制造企业战略柔性对经营绩效影响的研究
|
摘要
随着经济全球化的日益深入,企业面临的竞争越来越激烈,所处的经营环境也发生了根本性的变化。环境的不确定性导致了企业面临着战略断层和经营绩效提高越来越难的问题,进而对企业管理活动提出了新的要求。企业为了能够应对不断变化的环境挑战,增强战略柔性是企业适应环境、提高经营绩效的关键。本文主要从实证的角度,通过统计分析的方式,研究动态环境下战略柔性对经营绩效的影响,具有很强的现实意义。
本文根据社会科学的探索性研究方法,首先对国内外关于战略柔性、经营绩效和环境调节效应的理论和实证研究进行了回顾,在总结前人理论研究及实践成果的基础上,对制造企业的战略柔性和经营绩效进行了科学界定,定性的探讨战略柔性对制造企业经营绩效影响机理,并构建了动态环境下战略柔性与经营绩效关系模型。本文使用的研究方法主要是问卷调查法、探索性因子分析、回归分析和结构方程模型,采样的范围主要是中国的制造企业。本文的数据采集主要分为小样本调查和大样本调查两阶段。在数据分析过程中,主要运用统计分析方法对问卷的结构效度以及变量指标的信效度进行了验证,结果证明了其信度和效度的可靠性,在此基础上,通过结构方程模型分析对理论模型进行了假设检验。
研究表明,在动态环境下制造企业战略柔性对经营绩效具有显著的正向影响;环境动态性也对战略柔性具有显著的正向影响,即环境动态程度越大,制造企业战略柔性水平越高。其中企业快速改变基本战略与方向的能力、对竞争对手行动和顾客的需求变化做出快速反应的能力对经营绩效影响最显著;目标市场上的顾客数量变化趋势、产品及服务的质量和技术环境因素对战略柔性影响最显著。最后,结合理论分析结论,提出了增强战略柔性的几点建议,以期增强企业的战略柔性,提高经营绩效。
With the advancement of economic globalization, enterprises are getting involved in fiercer competition and more complicated business environment than ever before, which results in the gap of corporate strategy. To deal with this challenge, strategic flexibility is introduced in to adapt enterprises to complex environment and prompt corporate competitive power effectively. As a matter of fact, it is of vital importance to study the function mechanism of strategic flexibility on corporate competitive power under dynamic environment.
Based on the summarization of present researches, the study makes scientific definitions of strategic flexibility and operational performance, discusses the function mechanism of strategic flexibility on operational performance in manufacturers and puts forward the relation model between strategic flexibility and operational performance under dynamic environment. The research has been carried out in manufacturers. The methodology consists of Questionnaire Survey, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. The datum collection process consists of two stages, i.e. small-scale and big-scale surveys. The reliability and validity of questionnaire and indexes has been tested. On the basis, the hypotheses in the theoretical model have been tested statistically. According to the analyses, dynamic environment plays a significantly positive impact on strategic flexibility, while the latter plays a significantly positive impact on operational performance in manufacturers under dynamic environment.
Among all the indexes, the quick shift of basic strategies and directions and the quick response to the changes of competitors’acts and customers’needs have the most obvious impact on operational performance. The trend of customer quantity change in target markets and the quality and technology of products and service have the most obvious mediatory impact on strategic flexibility. In the final, based on the analyses above, the study puts forward some suggestions for the promotion of strategic flexibility and operational performance in Chinese manufacturers.
本文根据社会科学的探索性研究方法,首先对国内外关于战略柔性、经营绩效和环境调节效应的理论和实证研究进行了回顾,在总结前人理论研究及实践成果的基础上,对制造企业的战略柔性和经营绩效进行了科学界定,定性的探讨战略柔性对制造企业经营绩效影响机理,并构建了动态环境下战略柔性与经营绩效关系模型。本文使用的研究方法主要是问卷调查法、探索性因子分析、回归分析和结构方程模型,采样的范围主要是中国的制造企业。本文的数据采集主要分为小样本调查和大样本调查两阶段。在数据分析过程中,主要运用统计分析方法对问卷的结构效度以及变量指标的信效度进行了验证,结果证明了其信度和效度的可靠性,在此基础上,通过结构方程模型分析对理论模型进行了假设检验。
研究表明,在动态环境下制造企业战略柔性对经营绩效具有显著的正向影响;环境动态性也对战略柔性具有显著的正向影响,即环境动态程度越大,制造企业战略柔性水平越高。其中企业快速改变基本战略与方向的能力、对竞争对手行动和顾客的需求变化做出快速反应的能力对经营绩效影响最显著;目标市场上的顾客数量变化趋势、产品及服务的质量和技术环境因素对战略柔性影响最显著。最后,结合理论分析结论,提出了增强战略柔性的几点建议,以期增强企业的战略柔性,提高经营绩效。
With the advancement of economic globalization, enterprises are getting involved in fiercer competition and more complicated business environment than ever before, which results in the gap of corporate strategy. To deal with this challenge, strategic flexibility is introduced in to adapt enterprises to complex environment and prompt corporate competitive power effectively. As a matter of fact, it is of vital importance to study the function mechanism of strategic flexibility on corporate competitive power under dynamic environment.
