也门西北部地质及成矿潜力分析
摘要
也门共和国(也门)位于阿拉伯半岛的西南角，其范围是东经420—53oE，
北纬120-200 N。也门西邻红海，南为亚丁湾，北与沙特阿拉伯接壤，东与
阿曼相邻。其陆地面积包括socotra archipelago(位于东经520-54oE和北纬
12o-13o 45)在内为527，970 km2(203，750平方英里)。
也门历史源远流长，可追索到3000年前，是近东地区最古老的文化中心
之一。也门许多地区发现金属及其冶炼炉具、模具、陶瓷物件，是古代采矿
和金属冶炼的最有力的证据。
可惜的是，除了石油以外，也门的矿产业的比重很小。对也门经济有一
定意义的矿产品包括石盐、石膏和建筑材料。尽管通过双边援助项目和合同，
也门金属矿产的地质和勘探工作已持续进行了四十余年，但对金属和贵金属
的勘探还没有达到能开采利用的阶段。
也门作为一个发展中国家，需要矿业。因此，本文的主要目的是加强对
也门地质的理解和对也门西部矿产资源进行评价。作者认为，而且得到了也
门石油地矿部也认可，这个题目在目前极为重要，因为40多年的地质和勘
探工作并没有获得令人满意的结果。这个题目要比研究一个具体的找矿靶区
意义要大。本文所使用的主要方法是收集也门现有的所有的地质、地球化
学、地球物理和遥感地质资料，将其与世界上一些已知矿床及其所产出的地
质环境进行综合对比和全面分析。可是，这个看起来并不太难的工作其实十
194
分麻烦，即使想得到一点资料也很费力气。所幸的是，经过三年多的艰苦工
作，得到了一些好的和激动人心的结果。论文所得到的主要结论如下：
(1)根据前人的资料，并结合所出露的迭置的海相沉积岩片、浊积岩组
合、蛇绿岩组合、洋底上地幔超基性岩的岩性组合分析，平行深大断裂的出
现，以及与其它地体的空间关系分析，作者首次提出也门前寒武纪基底区存
在一个资源潜力较大、含有较多类型矿化的新的地体，这个地体相当于大陆
边缘增生楔。对前人所提出的其它四个地体的属性和成因也进行了圈定和理
顺。
(2)根据现有的资料，对产于不同大地构造环境下的80多个矿化点或异
常点进行了较为综合和全面的描述。描述的重点为其可能的成因意义以及所
产出的构造骨架和围岩环境。
(3)利用由美国地质调查局和地质学家所提供的矿床建模方法，并参照由
美国地质调查局和英国地质学会所建立的相应类型矿床的描述性模型，首次
建立了也门四个重要矿床勘探区的矿床描述性模型。它们是Hariqah，Jabali，
Suwar，waraqah，分别与沉积岩中的金矿、碳酸盐岩中的铅一锌矿、与基性岩
体有关的铜一镍矿床和热泉型金一银矿床模型相对应。
(4)根据由中国地质学家提出的矿床系列的概念，确立了也门西北部可
能存在的6个矿化系列和15个可能的矿床类型。
I．产于前寒武纪变质杂岩中的金成矿系列，主要包括产于变沉积岩中的
蚀变岩型的金矿和产于变火山岩中的石英脉型的金矿两种矿床类型；
lI．产于前寒武纪变质杂岩中的铜和贱金属成矿系列，主要包括火山喷气
型铜、铅锌矿床和火山黄铁矿矿床；
III、产于蛇绿岩套中的与基性一超基性杂岩体有关的cu，Ni，Ti．V，cr，PGE
成矿系列；
195
lV、产于泛非期同造山和后造山期钙石性碱和碱性花岗岩有关的脉状矿床
和伟晶岩矿床成矿系列；
v、产于碳酸盐岩中的锌一铅(银)成矿系列，包括密西西比型铅锌银矿
床和脉状金属矿床；
VI、产于第三纪火山岩充填和交代作用有关的金银成矿系列，包括热型泉
金银矿床、浅成低温热液金银矿床、浅成低温热液多金属脉和斑岩型铜(钼)
矿床。
金成矿系列矿床系列的这个概念在也门是首次使用，对也门矿床研究和成
矿潜力评价有一定的意义。
(5)根据现有的地质、地球化学和地球物理资料，并利用作者所建立的
不同类型矿化点的潜力评价标准，对也门西北部每个矿点或异常点进行了成
矿潜力评价。对研究区内不同地体的成矿潜力和保存条件进行了全面分析。
提出位于增生楔地体内的金矿资源潜力巨大，如与中国猫岭金矿产出地质环
境和矿床地质特征极其相似的Harjard金矿靶区，其潜在的金矿储量可达6
吨以上。对研究区内有较好成矿远景的其它矿点，也提出了进一步进行地质
和地球化学研究工作的建议。
(6)建立了包含4000多个地球化学样品和每个样品10个左右分析元素在
内所有矿点和矿化点、异常点的数据库以及以GIS为平台的数字化地质图和
矿点分布图，其中有10多个层图，分别代表不同的地质和地球化学信息。数
据库中的数据使用了最新资料，有较大的实用价值。
The Republic of Yemen (Yemen) occupies the southwestern corner of the
Arabian Peninsula, being confined by longitudes 42o- 53oE and latitudes 12o- 20o
N. It extends along the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the Gulf of Aden
and meets the Red Sea to the west and Saudi Arabia is to the north and Oman to
the east. The approximate surface area was estimated at 527,970 km2 (203,750
square miles) including the Socotra archipelago (extending between 52o - 54oE,
and 12o - 13o 45??.
The history of Yemen stretches back over 3,000 years, was being one of the
oldest centers of civilization in the Near East. The discovery of metal waste
alongside melting furnaces, casting moulds and pieces of earthenware (porcelain)
in many places in Yemen is the confirming evidence of the active mining and
metal works in ancient Yemeni.
Unfortunately, except oil and salt Yemen's minerals industry is only of minor
