凝聚、超越与沉淀
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摘要
本文的研究对象是古籍《山海经》中反映的“神话世界”,拟以神话创生的动因——生命意识为线索,考察上古先民对生命现象的理解,探讨神话世界的形成与精神内涵,进而分析其对后世的影响。
第一部分为综述。首先是简述《山海经》一书及其神话研究。古籍《山海经》内容庞杂,非一人一时一地所成,而是一本世代累积而成的上古百科全书,书中不仅保留丰富的神话故事,更重要的是记录了“神话时代”的诸多信息,呈现了一个光彩陆离的神话世界。自刘氏父子成书之后,针对《山海经》的篇章真伪,内容性质进行了广泛探讨,其中神话更是让后世学者痴迷,研究、考证、注解,代不乏人。但是多流于神话外部研究。随后,通过回顾神话学研究历程,分析神话的特质,认识到生命意识乃为神话创生的内在动因。进而对生命意识进行阐述和界定。生命意识的执着幻生出生气勃勃绚丽多姿的神话世界,而神话世界不仅使其在精神上得以实现,而且对人们现实生活产生持续的影响力。
第二部分,生命意识的初现。《山海经》是上古先民生活的记录和反映。当时人类生产力落后,在自然面前力量弱小,生活中存在各种威胁,引发内心的焦虑,逐渐激活了生命意识。人们对自然的态度是既恐惧又依赖,再加上当时思维水平处于感性直观阶段,产生了灵魂、神怪的观念。中国从很早以前就开始以农为生,在种植庄稼和繁育动物时,对生命的来源有了朴实的认识。并将这种对生命的理解,转化为认识世界的模式:生命模式。通过对《山海经》中诸多神话分析,可以看出先民对生死问题等生命历程的认识有一个不断理性化的趋势,这使他们珍惜现世生命的价值。不求来世,而是尊奉祖先,重视血缘宗族的延续,有浓厚的家族情节。
第三部分,《山海经》神话的超越性分析。“超越”虽然是一个相对西化的抽象概念,超越问题是所有文化中都存在而且非常重要的部分。神话是先民不自觉创造的“意义世界”,超越性是应有之意。《山经》中的“命、类、占”是超越能够出现的前奏准备。通过分析《山海经》神话,其超越性有自己的特点,既有“天帝”作为自然宇宙秩序象征的的外在超越,又有对人类自身“德性”的内在超越。这与西方的唯一且绝对至高的“上帝”不同。《山海经》的超越性,还表现在设想了两个理想世界:人与自然和谐共生的“沃之野”和生活奢华秩序井然的“天帝”世界。
第四部分,神话世界消亡后,生命意识沉淀为生命精神,并成为华夏文明的精神内核。《山海经》中的神话就是上古神话世界遗存的记录和整理,自发的生命意识已经开始凝结为自觉的生命精神。生命精神混沌一气,强而言之,曰:天人合一(宇宙观、认识论)、重生务实(人生观)、崇德尚群(价值观)。
结语部分,生命精神的再生。生命意识不是静态的认识,而是不断涌动的需求;不仅是本能上要求“生”存,且要有意义的存在,是一种不断赋予人生意义、价值的倾向、诉求。而人们对生命的不同理解和认识,自然就形成了不同的世界观,不同的价值取向,进而形成了不同的文明形态。在如今多元化的语境中,生命精神——中华民族的精神内核,凭借对生命现象朴实本真体悟,仍然葆有强大的再生力!
The research object is the myth world of《Shan Hai Jing》. From life consciousness of the mythical creation -as a clue to study the ancient ancestors of understanding of the phenomenon of life to explore the myth of the formation and spiritual content of the world , and then analyzes their impact on future generations. The first part is reviewed. First, briefly introduce the book《Shan Hai Jing》,and the history of the myth study of the book.《Shan Hai Jing》the cumbersome, non-one time, one place that into, but rather an accumulation of generations of ancient encyclopedia, the book not only to retain the rich mythology and, more importantly is the record of the informations of the Age of Mythology,presents a glorious myth of land from the world. Liu and his son from a book, in response.For its chapter in the authenticity of the content of a wide range of properties, of which the myth is so obsessed with later scholars, research, research, comment, on behalf of the lack of people. But the myth of multi-stream in external research.Subsequently, research by reviewing the history of mythology, the nature of myth, consciousness is the awareness that life is the creation myth of intrinsic motivation. Elaborates further awareness of life and defined. Awareness of the persistent illusion of life give birth to the myth of vibrant colorful world, and the myth of the world not only to be achieved in spirit, but also to people in real life have a continuing influence.