Based on the summarization of present researches, the study makes scientific definitions of strategic flexibility and operational performance, discusses the function mechanism of strategic flexibility on operational performance in manufacturers and puts forward the relation model between strategic flexibility and operational performance under dynamic environment. The research has been carried out in manufacturers. The methodology consists of Questionnaire Survey, Exploratory Factor Analysis, Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. The datum collection process consists of two stages, i.e. small-scale and big-scale surveys. The reliability and validity of questionnaire and indexes has been tested. On the basis, the hypotheses in the theoretical model have been tested statistically. According to the analyses, dynamic environment plays a significantly positive impact on strategic flexibility, while the latter plays a significantly positive impact on operational performance in manufacturers under dynamic environment.
Among all the indexes, the quick shift of basic strategies and directions and the quick response to the changes of competitors’acts and customers’needs have the most obvious impact on operational performance. The trend of customer quantity change in target markets and the quality and technology of products and service have the most obvious mediatory impact on strategic flexibility. In the final, based on the analyses above, the study puts forward some suggestions for the promotion of strategic flexibility and operational performance in Chinese manufacturers.
引文
1徐二明,王智慧.企业战略管理理论的发展与流派.首都经济贸易大学学报. 1999(1): 24~28
2梁东.企业战略管理.机械工业出版社, 2004: 76~77
3余绪缨.柔性管理的发展及其思想文化渊源.经济学家, 1998(1): 86~92
4 Thompson. G. Flexible specialization. industrial districts, regional economies: strategic for socialists? Economy and Society. 1989, l8(4): 527~545
5 Correa.H.L. The flexibility of technology and human resourcesin automotive manufacturing. Integrated Manufacturing Systems.1994(7): 33~40
6 Gerwin. D. Manufacturing flexibility: a strategic perspective. Management Science. 1993(4): 350~410
7 Uptio. D. M. The Management of Manufacturing flexibility. California Review, winter. 1994(6): 72~89
8 H.Barrett. The effect of market orientation and organizational flexibility on corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 1998(1): 57~60
9汪应洛,刘益,李垣.大型工程的战略管理.中国工程科学. 2004, 2(6): 28~32
10加里·哈默,霍华德·托马斯,唐·奥尼尔,朱戎,段盛华,胡明译.战略柔性:变革中的管理.机械工业出版社, 2000: 25~41
11 Evan. M. Dudic.战略创新.王德忠译.机械工业出版社, 2003: 52~54
12 Tim. Hannagan. Mastering. Strategic Management. Palgrave Macmillan Press. 2001: 125~127
13 Itami.H.Mobilizing invisible assets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1987: 41~47
14 Hart. A. G. Failure and fulfillment of expectations in business fluctuation. Review of Economic Statistics. 1937: 226~246
15 Stigler, Geoge. Production and distribution in the short run. Journal Politial Economy. 1939: 46~47
16 Marschak.T, R. R. Nelson. Flexibility uncertainty and economic theory.Metroeconomica Press. 1962(4): 63~74
17 Jones. Robert. A, Joseph. M. Ostroy. Flexibility and uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies. 1984(3): 159~165
18 Ansoff. H. I. Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals. California Management Review. 1975(18): 67~71
19 Beckman. S. J. Moody. Manufacturing flexibility: the next source of competitive advantage. 1990(5): 29~31
20 Ron. Sanchez. Managing for an uncertain future. International Studies of Management & Organization. 1997,27(1): 69~73