importance. The commodities contributing to the Yemen economy at present
include salt, gypsum, and building stones. Though much geological and
exploration works have been carried out exclusively recent 40 years in Yemen
through bilateral assistance programs or extended contracts, the metallic and
precious metals in Yemen are still out of the exploitation stage.
190
Ph.D Thesis, Al-Nagashi A. M.S
As a developing country, Yemen needs its mine industry. So the main
objective of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the geology of NW
Yemen and to outline the mineral potential of the northwestern parts of the
Republic of Yemen, which, the present author believe, and the Ministry of Oil and
Mineral of the Republic of Yemen agree upon, are more important for the
minerals than other parts at present stage, after more than 40 years of fruitless
geological research and exploration, than doing some research on a specific
exploration target. The main methodology used is to collect all geological,
geochemical, geophysical and remote sensing data to make comprehensive
comparison with some known deposits and geological settings worldwide and to
carry out a throughout analysis. However, this seemingly routine work proven to
be terrible trial, even just to get piece of information would take much effort and
energy. Fortunately, after harsh work of more than three years, some positive and
encouraging results are gotten as the followings:
(1) Based on previous data, and according to analysis on litholigical
association of exposed impacted marine sedimentary sheets, turbidite rocks
succession, well development of ophiolite succession and ultramafic rocks of the
marine upper mantle, predominant parallel deep-seated faults, as well as their
spatial relationship to other terrane, a new Precambrian terrane, which is
suggested to belong to an accretion wedge between the oceanic crustal terrane and
magmatic arc and are most potential terrane for hosting different types of mineral
occurrences, is proposed for the first time. The attributions and genesis of other
four terranes are also clarified and outlined.
(2) Based on data available, relatively comprehensive and complete
descriptions of some 80 mineral occurrences at different tectonic settings are
191
Summary
finished with emphasis on their probable genetical implication and within their
tectonic frame and host rock environment.
(3) Using the method developed by geologists of USGS, and referring to the
similar deposits models by USGS and BC, four mineral deposit models have been
set up for 4 important mineral prospects, namely the Hariqah, Jabali, Suwar,
Waraqah as a first try, corresponding to sedimentary-hosted Au,
carbonated-hosted Pb-Zn, mafic-intrusion related Cu-Ni, and hot spring Au-Ag
respectively.