The second part,the appearance of early life consciousness.《Shan Hai Jing》is the ancient ancestors of the record and reflect life. Human productivity was lagging behind, in front of the natural power of the weak, the existence of various threats to life, causing anxiety inside and gradually activate the sense of life.It is both the natural attitude of fear and dependency, coupled with the level of thinking in the intuition that time period, resulting in the soul, the concept of fantasy. China started from a long time ago, and depend on agriculture, growing crops and breeding animals at the time, the source of life with simple understanding. And this understanding of life, into the model to understand the world: Life mode.By "Shan Hai Jing" in a lot of myth analysis, we can see that ancestors of the life and death issues such as awareness of the life course there is a continuous trend of rationalization, which makes them appreciate the value of earthly life. Not for the afterlife, but enshrined ancestors and attach importance to the continuation of blood lineage, a strong family plot.
The third part, "Shan Hai Jing" myth of transcendence. " Beyond" It was a relatively westernized abstraction, beyond the problem is that all cultures are present and very important part. Myth is not consciously created by our ancestors, "meaning world", transcendence is the proper meaning. "The Mountain" in the "life, class, accounting for," beyond that there is a prelude to preparation.By analyzing the "Shan Hai Jing" myth, and its transcendence has its own characteristics, both "Heaven" as a symbol of the natural order of the universe beyond the external, but also of human beings "Virtue" inner transcendence. This is the only Western and absolutely supreme "God" are different. "Shan Hai Jing," the transcendent, is also reflected in the vision of two ideal world: the harmonious coexistence between man and nature "of the wild fertile" and the orderly life of luxury, "the Emperor of Heaven, " the world. The fourth part of the world after the demise of the myth, the spirit of life and sense of settling for life and become the spiritual core of Chinese civilization. " Shan Hai Jing" is the ancient myth of the myth remains the world record and organize spontaneous condensation of life has begun for the conscious awareness of the life of the spirit.The spirit of chaotic life together, and strong speaking, said: Heaven (cosmology, epistemology), reborn realistic (life), Zonta still groups (values).
Conclusion part of the regeneration of the spirit of life. Understanding of life and consciousness is not static, but constantly surging demand; not only is the instinct to request to survival, and to meaningful existence is a constant give purpose to life meaning, value orientation, aspirations. And people with different understanding of life and understanding, naturally formed a different view of the world, different values, thus the formation of a different form of civilization. Diversity in the context of today, the life spirit - the spiritual core of the Chinese nation, by virtue of the simple life, the true understanding the phenomenon is still a strong regeneration ability !
第一部分为综述。首先是简述《山海经》一书及其神话研究。古籍《山海经》内容庞杂,非一人一时一地所成,而是一本世代累积而成的上古百科全书,书中不仅保留丰富的神话故事,更重要的是记录了“神话时代”的诸多信息,呈现了一个光彩陆离的神话世界。自刘氏父子成书之后,针对《山海经》的篇章真伪,内容性质进行了广泛探讨,其中神话更是让后世学者痴迷,研究、考证、注解,代不乏人。但是多流于神话外部研究。随后,通过回顾神话学研究历程,分析神话的特质,认识到生命意识乃为神话创生的内在动因。进而对生命意识进行阐述和界定。生命意识的执着幻生出生气勃勃绚丽多姿的神话世界,而神话世界不仅使其在精神上得以实现,而且对人们现实生活产生持续的影响力。
第二部分,生命意识的初现。《山海经》是上古先民生活的记录和反映。当时人类生产力落后,在自然面前力量弱小,生活中存在各种威胁,引发内心的焦虑,逐渐激活了生命意识。人们对自然的态度是既恐惧又依赖,再加上当时思维水平处于感性直观阶段,产生了灵魂、神怪的观念。中国从很早以前就开始以农为生,在种植庄稼和繁育动物时,对生命的来源有了朴实的认识。并将这种对生命的理解,转化为认识世界的模式:生命模式。通过对《山海经》中诸多神话分析,可以看出先民对生死问题等生命历程的认识有一个不断理性化的趋势,这使他们珍惜现世生命的价值。不求来世,而是尊奉祖先,重视血缘宗族的延续,有浓厚的家族情节。
第三部分,《山海经》神话的超越性分析。“超越”虽然是一个相对西化的抽象概念,超越问题是所有文化中都存在而且非常重要的部分。神话是先民不自觉创造的“意义世界”,超越性是应有之意。《山经》中的“命、类、占”是超越能够出现的前奏准备。通过分析《山海经》神话,其超越性有自己的特点,既有“天帝”作为自然宇宙秩序象征的的外在超越,又有对人类自身“德性”的内在超越。这与西方的唯一且绝对至高的“上帝”不同。《山海经》的超越性,还表现在设想了两个理想世界:人与自然和谐共生的“沃之野”和生活奢华秩序井然的“天帝”世界。
第四部分,神话世界消亡后,生命意识沉淀为生命精神,并成为华夏文明的精神内核。《山海经》中的神话就是上古神话世界遗存的记录和整理,自发的生命意识已经开始凝结为自觉的生命精神。生命精神混沌一气,强而言之,曰:天人合一(宇宙观、认识论)、重生务实(人生观)、崇德尚群(价值观)。
结语部分,生命精神的再生。生命意识不是静态的认识,而是不断涌动的需求;不仅是本能上要求“生”存,且要有意义的存在,是一种不断赋予人生意义、价值的倾向、诉求。而人们对生命的不同理解和认识,自然就形成了不同的世界观,不同的价值取向,进而形成了不同的文明形态。在如今多元化的语境中,生命精神——中华民族的精神内核,凭借对生命现象朴实本真体悟,仍然葆有强大的再生力!
