湖南省桑植县乡村旅游可持续发展研究
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摘要
中国乡村旅游是20世纪80年代发展起来的新型产业。随着中国工业化、城市化进程的发展,越来越多的人选择到乡村去旅游,这是人们释放心理压力、回归大自然的需求,因此乡村旅游发展异常迅速,这也引起了较多研究学者的关注。
桑植县的旅游业早在张家界旅游起步时就已开始发展,但旅游产业化进程比较缓慢,经济效益不太明显。近几年来,为了宣传红色旅游资源,桑植先后举行了一些活动,如“重走长征路”,“弘扬长征精神,建设绿色家园”等活动,很好地宣传了桑植的红色旅游资源。与此同时,以自然风光和民族文化为主题的其他乡村旅游资源也得到了应有的重视与相应的开发。目前,桑植县旅游业存在缺乏整体规划,基础设施薄弱,娱乐项目、旅游商品无特色等问题,乡村旅游的持续发展压力大。
桑植县发展乡村旅游的客观优势是明显的,劣势多是由于认识观念和管理等主观因素造成的;桑植县目前面临着发展乡村旅游的极佳时机,而面对的挑战则是竞争形势下普遍的客观存在,并非桑植县所独有。因此,起主导作用的是优势+机遇,乡村旅游开发过程中的劣势和挑战完全可以转化为强大优势。
通过宏观统筹、制定规划,加强旅游基础设施建设,开发旅游商品,打造精品旅游线路,围绕“绿色”、“民俗”两个核心,加大宣传力度,促进桑植县乡村旅游的可持续发展。
Rural tourism is a new industry that developed at 1980s.With the development of industrialization and urbanization,more and more people choose to travel to the rural, which is the release of psychological pressure, the demand for return to nature,so the rural tourism has been developing extremely rapidly, which caused more concern to the researchers.
Sangzhi county's tourism industry has began as early as the start of Zhangjiajie Tourism Development, but the process of the tourism industry is relatively slow and economy is obvious benefitsless. In recent years, in order to promote red tourism resources, Sangzhi has held a number of activities, such as "re-take the Long March Road"、"developing the spirit of Long March, building a green home" and so on, well publicized red tourism resources of Sangzhi county. At the same time, Other rural tourism resources with the theme of natural scenery and national culture have also been given due attention and the corresponding development. At present, with a lack of planning integrally, weak infrastructure, characterless with entertainment and travel goods in the tourism industry of Sangzhi County, the sustainable development of rural tourism has a heavy pressure.
Objective advantages of rural tourism development of Sangzhi County is obvious, disadvantages due to the subjective factors of the concept of awareness and management; Sangzhi County's tourism industry is currently facing with an excellent opportunity to the development of rural tourism, the challenge of competition that is a situation common objective reality and Sangzhi County is not unique. As a result, playing a leading role is the advantage and opportunities, disadvantage and challenges of rural tourism development in the process can be transformed into a powerful advantage.
Through macro-planning, working out plans, strengthening construct of the tourism infrastructure, exploiting tourism products, creating extractive travel lines, stepping up publicity around the two core of "green" and "folk", Sangzhi County promote sustainable development of rural tourism.
桑植县的旅游业早在张家界旅游起步时就已开始发展,但旅游产业化进程比较缓慢,经济效益不太明显。近几年来,为了宣传红色旅游资源,桑植先后举行了一些活动,如“重走长征路”,“弘扬长征精神,建设绿色家园”等活动,很好地宣传了桑植的红色旅游资源。与此同时,以自然风光和民族文化为主题的其他乡村旅游资源也得到了应有的重视与相应的开发。目前,桑植县旅游业存在缺乏整体规划,基础设施薄弱,娱乐项目、旅游商品无特色等问题,乡村旅游的持续发展压力大。
桑植县发展乡村旅游的客观优势是明显的,劣势多是由于认识观念和管理等主观因素造成的;桑植县目前面临着发展乡村旅游的极佳时机,而面对的挑战则是竞争形势下普遍的客观存在,并非桑植县所独有。因此,起主导作用的是优势+机遇,乡村旅游开发过程中的劣势和挑战完全可以转化为强大优势。
通过宏观统筹、制定规划,加强旅游基础设施建设,开发旅游商品,打造精品旅游线路,围绕“绿色”、“民俗”两个核心,加大宣传力度,促进桑植县乡村旅游的可持续发展。
Rural tourism is a new industry that developed at 1980s.With the development of industrialization and urbanization,more and more people choose to travel to the rural, which is the release of psychological pressure, the demand for return to nature,so the rural tourism has been developing extremely rapidly, which caused more concern to the researchers.
Sangzhi county's tourism industry has began as early as the start of Zhangjiajie Tourism Development, but the process of the tourism industry is relatively slow and economy is obvious benefitsless. In recent years, in order to promote red tourism resources, Sangzhi has held a number of activities, such as "re-take the Long March Road"、"developing the spirit of Long March, building a green home" and so on, well publicized red tourism resources of Sangzhi county. At the same time, Other rural tourism resources with the theme of natural scenery and national culture have also been given due attention and the corresponding development. At present, with a lack of planning integrally, weak infrastructure, characterless with entertainment and travel goods in the tourism industry of Sangzhi County, the sustainable development of rural tourism has a heavy pressure.
Objective advantages of rural tourism development of Sangzhi County is obvious, disadvantages due to the subjective factors of the concept of awareness and management; Sangzhi County's tourism industry is currently facing with an excellent opportunity to the development of rural tourism, the challenge of competition that is a situation common objective reality and Sangzhi County is not unique. As a result, playing a leading role is the advantage and opportunities, disadvantage and challenges of rural tourism development in the process can be transformed into a powerful advantage.