(4) According to metallogenic series conception proposed by Chinese
geologists, 6 mineralization series of different mineral occurrences and 15 deposit
types probably occur in NW Yemen
北纬120-200 N。也门西邻红海，南为亚丁湾，北与沙特阿拉伯接壤，东与
阿曼相邻。其陆地面积包括socotra archipelago(位于东经520-54oE和北纬
12o-13o 45)在内为527，970 km2(203，750平方英里)。
也门历史源远流长，可追索到3000年前，是近东地区最古老的文化中心
之一。也门许多地区发现金属及其冶炼炉具、模具、陶瓷物件，是古代采矿
和金属冶炼的最有力的证据。
可惜的是，除了石油以外，也门的矿产业的比重很小。对也门经济有一
定意义的矿产品包括石盐、石膏和建筑材料。尽管通过双边援助项目和合同，
也门金属矿产的地质和勘探工作已持续进行了四十余年，但对金属和贵金属
的勘探还没有达到能开采利用的阶段。
也门作为一个发展中国家，需要矿业。因此，本文的主要目的是加强对
也门地质的理解和对也门西部矿产资源进行评价。作者认为，而且得到了也
门石油地矿部也认可，这个题目在目前极为重要，因为40多年的地质和勘
探工作并没有获得令人满意的结果。这个题目要比研究一个具体的找矿靶区
意义要大。本文所使用的主要方法是收集也门现有的所有的地质、地球化
学、地球物理和遥感地质资料，将其与世界上一些已知矿床及其所产出的地
质环境进行综合对比和全面分析。可是，这个看起来并不太难的工作其实十
194
分麻烦，即使想得到一点资料也很费力气。所幸的是，经过三年多的艰苦工
作，得到了一些好的和激动人心的结果。论文所得到的主要结论如下：
(1)根据前人的资料，并结合所出露的迭置的海相沉积岩片、浊积岩组
合、蛇绿岩组合、洋底上地幔超基性岩的岩性组合分析，平行深大断裂的出
现，以及与其它地体的空间关系分析，作者首次提出也门前寒武纪基底区存
在一个资源潜力较大、含有较多类型矿化的新的地体，这个地体相当于大陆
边缘增生楔。对前人所提出的其它四个地体的属性和成因也进行了圈定和理
顺。
(2)根据现有的资料，对产于不同大地构造环境下的80多个矿化点或异
常点进行了较为综合和全面的描述。描述的重点为其可能的成因意义以及所
产出的构造骨架和围岩环境。
(3)利用由美国地质调查局和地质学家所提供的矿床建模方法，并参照由
美国地质调查局和英国地质学会所建立的相应类型矿床的描述性模型，首次
建立了也门四个重要矿床勘探区的矿床描述性模型。它们是Hariqah，Jabali，
Suwar，waraqah，分别与沉积岩中的金矿、碳酸盐岩中的铅一锌矿、与基性岩
体有关的铜一镍矿床和热泉型金一银矿床模型相对应。
(4)根据由中国地质学家提出的矿床系列的概念，确立了也门西北部可
能存在的6个矿化系列和15个可能的矿床类型。
I．产于前寒武纪变质杂岩中的金成矿系列，主要包括产于变沉积岩中的
蚀变岩型的金矿和产于变火山岩中的石英脉型的金矿两种矿床类型；
lI．产于前寒武纪变质杂岩中的铜和贱金属成矿系列，主要包括火山喷气
型铜、铅锌矿床和火山黄铁矿矿床；
III、产于蛇绿岩套中的与基性一超基性杂岩体有关的cu，Ni，Ti．V，cr，PGE
成矿系列；
195
lV、产于泛非期同造山和后造山期钙石性碱和碱性花岗岩有关的脉状矿床
和伟晶岩矿床成矿系列；
v、产于碳酸盐岩中的锌一铅(银)成矿系列，包括密西西比型铅锌银矿
床和脉状金属矿床；
VI、产于第三纪火山岩充填和交代作用有关的金银成矿系列，包括热型泉
金银矿床、浅成低温热液金银矿床、浅成低温热液多金属脉和斑岩型铜(钼)
矿床。
金成矿系列矿床系列的这个概念在也门是首次使用，对也门矿床研究和成
矿潜力评价有一定的意义。
(5)根据现有的地质、地球化学和地球物理资料，并利用作者所建立的
不同类型矿化点的潜力评价标准，对也门西北部每个矿点或异常点进行了成
矿潜力评价。对研究区内不同地体的成矿潜力和保存条件进行了全面分析。
提出位于增生楔地体内的金矿资源潜力巨大，如与中国猫岭金矿产出地质环
境和矿床地质特征极其相似的Harjard金矿靶区，其潜在的金矿储量可达6
吨以上。对研究区内有较好成矿远景的其它矿点，也提出了进一步进行地质
和地球化学研究工作的建议。
(6)建立了包含4000多个地球化学样品和每个样品10个左右分析元素在
内所有矿点和矿化点、异常点的数据库以及以GIS为平台的数字化地质图和
矿点分布图，其中有10多个层图，分别代表不同的地质和地球化学信息。数
据库中的数据使用了最新资料，有较大的实用价值。
The Republic of Yemen (Yemen) occupies the southwestern corner of the
Arabian Peninsula, being confined by longitudes 42o- 53oE and latitudes 12o- 20o
N. It extends along the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula on the Gulf of Aden
and meets the Red Sea to the west and Saudi Arabia is to the north and Oman to
the east. The approximate surface area was estimated at 527,970 km2 (203,750
square miles) including the Socotra archipelago (extending between 52o - 54oE,
and 12o - 13o 45??.
The history of Yemen stretches back over 3,000 years, was being one of the
oldest centers of civilization in the Near East. The discovery of metal waste
alongside melting furnaces, casting moulds and pieces of earthenware (porcelain)
in many places in Yemen is the confirming evidence of the active mining and
metal works in ancient Yemeni.
