耕地细碎化与生产效率研究
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摘要
耕地细碎化这一现象在中国由来已久,它是由制度、经济、人口、地理、技术等多种因素影响的综合现象。我国自1978年实行家庭联产承包责任制,有效地结合了效率和公平,激发了农民生产的热情,解放了生产力,极大地促进了农业生产的发展,农业现代化进程加快,取得举世瞩目的成就。但在我国农业人口众多的条件下,土地均分导致耕地细碎化的进一步加深。农户经营多块耕地,虽然有兼顾公平、规避风险、充分利用劳动力等合理性,但耕地细碎化弊端随着生产的发展日益暴露出来,如造成耕地的浪费、阻碍先进机械的使用、增加生产的成本等。随着我国加入WTO,国外农产品对国内市场的争夺,使得生产这些农产品的农民遭受巨大的冲击,从事种植业的比较收益将会越来越低。只有促进耕地的适度规模经营以提高劳动生产率、耕地的生产效率才能应对激烈的国际竞争,同时提高农民收入、保证我国的粮食安全。
本文通过对耕地细碎化的相关理论研究,来更深刻地认识耕地细碎化问题。主要讨论了影响耕地细碎化形成的因素,土地制度、小农理性在耕地细碎化形成中的作用以及遏制耕地细碎化发展适度规模的途径。并以河南省耕地细碎化实证研究,来具体分析耕地细碎化现状对农业生产造成的影响。
首先从我国耕地利用现状出发,提出耕地细碎化问题,介绍了研究背景、目的和研究方法,从历史和现实、国内国际分析了耕地细碎化这个现象。阐述了耕地细碎化的内涵及其衡量方法。说明了耕地细碎化对农业产生的消极影响及其存在的合理性。然后,从人地关系、继承制度、产权文化几个方面分析了耕地细碎化形成的因素,认为农业内部过高的人地比例是耕地细碎化形成的根本原因。分析了土地制度与耕地细碎化的关系。指出我国现行的家庭联产承包责任制是耕地细碎化形成的直接原因。并从理性选择理论出发,分析耕地细碎化形成过程中,农民的理性选择的作用,从而更好地结合农民的理性选择分析土地制度框架下的耕地细碎化问题。提出了适度规模经营取代耕地细碎化基础上小农经营是我国农业发展的必然趋势,介绍了目前遏制耕地细碎化现象的途径,土地整理和土地流转在消除耕地细碎化过程中的效果。
本文以河南省为例进行了耕地细碎化的实证研究,使用多元线性回归模型定量分析了耕地生产效率与耕地细碎化、农民收入、家庭人口结构等因素的相关关系,得出耕地细碎化降低了耕地的生产效率、劳动生产效率、增加了农业生产成本、阻碍了农业生产发展的结论。笔者认为,只要农业人口依然占据中国绝大多数的人口,耕地细碎化这一现象就不会很快消失。而我国农业内部人地比例的改变不是一日之功,还要随着工业化、城市化的进程一步步推进。土地制度改革的方向应该是结合小农理性的选择,在保证社会公平正义的基础之上,对制度、法律不断完善,促进土地整理、土地流转的顺利进行,最终实现耕地的适度规模经营。
The phenomenon of Land Fragmentation in China has a long history, it is a comprehensive phenomenon formed by the system, economy, population, geography, technology and the influence of various factors. In our country since 1978, implement the household contract responsibility system, effectively combine the efficiency and fairness, arouse the enthusiasm of farmers, liberating the productive forces and greatly promoted the development of agricultural production, the agricultural modernization obtain remarkable achievements. But in our country, under the condition of a large number of agricultural population, land equal distribution lead to further deepen fragmentation. Farmers cultivated several blocks of lands, although it has many rationalities such as evading natural and market price risk, making full use of labor etc, but the drawbacks of fragmentation increasingly expose with the development of production. For example, it causes of arable land waste, obstructs the use of advanced machines and increases production cost, etc. Along with our country join the WTO, foreign agricultural products enter into the domestic market , many farmers will suffer huge impact. The comparative-effectiveness of agriculture will become lower and lower. Only if the cultivated land has a moderate scale operation, we can Improve labor productivity and the efficiency of cultivated land to deal with the fierce international competition and raise farmers' income, ensure our food security.
