen J, et al. Cardiotrophin 1 (CT-1) inhibition of cardiac myocyte apoptosis via a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway: divergence from downstream CT-1 signals for myocardial cell hypertrophy[J]. J Biol Chem.1997; 272:5783-5791
73. Si J, Wang Q, and Mei L. Essential Roles of c-JUN and c-JUN N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) in Neuregulin-Increased Expression of the Acetylcholine Receptor e-Subunit. J Neurosci 1999; 19:8498-8508.
74. Hagemann, C., R. Patel, and J. L. Blank.2003. MEKK3 interacts with the PA28 gamma regulatory subunit of the proteasome. Biochem. J.373:71-79.
75. Kaiser RA, Liang Q, Bueno 0, Huang Y, Lackey T, Klevitsky R. Genetic inhibition or activation of JNK1/2 protects the myocardium from ischemia-reperfusion-induced cell death in vivo. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:32602-32608.
76. De Bosscher K, Vanden Berghe W, Haegeman G. Haegeman. The interplay between the Glucocorticoid receptor and NF-κB activator protein-1:Molecular Mechanisms for Gene Repression[J]. Biol. Reviews 2003; 24(4):488-522
77. Graves JD, Draves KE, Graxtom A, et al. Involvement of stress-activated protein and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in mIgm-induced apoptosis of human B lymphcytes[J]. Cell Biol 1996; 93:13684-13818
78. Handwerger, K. E., and J. G. Gall.2006. Subnuclear organelles:new insights into form and function. Trends Cell Biol.16:19-26.
79. Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK, Nimnual A, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-874
80. Jarvis WD, Fomar FA, et al. Coordinate regulation of stress-and mitogen-activated protein kinases in the apoptotic actions of ceramide and sphingosine. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:935-947
81. Noguchi K, Kokubu A, Kitanaka C, Ichijo Hand Kuchino. ASKl-signaling promotes c-Myc protein stability during apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 281:1313-20
82. Tournier C, Hess P, Yang DD, Xu J, Turner TK, Nimnual A, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-4.
83. Hebert, M.D., P.W. Szymczyk, K. B. Shpargel, and A.G. Matera.2001. Coilin forms the bridge between Cajal bodies and SMN, the spinal muscular atrophy protein. Genes Dev.15:2720-2729.
84. Kalus W, weckstetterM Z, Renner C, Sanchez Y, Georgescu J, Grol M, Demuth D, Schumacher R, Dony C, Lang K, and Holak TA. Structure of the IGF-binding domain of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5):implications for IGF and IGF-I receptor interactions[J]. EMBO J 1998; 17(22):6558-72
85. Kimura C, Zhao QL, Kondo T, et al. Mechanism of UV-induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells:roles of Ca2+/Mg2+-dependent endonuclease, caspase-3, and stress-activated protein kinases [J]. Exp Cell Res 1998; 239:411-422
86. Dent P, Yacoub A, Fisher PB, et al. MAPK pathways in radiation responses [J]. Oncogene 2003; 2(37):5885
87. Faris M, Kokot N, Latinis K, et al. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase cascade plays a role in stress-induced.apoptosis in Jurkat cells by up-regulating Fas ligand expression. J Immunol,1998,160 (1):134-144
88. Hebert, M.D., K.B. Shpargel, J. K. Ospina, K. E. Tucker, and A.G. Matera.2002. Coilin methylation regulates nuclear body formation. Dev. Cell.3:329-337.
89. Kolbus A, Herr I, Schreiber M, Debatin KM, Wagner EF, Angel P. C-Jun-dependent CD95-L expression is a rate-limiting step in the induction of apoptosis by alkylating agents. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:575-582
90. Su JL, Lin MT, Hong CC, Chang CC, Shiah SG, Wu CW, et al. Resveratrol induces FasL-related apoptosis through Cdc42 activation of ASKl/JNK-dependent signaling pathway in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1-10
91. Lenczowski, J. M., L. Dominguez, A. M. Eder, L. B. King, C. M. Zacharchuk, J. D. Ashwell.1997. Lack of a role for Jun kinase and AP-1 in Fas-induced apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol.17:170-181
92. Jady, B. E., X. Darzacq, K. E. Tucker, A. G. Matera, E. Bertrand, and T. Kiss.2003. Modification of Sm small nuclear RNAs occurs in the nucleoplasmic Cajal body following import from the cytoplasm. EMBO J.22:1878-1888.
93. Park J, Kim I, Young JO, Lee KW, Han PL, Choi EJ. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase antagonizes an anti-apoptotic action of bcl-2. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 16725-8.
94. Fan M, Goodwin M, Vu T, Brantley-Finley C, Gaarde WA. Chambers TC. Vinblastine-induced phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL is mediated by JNK and occurs in parallel with inactivation of the Raf-1/MEK/ERK cascade. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:29980-5.
95. Yamamoto K, Ichijo H, Korsmeyer S J. BCL-2 is phosphorylated and inactivated by an ASK1/Jun N-terminal protein kinase pathway normally activated at G(2)/M. Mol Biol Cell 1999; 19:8469-78.