Unfortunately, except oil and salt Yemen's minerals industry is only of minor
importance. The commodities contributing to the Yemen economy at present
include salt, gypsum, and building stones. Though much geological and
exploration works have been carried out exclusively recent 40 years in Yemen
through bilateral assistance programs or extended contracts, the metallic and
precious metals in Yemen are still out of the exploitation stage.
190
Ph.D Thesis, Al-Nagashi A. M.S
As a developing country, Yemen needs its mine industry. So the main
objective of this thesis is to increase the understanding of the geology of NW
Yemen and to outline the mineral potential of the northwestern parts of the
Republic of Yemen, which, the present author believe, and the Ministry of Oil and
Mineral of the Republic of Yemen agree upon, are more important for the
minerals than other parts at present stage, after more than 40 years of fruitless
geological research and exploration, than doing some research on a specific
exploration target. The main methodology used is to collect all geological,
geochemical, geophysical and remote sensing data to make comprehensive
comparison with some known deposits and geological settings worldwide and to
carry out a throughout analysis. However, this seemingly routine work proven to
be terrible trial, even just to get piece of information would take much effort and
energy. Fortunately, after harsh work of more than three years, some positive and
encouraging results are gotten as the followings:
(1) Based on previous data, and according to analysis on litholigical
association of exposed impacted marine sedimentary sheets, turbidite rocks
succession, well development of ophiolite succession and ultramafic rocks of the
marine upper mantle, predominant parallel deep-seated faults, as well as their
spatial relationship to other terrane, a new Precambrian terrane, which is
suggested to belong to an accretion wedge between the oceanic crustal terrane and
magmatic arc and are most potential terrane for hosting different types of mineral
occurrences, is proposed for the first time. The attributions and genesis of other
four terranes are also clarified and outlined.
(2) Based on data available, relatively comprehensive and complete
descriptions of some 80 mineral occurrences at different tectonic settings are
191
Summary
finished with emphasis on their probable genetical implication and within their
tectonic frame and host rock environment.
(3) Using the method developed by geologists of USGS, and referring to the
similar deposits models by USGS and BC, four mineral deposit models have been
set up for 4 important mineral prospects, namely the Hariqah, Jabali, Suwar,
Waraqah as a first try, corresponding to sedimentary-hosted Au,
carbonated-hosted Pb-Zn, mafic-intrusion related Cu-Ni, and hot spring Au-Ag
respectively.