By studying on the theories of land fragmentation, we can profoundly know the problem. This paper mainly discussed the factors of the formation of land fragmentation and the relationship between fragmentation, land system and small-scale peasant rationality. At last, the writer tried to find the way to prevent land fragmentation and make the modest scale true. Finally, an empirical research was discussed to make a concrete analysis of fragmentation and its impact of agricultural production by example of Henan province.
Firstly, the writer proposed the phenomenon of land fragmentation from the present situation of land use and introduced the background, purpose and methods of the research .Secondly, the phenomenon of land fragmentation was analysed from history and reality, domestic and international. Then the writer expounds the connotation of fragmentation and the measures to discribe it. The negative effects and the rationality of the existence of land fragmentation to agriculture was introduced. The writer analysed the factors of the formation of land fragmentation and believe that the high man-land ratio in agriculture is the root cause of formation of land fragmentation. The writer mainly analyzed the relationship between land system and land fragmentation and expounds the general rule of institutional change and pointed out that China's current household contract responsibility system of farmland is the directly responsible. The writer analyzed the farmer's rational choice in the role of institutional change and the forming process of land fragmentation emphatically from the rational choice theory. And, the writer analysed the phenomenon combined with farmers's rational choice under the framework of land system. The writer proposed the moderate scale operation of cultivated land based on replacing small-scale peasant management is the inevitable trend of our country agriculture development. The writer introduced the way to curb the phenomenon of land fragmentation and the effect of land consolidation and land circulation in eliminating fragmentation.
An empirical research was discussed by example of Henan province. The writer made a quantitative analysis to get the relations between fragmentation and farmland’s average comprehensive output, farmers' income using multivariate linear regression model. The writer concluded that land fragmentation reduced the production efficiency of farmland, productivity and hindered the development of agricultural production. As long as the agricultural population still occupied the overwhelming majority of China's population, this phenomenon will not disappear very quickly. The change of the high man-land ratio in agriculture is not in a day, with the process of industrialization, urbanization. The direction of the land system reform should be combined with small-scale peasant rational choice and based on social equity and justice. Land system, laws, land consolidation, land transfer should be continuously improved to promote moderate scale operation in the end.
本文通过对耕地细碎化的相关理论研究,来更深刻地认识耕地细碎化问题。主要讨论了影响耕地细碎化形成的因素,土地制度、小农理性在耕地细碎化形成中的作用以及遏制耕地细碎化发展适度规模的途径。并以河南省耕地细碎化实证研究,来具体分析耕地细碎化现状对农业生产造成的影响。
首先从我国耕地利用现状出发,提出耕地细碎化问题,介绍了研究背景、目的和研究方法,从历史和现实、国内国际分析了耕地细碎化这个现象。阐述了耕地细碎化的内涵及其衡量方法。说明了耕地细碎化对农业产生的消极影响及其存在的合理性。然后,从人地关系、继承制度、产权文化几个方面分析了耕地细碎化形成的因素,认为农业内部过高的人地比例是耕地细碎化形成的根本原因。分析了土地制度与耕地细碎化的关系。指出我国现行的家庭联产承包责任制是耕地细碎化形成的直接原因。并从理性选择理论出发,分析耕地细碎化形成过程中,农民的理性选择的作用,从而更好地结合农民的理性选择分析土地制度框架下的耕地细碎化问题。提出了适度规模经营取代耕地细碎化基础上小农经营是我国农业发展的必然趋势,介绍了目前遏制耕地细碎化现象的途径,土地整理和土地流转在消除耕地细碎化过程中的效果。
本文以河南省为例进行了耕地细碎化的实证研究,使用多元线性回归模型定量分析了耕地生产效率与耕地细碎化、农民收入、家庭人口结构等因素的相关关系,得出耕地细碎化降低了耕地的生产效率、劳动生产效率、增加了农业生产成本、阻碍了农业生产发展的结论。笔者认为,只要农业人口依然占据中国绝大多数的人口,耕地细碎化这一现象就不会很快消失。而我国农业内部人地比例的改变不是一日之功,还要随着工业化、城市化的进程一步步推进。土地制度改革的方向应该是结合小农理性的选择,在保证社会公平正义的基础之上,对制度、法律不断完善,促进土地整理、土地流转的顺利进行,最终实现耕地的适度规模经营。
The phenomenon of Land Fragmentation in China has a long history, it is a comprehensive phenomenon formed by the system, economy, population, geography, technology and the influence of various factors. In our country since 1978, implement the household contract responsibility system, effectively combine the efficiency and fairness, arouse the enthusiasm of farmers, liberating the productive forces and greatly promoted the development of agricultural production, the agricultural modernization obtain remarkable achievements. But in our country, under the condition of a large number of agricultural population, land equal distribution lead to further deepen fragmentation. Farmers cultivated several blocks of lands, although it has many rationalities such as evading natural and market price risk, making full use of labor etc, but the drawbacks of fragmentation increasingly expose with the development of production. For example, it causes of arable land waste, obstructs the use of advanced machines and increases production cost, etc. Along with our country join the WTO, foreign agricultural products enter into the domestic market , many farmers will suffer huge impact. The comparative-effectiveness of agriculture will become lower and lower. Only if the cultivated land has a moderate scale operation, we can Improve labor productivity and the efficiency of cultivated land to deal with the fierce international competition and raise farmers' income, ensure our food security.