21 Liddell. B.H.The decisive wars of history. Boston massAittle Brown. 1929(5): 89~94
22 Eccles, Taylor. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal. 1993, 1(14): 25~28
23 D. Jan Eppink. Planning For Strategic Flexibility, Long Range Planning. 1978, 1(11): 65~73
24 Evans J S. Strategic Flexibility for High Technology Maneuvers. Journal of Management Studies. 1991, 28 (1): 16~19
25 Aaker. D. A. and Mascarenhas. B. The need for strategic flexibility. Journal of Business Strategy. 1984: 165~167
26 Kathleen M. Sutcliffe. Uncertainty in the Transaction Environment: An Empirical Test. Strategic Management Journal. 1998(19): 74~75
27乔伟杰.战略柔性思想及核心能力理论.陕西省行政学院、陕西省经济管理干部学院学报. 2002, 16(1): 27~29
28简兆权,刘益,李怀祖.基于核心能力的战略管理——战略柔性化的探讨.管理工程学报,1999(1): 37~40
29王迎军,王永贵.动态环境下营造竞争优势的关键维度——基于资源的“战略柔性”透视(上).外国经济与管理. 2000(7): 2~6
30候玉莲.战略柔性的增强途径.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2003(5): 136~138
31冯巧根.从财务管理角度看企业组织的战略柔性.山西财经大学学报. 2001(1): 51~53
32宣峰,付宜强.基于全息系统观的战略柔性与组织战略动态演进研究.技术经济. 2004(4): 14~17
33汪应洛,李垣,刘益.企业柔性战略跨世纪战略管理研究与实践的前沿. 1998, 1(1): 24~31
34 Jean.L.Johnson, Ruby.Pui-Wan.Lee, Amit.Saini, Bianca.Grohmann. Market-focused strategic flexibility: Conceptual advances and an integrative model. Academy of Marketing Science. Journal.Greenvale. 2003, 31(1): 74~90
35 Lori L. Koste, Manoj K.Malhotra. A theoretical framework for analyzing the dimensions of manufacturing flexibility. Journal of Operation Management. 1999(18): 75~93
36 Eppink, K.J. Planning for strategic flexibility. Long Range planning. 1978(11): 9~15
37 Upton, D. M. The management of manufacturing flexibility, California Management Review. Winter. 1994: 59~60
38 Avison, D.E, Powell PL, Keen J, Klein JH, Ward S.Addressing. The need for flexibility in formation systems. Journal of management System. 1995, 7(2): 43
39 Lucas, Jr Hc, Olson, M. The impact of information technology: organization flexibility. Jorg Comput.1994, 4(2): 155~176
40桑强.企业经营绩效模型及新兴管理理论整合.当代经济管理. 2006, 28(1): 9~11
41 Ho-Uk LEE. The impact of CEO and TMT characteristics on strategic flexibility and firm performance. Texas A&M University. The requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 1994, 6(5): 52~53
42 Paik, Yongsun. The impact of Strategic Flexibility on Business Performance in the International Business Environment. 1991, 20(3): 60~71
43 Ranjan V.N.Karri. Strategic flexibility and performance. The requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 1999, 4(2): 39~41
44 Ashok Abbott, Kunal Banerji. Strategic Flexibility and Firm Performance: The Case of US Based Transnational Corporations. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 2003, 4(6): 1~8
45王永贵,张玉利等.对组织学习、核心能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究.南开管理评论. 2003(4): 54~60
46 Zahra S. A. Corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: The case of management leveraged buy-outs. Journal of Business Venturing. 1995,10(3): 225~247
47 Franko L. Global corporate competition: who s winning, and the R&D factor as one reason why. Strategic Management Journal. 1989(10): 449~474
48苏中锋,谢恩,孙永风.环境的包容性和复杂性对战略柔性实施效果的影响研究.科学学与科学技术管理. 2006(9): 119~123
49 Barbara B. Flynn, Sadao Sakakibara, Roger G. Schroeder, Kimberly A. Bates, E. James Flynn. Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of operations management. 1990, 9(2): 79~80
50 Jaworski, B. J., Koh1i, A. K. Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing. 1993, 5 (7): 53~71
51统计之都. Amos教材. http://www.cos.name