(4) According to metallogenic series conception proposed by Chinese
geologists, 6 mineralization series of different mineral occurrences and 15 deposit
types probably occur in NW Yemen
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Maycock, I. D., 1993. The Marib-Al Jawf Graben, Republic of Yemen, a hydrocarbon-bearing
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Meinhold, K. D., 1982. Prospecting for Known ore deposit in the Sadah area. Final report, part1 and
part 2(volumes A & B): Hannover, Fed. Inst. Geosc. Nat. Res.
Meinhold, K.D. 1982. Prospecting and exploration for known ore deposits in the Sadah area,final
report: Bundesanstalt fur Geowissenschften und Rohstoffe, Federal Republic of Germany, Hannover, Part I: 61
p., Part II, A: 148 p., B: 23 p.
Menzies, M. A., Al-Kadasi, M., Al-Khirbash, S., Al-Subbary, A., Baker, J., Blakey, S., Bosence, D.,
Davison, I., Dart, C., Owen, L., McClay, K., Nichols, G., Yelland, A., and Watchorn , F. Geology of the
Republic of Yemen. 1994. In "Geology and Mineral Resources of Yemen" (Eds. McCombe, D., Fernette, G.L.,
and Alawi, A.J.) Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Board,
Yemen Mineral Sector Project, Technical report, 21-48.
Menzies, M., Bosence, D., El-Nakhal, H., Al-Khirbash, S., Al-Kadasi, M., and Al-Subary, A., 1990.
Lithospheric extension and the opening of the Red Sea: Sediment Basalt relationshipes in Yemen. Terra Nova,
Vol. 2, pp.. 340-350
Michel, J. C., with the contribution of Corp, J. C., Lescuyer, J. L. and Odent, B. 1988. Yemen Arab
Republic. Mineral Master Plan. Bureau de Recherceches. Geololgeques et Miners (BRGM) Report 88 YEM,
154, 546p
Mohr, M. 1988. Bericht ¨ 1 ber ei ne Di enstreise i n den Je men. Ber. Bundesanst. Geo wiss. u. Rhost.,
Hannover.- [Unver?ffentl.]
MOMR, 1992. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Yemen. A report prepared by Mineral
Exploration Board of the MOMR, Yemen.
Niebuhr, C. 1774: Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und anderen umliegenden L?ndern (Copenhagen
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1792, 2 vols; London 1799, 2 vols; French trans., Paris 1780)).
Overstreet, W. C., Kiilsgard, T. H., Grolier, M. J., Schmidt, D. L., Domenico, J. A., Donanto, M. M,
Botinelly, T., and Hams, T. F.,1984. Contributions to Geochemistry, economic geology, and geochronology of
Yemen Arab Arab Republic. U. S . Geol. Survey Open-file Rep. 85-755, 111p.
Overstreet, W.C., Grolier, M.J, 1977. Iron Ore near Sadah, YAR- Geochemical implications for future
economic development of an Archaeo Metallurgical. Site-USGS Project Rep. (IR) Y 11, 43p.
Page, N. J., 1986a, Descriptive Model of Synorogenic-Synvolcanic Ni-Cu, in Cox, D.P., and Singer,
D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 28-31
Page, N. J., 1986b, Descriptive Model of Noril ˉsk C-Ni-PGE, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds.,
Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 17-18
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p., Part II, A: 148 p., B: 23 p.
Menzies, M. A., Al-Kadasi, M., Al-Khirbash, S., Al-Subbary, A., Baker, J., Blakey, S., Bosence, D.,
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Vol. 2, pp.. 340-350
Michel, J. C., with the contribution of Corp, J. C., Lescuyer, J. L. and Odent, B. 1988. Yemen Arab
Republic. Mineral Master Plan. Bureau de Recherceches. Geololgeques et Miners (BRGM) Report 88 YEM,
154, 546p
Mohr, M. 1988. Bericht ¨ 1 ber ei ne Di enstreise i n den Je men. Ber. Bundesanst. Geo wiss. u. Rhost.,
Hannover.- [Unver?ffentl.]
MOMR, 1992. The Geology and Mineral Resources of Yemen. A report prepared by Mineral
Exploration Board of the MOMR, Yemen.