96. Kharbanda S, Saxena S, Yoshida K, et al. Translocation of SAPK/JNK to mitochondria and interaction with Bcl-XL in response to DNA damage. J Biol Chem.2000;275:322-327
97. Koch-Paiz, C. A., S. A. Amundson, M. L. Bittner, P. S. Meltzer, and A. J. Fornace Jr. 2004. Functional genomics of UV radiation responses in human cells. Mutat. Res. 549:65-78
98. Tournier CP, Hess DD, Yang J, Xu TK, Turner A, Nimnual D, et al. Requirement of JNK for stress-induced activation of the cytochrome c-mediated death pathway. Science 2000; 288:870-874
99. Wang L, Xu D, Dai W, Lu L. An Ultraviolet-activated K+ Channel Mediates Apoptosis Of Myeloblastic Leukemia Cells. J Biol Chem 1999; 274(6):3678-85
100. Chen YR, Wang X, Templeton D, Davis RJ, Tan TH. The role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in apoptosis induced by ultraviolet C and gamma radiation. Duration of JNK activation may determine cell death and proliferation. J Biol Chem 1996; 271: 31929-36.
101.Kurki, S., L. Latonen, and M. Laiho.2003. Cellular stress and DNA damage invoke temporally distinct Mdm2, p53 and PML complexes and damage-specific nuclear relocalization.J. Cell Sci.116:3917-3925.
102. Lo PK, Huang SZ, Chen HC, Wang FF. The prosurvival activity of p53 protects cells from UV-induced apoptosis by inhibiting c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activity and mitochondrial death signaling. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8736-45
103. Devary Y, Rosette C, DiDonato JA, Karin M.. NF-kappa B activation by ultraviolet light not dependent on a nuclear signal. Science 1993; 261(5127):1442-5
104. Sachsenmaier C, Radler-Pohl A, Zinck R, Nordheim A, Herrlich P, Rahmsdorf HJ. Involvement of growth factor receptors in the mammalian UVC response. Cell.1994; 78(6):963-72
105. Rosette C. & Karin M. Ultraviolet light and osmotic stress:activation of the JNK cascade through multiple growth factor and cytokine receptors. Science 1996; 274(5290):1194-7.
106. Kurki, S., L. Latonen, and M. Laiho.2003. Cellular stress and DNA damage invoke temporally distinct Mdm2, p53 and PML complexes and damage-specific nuclear relocalization.J. Cell Sci.116:3917-3925.
107. Lu L, Wang L, Shell B:UV-induced signaling pathways associated with corneal epithelial cell apoptosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44:5102-5109
108. Stacey JB, E Premkumar Reddy. Modulation of life and death by the TNF recaptor superfamily [J]. Oncogene,1998,17:3261-3270.
109. Carina M, David LV. Signalling by CD95 and TNF receptors:not only life and death [J]. Immuno and Cell Bio.1999,77:41-46.
110. Kurki, S., K. Peltonen, and M. Laiho.2004. Nucleophosmin, HDM2 and p53:players in UV damage incited nucleolar stress response. Cell Cycle.3:976-979.
111. Devin A, Lin Y, Liu ZG.. The role of the death-domain kinase RIP in tumour necrosis factor induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases [J]. EMBO Rep,2003, 4 (6):623-627.
112. Hsu H, Shu HB, Pan MG, et al. TRADD-TRAF2 and TRADD-FADD interactions define two distinct TNF receptor 1 signal transduction pathways [J]. Cell,1996,84(2):299-308.
113. Richard NK. Regulation of ceramide production and apoptosis [J]. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1998,60:643-665.
114. David KP, Yusuf AH. The role of ceramide in cell signaling [J]. B. B. A.2001, 1436:233-243.
115.Matera, A. G., and K. B. Shpargel.2006. Pumping RNA:nuclear bodybuilding along the RNP pipeline. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.18:317-324.
116. Monney L,Oliver R, et al. Role of an acidic compartment in tumor-necrosis-factor-alpha-induced production of ceramide, activation of caspase-3 and apoptosis [J]. Eur J Biochem,1998,251:295-303.
117. Sawada M, Kiyono T, Nakashima S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced ceramide formation in human glioma cells:p53-mediated oxidant stress-dependent and-independent pathways [J]. Cell Death Differ,2004,11(9):997-1008
118. Sawada M, Kiyono T, Nakashima S, et al. Molecular mechanisms of TNF-alpha-induced ceramide formation in human glioma cells:p53-mediated oxidant stress-dependent and-independent pathways [J]. Cell Death Differ,2004,11 (9):997-1008.
119. Murata, S., H. Kawahara, S. Tohma, K. Yamamoto, M. Kasahara, Y. Nabeshima, K. Tanaka, and T. Chiba.1999. Growth retardation in mice lacking the proteasome activator PA28gamma. J. Biol. Chem.274:38211-38215.
120. Kim K,Takimoto R, Dicker DT, et al. Enhanced TRAIL sensitivity by p53 overexpression in human cancer but not normal cell lines [J].Int J Oncol,2001,18:241-247
121.Gabriele K, Dagmar K, Birgit P, et al. Intetrleukin-1 protects transformed keratinocytes from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand [J]. J Biol. Chem.1998:273:29247-29253.
122. Jeremias I, Kupat C, Baumann B, et al Inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB activation attenuates apoptosis resistance in lymphoid cells [J]. Blood,1998,91:4624-463