By studying on the theories of land fragmentation, we can profoundly know the problem. This paper mainly discussed the factors of the formation of land fragmentation and the relationship between fragmentation, land system and small-scale peasant rationality. At last, the writer tried to find the way to prevent land fragmentation and make the modest scale true. Finally, an empirical research was discussed to make a concrete analysis of fragmentation and its impact of agricultural production by example of Henan province.
Firstly, the writer proposed the phenomenon of land fragmentation from the present situation of land use and introduced the background, purpose and methods of the research .Secondly, the phenomenon of land fragmentation was analysed from history and reality, domestic and international. Then the writer expounds the connotation of fragmentation and the measures to discribe it. The negative effects and the rationality of the existence of land fragmentation to agriculture was introduced. The writer analysed the factors of the formation of land fragmentation and believe that the high man-land ratio in agriculture is the root cause of formation of land fragmentation. The writer mainly analyzed the relationship between land system and land fragmentation and expounds the general rule of institutional change and pointed out that China's current household contract responsibility system of farmland is the directly responsible. The writer analyzed the farmer's rational choice in the role of institutional change and the forming process of land fragmentation emphatically from the rational choice theory. And, the writer analysed the phenomenon combined with farmers's rational choice under the framework of land system. The writer proposed the moderate scale operation of cultivated land based on replacing small-scale peasant management is the inevitable trend of our country agriculture development. The writer introduced the way to curb the phenomenon of land fragmentation and the effect of land consolidation and land circulation in eliminating fragmentation.
An empirical research was discussed by example of Henan province. The writer made a quantitative analysis to get the relations between fragmentation and farmland’s average comprehensive output, farmers' income using multivariate linear regression model. The writer concluded that land fragmentation reduced the production efficiency of farmland, productivity and hindered the development of agricultural production. As long as the agricultural population still occupied the overwhelming majority of China's population, this phenomenon will not disappear very quickly. The change of the high man-land ratio in agriculture is not in a day, with the process of industrialization, urbanization. The direction of the land system reform should be combined with small-scale peasant rational choice and based on social equity and justice. Land system, laws, land consolidation, land transfer should be continuously improved to promote moderate scale operation in the end.
引文
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[2]李庆东,王秋冰,钱凤魁,等.农户耕地经营细碎化分析,广东农业科学[J].2006(6):230-232
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[4]张尹君杰,卓建伟.土地细碎化的正面与负面效应的双重论证——基于河北省农户固定观察点资料的实证研究[J].江西农业大学学报,2008(4):26-29
[5]许庆,农地细碎化:历史的角度与经济学的研究[J].复旦大学学报,2006(5):21-23
[6]Zhang, Linxiu, Jikun Huang, and Scott Rozelle, Land Policy and Land Use in China, Agricultural Policies in China. 1997,56-73
[7]Fleisher,B.M.and YunHua,Liu,Economies of scale,plot size,human capital and productivity in Chinese agriculture,Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance,1992,vol.32,no.3,pp.112-123.
[8]Nguyen,Tin.,Cheng,Engjiang.and Findlay, Christopher. Land Fragmentation and Farm Producfivity in China in the 1990s,China Economic Review, 1996,vol.7,no.2,pp.169-180.
[9]Wan Guanghua and Engjiang Cheng, Effects of Land Fragmentation and Returns to Scale in the Chinese Farming Sector,Applied Economics,2001,No 33.
[10]Wu Ziping,Minquan Liu and John Davis,Land Consolidation and Productivity in Chinese Household Crop Production.China Economic Review, 2005,No 16.
[11]李功奎,钟甫宁.农地细碎化、劳动力利用与农民收入——基于江苏省欠发达地区的实证研究[J].中国农村经济,2006(4):42-47
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