Niebuhr, C. 1774: Reisebeschreibung nach Arabien und anderen umliegenden L?ndern (Copenhagen
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1792, 2 vols; London 1799, 2 vols; French trans., Paris 1780)).
Overstreet, W. C., Kiilsgard, T. H., Grolier, M. J., Schmidt, D. L., Domenico, J. A., Donanto, M. M,
Botinelly, T., and Hams, T. F.,1984. Contributions to Geochemistry, economic geology, and geochronology of
Yemen Arab Arab Republic. U. S . Geol. Survey Open-file Rep. 85-755, 111p.
Overstreet, W.C., Grolier, M.J, 1977. Iron Ore near Sadah, YAR- Geochemical implications for future
economic development of an Archaeo Metallurgical. Site-USGS Project Rep. (IR) Y 11, 43p.
Page, N. J., 1986a, Descriptive Model of Synorogenic-Synvolcanic Ni-Cu, in Cox, D.P., and Singer,
D.A., eds., Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 28-31
Page, N. J., 1986b, Descriptive Model of Noril ˉsk C-Ni-PGE, in Cox, D.P., and Singer, D.A., eds.,
Mineral deposit models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1693, p. 17-18
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Panteleyev, A., 1996: Epithermal Au-Ag-Cu: High Sulphidation, in Selected British Columbia Mineral
Deposit Profiles, Volume 2 - Metallic Deposits, Lefebure, D.V. and Hy, T, Editors, British Columbia Ministry of
Employment and Investment, Open File 1996-13, pages 37-39.
Plafker, G., Agar, R., Asker, A.H., and Hanif, M., 1987. Surface effect and tectonic of 13th December
1982 Yemen Earthquake. Seismological Society of America Bull., V. 77, p. 2018-2037.
Pouit, G., 1984, Mission in the NW Yemen Project: BRGM Report 84RDM 030 PA, 32p.
Powers, R. W., Ramirez, L. F., Redmond, C. D., and Elberg E. L. Jr., 1966. Geology of the Arabian
Peninsula-Sedimentary geology of Saudi Arabia,U.S. Geol. Surv. Professional Paper, 560-D, 147 P.
Quick, J.E. 1991. Late Proterozoic transpression on the Nabitah fault system- implications for the
assembly of the Arabian Shield. Precambrian Research, vol. 53, p. 119-147
Robertson Group plc, 1992. Satellite mapping program, final report, topographic map; geological map,
hydrogeological maps; volcanic and earthquake risk maps; mineral and petroleum potential study. Technical
Report for the Yemen Joint Project for Natural Res. Ministry of Oil and Mineral Resources, Sanaa.
Roland, A., 1979. Geological map of the Yemen Arab Republic, Sheet Sa ˉadah, 1: 250, 000 Scal e, Fed.
Inst. For Geosciences and Natural, Resources, Hanover, Germany.
Roland, A., 1979. Geological map of the Yemen Arab Republic, Sheet Sa ˉadah, 1: 250, 000 Scal e, Fed.
Inst. For Geosciences and Natural, Resources, Hanover, Germany.
Ross, J. R., and Travis, G.L., 1981, The nickel sulfide deposits of Western Australia in global
perspectives: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1291-1329.
Schulze, K. H. 1978. Pumice and pumicite reconnaissance in the Dhamar - Rada area. Yemen Arab
Republic. Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources.18 p., Hannover, [Unpubl. Report].
Shybani, A.M.A., Ogryzlo, P.L., Dutton, J.M., 1997. Canadian Mountain Minerals (Yemen) Ltd.
Prospecting Permit 1-96, report on activities to the Ministry of Oil and Mineral resources, Mineral exploration
Board, for the period ending 1997 (unpublished Report)
Sillitoe, R.H., 1988. Gold potential of the Sadah and Jabal Al Lawdh areas, Yemen Arab Republic,
implications for future exploration. 23p.
Snyder, F.G., and Gerdemann, P.E., 1968, Geology of the southeast Missouri lead district, in Ridge,
J.D., ed., Ore deposits of the United States, 1933-1967: New York, American Institute of Mining Engineers,
p. 326-358
Stoeser D.B. and Stacey J.S.1988. Evolution, U-Pb geochronology and isotope geology of the
Pan-African Nabitah orogenic belt of the Saudi Arabian Shield.In: El-Gaby, S., and Greiling, R.O. (editors),
The Panafrican Belt of Northeast Africa and Adjacent Areas. Vieweg, Braunschweig / Wiesbadem, pp. 227-288.