The research object is the myth world of《Shan Hai Jing》. From life consciousness of the mythical creation -as a clue to study the ancient ancestors of understanding of the phenomenon of life to explore the myth of the formation and spiritual content of the world , and then analyzes their impact on future generations. The first part is reviewed. First, briefly introduce the book《Shan Hai Jing》,and the history of the myth study of the book.《Shan Hai Jing》the cumbersome, non-one time, one place that into, but rather an accumulation of generations of ancient encyclopedia, the book not only to retain the rich mythology and, more importantly is the record of the informations of the Age of Mythology,presents a glorious myth of land from the world. Liu and his son from a book, in response.For its chapter in the authenticity of the content of a wide range of properties, of which the myth is so obsessed with later scholars, research, research, comment, on behalf of the lack of people. But the myth of multi-stream in external research.Subsequently, research by reviewing the history of mythology, the nature of myth, consciousness is the awareness that life is the creation myth of intrinsic motivation. Elaborates further awareness of life and defined. Awareness of the persistent illusion of life give birth to the myth of vibrant colorful world, and the myth of the world not only to be achieved in spirit, but also to people in real life have a continuing influence.
The second part,the appearance of early life consciousness.《Shan Hai Jing》is the ancient ancestors of the record and reflect life. Human productivity was lagging behind, in front of the natural power of the weak, the existence of various threats to life, causing anxiety inside and gradually activate the sense of life.It is both the natural attitude of fear and dependency, coupled with the level of thinking in the intuition that time period, resulting in the soul, the concept of fantasy. China started from a long time ago, and depend on agriculture, growing crops and breeding animals at the time, the source of life with simple understanding. And this understanding of life, into the model to understand the world: Life mode.By "Shan Hai Jing" in a lot of myth analysis, we can see that ancestors of the life and death issues such as awareness of the life course there is a continuous trend of rationalization, which makes them appreciate the value of earthly life. Not for the afterlife, but enshrined ancestors and attach importance to the continuation of blood lineage, a strong family plot.
The third part, "Shan Hai Jing" myth of transcendence. " Beyond" It was a relatively westernized abstraction, beyond the problem is that all cultures are present and very important part. Myth is not consciously created by our ancestors, "meaning world", transcendence is the proper meaning. "The Mountain" in the "life, class, accounting for," beyond that there is a prelude to preparation.By analyzing the "Shan Hai Jing" myth, and its transcendence has its own characteristics, both "Heaven" as a symbol of the natural order of the universe beyond the external, but also of human beings "Virtue" inner transcendence. This is the only Western and absolutely supreme "God" are different. "Shan Hai Jing," the transcendent, is also reflected in the vision of two ideal world: the harmonious coexistence between man and nature "of the wild fertile" and the orderly life of luxury, "the Emperor of Heaven, " the world. The fourth part of the world after the demise of the myth, the spirit of life and sense of settling for life and become the spiritual core of Chinese civilization. " Shan Hai Jing" is the ancient myth of the myth remains the world record and organize spontaneous condensation of life has begun for the conscious awareness of the life of the spirit.The spirit of chaotic life together, and strong speaking, said: Heaven (cosmology, epistemology), reborn realistic (life), Zonta still groups (values).
Conclusion part of the regeneration of the spirit of life. Understanding of life and consciousness is not static, but constantly surging demand; not only is the instinct to request to survival, and to meaningful existence is a constant give purpose to life meaning, value orientation, aspirations. And people with different understanding of life and understanding, naturally formed a different view of the world, different values, thus the formation of a different form of civilization. Diversity in the context of today, the life spirit - the spiritual core of the Chinese nation, by virtue of the simple life, the true understanding the phenomenon is still a strong regeneration ability !
引文
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⑨《商颂·殷武》
⑩《商颂·玄鸟》
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[2]袁珂.中国神话史【M】.上海文艺出版社,1988年。
[3]钟敬文.钟敬文民俗学论集【M】.上海文艺出版社,1998年。
[4]袁珂.神话论文集【M】.上海,上海古籍出版社,1982。
[5]叶舒宪.中国神话哲学【M】.中国社会科学出版社,1992年。
[6]吕微:《神话何为:神圣叙事的传承与阐释》【M】.社会科学文献出版社,2001年。
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