52刘继文,李富业.社会支持评定量表的信度效度研究.新疆医科大学学报. 2008, 31(1): 1~3
53 B. G. Tabachnick, L. S. Fidell. Using Multivariate Ststistics. Harper Collins. 1996(3): 709~796
54 Michael Tracey, Mark A. Uonderemse. Manufacturing technology and strategy formulation: Keys to enhancing competitiveness and improving performance. Journal of Operations Management. 1998(17): 411~428
55孙连荣.结构方程模型(SEM)的原理及操作.宁波大学学报. 2005, 27(2): 31~43
56王学民.关于样本均值的抽样分布能否作正态近似的探讨.统计研究. 2005(7): 75~78
57娄峥嵘.浅析结构方程建模的基本步骤.生产力研究. 2005(6): 201~202
58朱莺.小企业集体创新能力的形成及其对绩效的影响.浙江大学博士学位论文. 2004: 37~42
59 J. F. Hair, R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, W. C. Black. Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. Macmillan, 1995(4): 237~287
60熊端琴,蔡红.结构方程在心理学研究中的应用.心理科学. 2001, 24(4): 406~408
61柯惠新.调查研究中的统计分析法.北京广播学院出版社1996: 361~362
62郭志刚.社会统计分析方法-SPSS软件应用.北京中国人民大学出版社, 2001: 257~261
2梁东.企业战略管理.机械工业出版社, 2004: 76~77
3余绪缨.柔性管理的发展及其思想文化渊源.经济学家, 1998(1): 86~92
4 Thompson. G. Flexible specialization. industrial districts, regional economies: strategic for socialists? Economy and Society. 1989, l8(4): 527~545
5 Correa.H.L. The flexibility of technology and human resourcesin automotive manufacturing. Integrated Manufacturing Systems.1994(7): 33~40
6 Gerwin. D. Manufacturing flexibility: a strategic perspective. Management Science. 1993(4): 350~410
7 Uptio. D. M. The Management of Manufacturing flexibility. California Review, winter. 1994(6): 72~89
8 H.Barrett. The effect of market orientation and organizational flexibility on corporate entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. 1998(1): 57~60
9汪应洛,刘益,李垣.大型工程的战略管理.中国工程科学. 2004, 2(6): 28~32
10加里·哈默,霍华德·托马斯,唐·奥尼尔,朱戎,段盛华,胡明译.战略柔性:变革中的管理.机械工业出版社, 2000: 25~41
11 Evan. M. Dudic.战略创新.王德忠译.机械工业出版社, 2003: 52~54
12 Tim. Hannagan. Mastering. Strategic Management. Palgrave Macmillan Press. 2001: 125~127
13 Itami.H.Mobilizing invisible assets. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 1987: 41~47
14 Hart. A. G. Failure and fulfillment of expectations in business fluctuation. Review of Economic Statistics. 1937: 226~246
15 Stigler, Geoge. Production and distribution in the short run. Journal Politial Economy. 1939: 46~47
16 Marschak.T, R. R. Nelson. Flexibility uncertainty and economic theory.Metroeconomica Press. 1962(4): 63~74
17 Jones. Robert. A, Joseph. M. Ostroy. Flexibility and uncertainty. Review of Economic Studies. 1984(3): 159~165
18 Ansoff. H. I. Managing strategic surprise by response to weak signals. California Management Review. 1975(18): 67~71
19 Beckman. S. J. Moody. Manufacturing flexibility: the next source of competitive advantage. 1990(5): 29~31
20 Ron. Sanchez. Managing for an uncertain future. International Studies of Management & Organization. 1997,27(1): 69~73
21 Liddell. B.H.The decisive wars of history. Boston massAittle Brown. 1929(5): 89~94
22 Eccles, Taylor. Strategic assets and organizational rent. Strategic Management Journal. 1993, 1(14): 25~28
23 D. Jan Eppink. Planning For Strategic Flexibility, Long Range Planning. 1978, 1(11): 65~73
24 Evans J S. Strategic Flexibility for High Technology Maneuvers. Journal of Management Studies. 1991, 28 (1): 16~19
25 Aaker. D. A. and Mascarenhas. B. The need for strategic flexibility. Journal of Business Strategy. 1984: 165~167
26 Kathleen M. Sutcliffe. Uncertainty in the Transaction Environment: An Empirical Test. Strategic Management Journal. 1998(19): 74~75
27乔伟杰.战略柔性思想及核心能力理论.陕西省行政学院、陕西省经济管理干部学院学报. 2002, 16(1): 27~29
28简兆权,刘益,李怀祖.基于核心能力的战略管理——战略柔性化的探讨.管理工程学报,1999(1): 37~40