Stoeser, D. B., and Camp, V. E., 1985. Pan-African microplate accretion of the Arabian Shield. Geol.
Soc., of America Bull., 96: 817-826.
Stoeser, D.B. and Elliot, J. E. 1980: Post-orogenetic peralkaline and calc-alkaline granites and
associated mineralizations of the Arabian Shield, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: in Evolution: and mineralization of
the Arabian-Nubian Shield (King Abdulaziz Univ., In of Appl., Geo., Bull., 3), Vol., 4:Oxford-New York,
Pergamon, p.1-23
188
Ph.D Thesis, Al-Nagashi A. M.S
Thacker, J.L., and Anderson, K.H., 1977, The geologic setting of the Southeast Missouri lead
district--Regional geologic history, structure, and stratigraphy: Economic Geology, v. 72, p. 339-348
Thiele, J. 1986. 6 RF-analysis of magmatic rocks, north Yemen. Rep., Fed. Ins., of Geosc., and Nat.,
Res., Hanover (Unbubl.).
Thiele, J., 1979. Report on the initial phase of investigations into the geology and mineral resources east
and northeast of Sadah, 1974-1978. Tech. Coop. Project no 73, 2163-1, Germen Geol. Advis. Group.. BGR,
66p.
Thompson, J.F., H., and Naldrett, A.J., 1984, Sulfide-silicate reactions as a guide to Ni-Cu-Co
mineralization in central Maine, USA, in Buchanon, D.L., and Jones, M.J., eds., Sulfide deposits in mafic and
ultramafic rocks: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 103-113.
Thornett, J.R., 1981, The Sally Malay deposit: Gabbroid associated nickel copper sulfide
mineralization in the Halls Creek mobile zone, Western Australia: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 1565-1580.
Wetzel, R., and Morton, D. M., 1948-1950. Unpublished I. P. C. Company reports.
Whitehouse, M. J., Windley, B. F., and Ba-Bttat, M., A., 1993. Tectonic framework and geochronology
of the southern Arabian Shield, Yemen. EOS(Transactions American Geophysical Union ), 73: 299.
Whitehouse, M. J., Windley, B.F., Stoeser, D. B., Al-Khirbash, S., Ba-Bttat, M. A.O. & Haider, A.,
2001. Precambrian basement character of Yemen and correlations with Saudi Arabia and Somalia. Precambrian
Res. 105, pp.357-369
Windley, B. F., Whitehouse, M. J., Ba-Bttat, M. A.O., 1996. Early Precambrian gneiss terranes and
Pan-African island arc in Yemen: crustal accretion of the eastern Arabian Shield. Geology 24 (2), 131-134.
Workman, Al-, A.W., Taylor, M., Fernette, G., Al Shami. H., Al-Shaybani, A. M. A., Al-Amdi, A. R.,
Abdu, A. S., Dobi, K., Numaan, I. S., Taha, T.A., Al Sakaf, J., Al Mathbi, Y., Al Sorori, M., Dobhani, K.,
Wahed, A.W., Wasae, A.A., Al Solwi, F., Mohanmed, A.B., Alawi, A.M., Al Than, M.H., 1993. Western Yemen
project final report: Yemen Mineral Sector Project Technical Report. World Bank Project under International
Development Association Credit 1702/YAR; Minerals Exploration Board and Watts, Griffis and McOuat
Limited. Toronto, Canada; Unpublished Rep.150 p
Workman,Al-, A.W., Taylor, M., Fernette, G., Al-Shaybani, A. M. A., Dobi, K., Alawi, A.M., Al
Mathbi, Y., Al Sorori, M, AL-Thari, M.H., Al-Boraihi, S.A., and Thobhani, K., 1994. Second contract
extension, Mineral Sector Project Technical Report. World Bank Project under International Development
Association Credit 1702/YAR; Minerals Exploration Board and Watts, Griffis and McOuat Limited. Toronto,
Canada; Unpublished Rep