29王迎军,王永贵.动态环境下营造竞争优势的关键维度——基于资源的“战略柔性”透视(上).外国经济与管理. 2000(7): 2~6
30候玉莲.战略柔性的增强途径.山东师范大学学报(人文社会科学版). 2003(5): 136~138
31冯巧根.从财务管理角度看企业组织的战略柔性.山西财经大学学报. 2001(1): 51~53
32宣峰,付宜强.基于全息系统观的战略柔性与组织战略动态演进研究.技术经济. 2004(4): 14~17
33汪应洛,李垣,刘益.企业柔性战略跨世纪战略管理研究与实践的前沿. 1998, 1(1): 24~31
34 Jean.L.Johnson, Ruby.Pui-Wan.Lee, Amit.Saini, Bianca.Grohmann. Market-focused strategic flexibility: Conceptual advances and an integrative model. Academy of Marketing Science. Journal.Greenvale. 2003, 31(1): 74~90
35 Lori L. Koste, Manoj K.Malhotra. A theoretical framework for analyzing the dimensions of manufacturing flexibility. Journal of Operation Management. 1999(18): 75~93
36 Eppink, K.J. Planning for strategic flexibility. Long Range planning. 1978(11): 9~15
37 Upton, D. M. The management of manufacturing flexibility, California Management Review. Winter. 1994: 59~60
38 Avison, D.E, Powell PL, Keen J, Klein JH, Ward S.Addressing. The need for flexibility in formation systems. Journal of management System. 1995, 7(2): 43
39 Lucas, Jr Hc, Olson, M. The impact of information technology: organization flexibility. Jorg Comput.1994, 4(2): 155~176
40桑强.企业经营绩效模型及新兴管理理论整合.当代经济管理. 2006, 28(1): 9~11
41 Ho-Uk LEE. The impact of CEO and TMT characteristics on strategic flexibility and firm performance. Texas A&M University. The requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 1994, 6(5): 52~53
42 Paik, Yongsun. The impact of Strategic Flexibility on Business Performance in the International Business Environment. 1991, 20(3): 60~71
43 Ranjan V.N.Karri. Strategic flexibility and performance. The requirement for the degree of doctor of philosophy. 1999, 4(2): 39~41
44 Ashok Abbott, Kunal Banerji. Strategic Flexibility and Firm Performance: The Case of US Based Transnational Corporations. Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 2003, 4(6): 1~8
45王永贵,张玉利等.对组织学习、核心能力、战略柔性与企业竞争绩效的理论剖析与实证研究.南开管理评论. 2003(4): 54~60
46 Zahra S. A. Corporate entrepreneurship and financial performance: The case of management leveraged buy-outs. Journal of Business Venturing. 1995,10(3): 225~247
47 Franko L. Global corporate competition: who s winning, and the R&D factor as one reason why. Strategic Management Journal. 1989(10): 449~474
48苏中锋,谢恩,孙永风.环境的包容性和复杂性对战略柔性实施效果的影响研究.科学学与科学技术管理. 2006(9): 119~123
49 Barbara B. Flynn, Sadao Sakakibara, Roger G. Schroeder, Kimberly A. Bates, E. James Flynn. Empirical research methods in operations management. Journal of operations management. 1990, 9(2): 79~80
50 Jaworski, B. J., Koh1i, A. K. Market orientation: antecedents and consequences. Journal of Marketing. 1993, 5 (7): 53~71
51统计之都. Amos教材. http://www.cos.name
52刘继文,李富业.社会支持评定量表的信度效度研究.新疆医科大学学报. 2008, 31(1): 1~3
53 B. G. Tabachnick, L. S. Fidell. Using Multivariate Ststistics. Harper Collins. 1996(3): 709~796
54 Michael Tracey, Mark A. Uonderemse. Manufacturing technology and strategy formulation: Keys to enhancing competitiveness and improving performance. Journal of Operations Management. 1998(17): 411~428
55孙连荣.结构方程模型(SEM)的原理及操作.宁波大学学报. 2005, 27(2): 31~43
56王学民.关于样本均值的抽样分布能否作正态近似的探讨.统计研究. 2005(7): 75~78
57娄峥嵘.浅析结构方程建模的基本步骤.生产力研究. 2005(6): 201~202
58朱莺.小企业集体创新能力的形成及其对绩效的影响.浙江大学博士学位论文. 2004: 37~42
59 J. F. Hair, R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, W. C. Black. Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. Macmillan, 1995(4): 237~287
60熊端琴,蔡红.结构方程在心理学研究中的应用.心理科学. 2001, 24(4): 406~408
61柯惠新.调查研究中的统计分析法.北京广播学院出版社1996: 361~362
62郭志刚.社会统计分析方法-SPSS软件应用.北京中国人民大学出版社, 2001: 257~261