Through macro-planning, working out plans, strengthening construct of the tourism infrastructure, exploiting tourism products, creating extractive travel lines, stepping up publicity around the two core of "green" and "folk", Sangzhi County promote sustainable development of rural tourism.
引文
[1] Gannon, in te Kloeze, UK: Channel View Publications, 1994.
[2] Bramwell B., Lane B. Rural Tourism and Sustainable RuralDevelopment, UK: Channel View Publications, 1994.
[3] 何景明. 国外乡村旅游研究述评[J]. 旅游学刊,2003(1)
[4] Davis W. P. and J. C. Turner (1992). Farm tourism and recreation in the United Kingdom, In A. Ton, A. J. M.Ali and B. Paik (Eds.), International"Conference on Agri-tourism Industry", 1992.
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[7] Dernoi L. A. Canadian country vacations: The Farm and Rural Tourism in Canada, Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[8] EmbacherHans. Marketing for Agritourism in Austria: Stra-tegy and Realization in a Highly Developed Tourist Destina-tion, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1994.
[9] Friesen, John. Farm Tourism: Inventory and Discussion on the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, TTRA Conference, 1995.
[10] Gasson R. Farm Diversification and Rural Development, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1988.
[11] Ipson Gordon. A Small Town Revival Through Tourism:Jamesport, Missouri, Economic Development Review, 1989.
[12] Moulin, ClaudeM. CulturalHeritage andTourism Develop-ment in Canada, Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[13] Pearce, Phillip L. FarmTourism in New Zealand: Asocial Situation Analysis, Annals of Tourism Research, 1990.
[14] Potthoff H. Facilities Offered In Agriculture For Leisure Time and Tourism (Germany), Tourism Recreation Re-search, 1991.
[15] Klejdzinski M. Report onTourism and Agricultur". Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[16] Ryan, Lera. Agritourism: Economic Development for Rural Ontario, 1995.
[17]Huang Yueh-Huang & William P.Stewart.Rural Tourism Development:Shifting Basis of Community Solidarity,Jour-nal of Travel Research,1996.
[18]Clark J.Marketing structures for farm tourism:beyond the individual provider of rural tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1999.
[19]Bontron J.C.et al.Tourism:a potential source of rural employment.Rural employment:an international perspec-tive.Wallingford,UK:CAB International,1997.
[20]Gilbert D.&L.Tung.Public organisations and rural mar-keting planning in England and Wales,Tourism Manage-ment,1990.
[21]Lewis J.B.A rural tourism development model.TourisrnAnalysis,1998.
[22]何景明,李立华.“关于‘乡村旅游'概念的探讨”[J].西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002(5)
[23]查芳.对乡村旅游起源及概念的探讨[J].安康师专学报,2004(1)
[24]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3)
[25]甘巧林,陈忠暖.从乡村非农化看乡村旅游的兴起[J].华南师范大学学报,2000(4)
[26]李慧欣.发展乡村旅游的经济学思考[J].华中农业大学学报,2003(2)
[27]张清,陈志文.吉林乡村旅游与农村经济发展[J].吉林师范大学学报,2003(4)
[28]张成君,陈忠萍.论拓展我国乡村旅游经济的空间[J].经济师,2001(7)
[29]陈绍友.发展乡村旅游与重庆大城市带大农村战略[J].重庆师范学院学报,2003(1)
[30]王云才.国际乡村旅游发展的政策经验与借鉴[J].旅游学刊,2002(4)
[31]乌恩,蔡运龙,金波.试论乡村旅游的目标、特色及产品[J].北京林业大学学报,2002(3)
[32]高曾伟,王志民.论乡村旅游资源[J].镇江高等专科学报,2001(1)
[33]潘秋玲.现阶段我国乡村旅游产品的供需特征及开发[J].地域研究与开发,1999(2)
[34]卢云亭,刘军萍等.观光农业[M].北京出版社,1995
[35]陈传康.深圳市旅游发展规划[M].同济大学出版社,1992
[36]陈传康,骆静珊等.安宁市旅游开发规划[J].规划报告,1997
[37]傅志军,葛永刚.乡村旅游研究[J].忻州师范学院学报,2001
[38]蒙睿,刘嘉纬,杨春宇.乡村旅游发展与西部城镇化的互动关系初探[J].人文地理,2002(2)
[39]何景明,马泽忠,李辉霞.乡村旅游发展中存在问题的调查与思考[J].农村经济,2004(7)
[40]何景明.中外乡村旅游研究:对比、反思与展望[J].农业经济
[41]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3):8-10.
[42]张利民,董永仲.乡村旅游开发与“体验经济”发展刍议[J].经济经纬,2003(6):117-119.
[43]刘娜,胡华.成都郫县友爱农家乐现状刨析与发展思路[J].国土经济,2001(1):43-44.
[44]范春.论乡村旅游的开发[J].渝州大学学报,2002(10):20-23.
[45]杨建翠.成都近郊乡村旅游深层次开发研究[J].农村经济,2004(5):33-34.
[46]姚素英.浅谈乡村旅游[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,1997(3):42-46.
[47]李伟.乡村旅游开发规划研究[J].地域研究与开发,2003(12):72-75.
[48]李永文,王培雷,孙本超.乡村旅游开发刍议[J].焦作大学学报,2004(1):19-22.
[49]何薇.把握乡村旅游文化特性深挖民俗文化内涵-以成都三圣乡为例[J].乐山师范学院学报,2003(4):78-80.
[50]潘秋玲.现阶段我国乡村旅游产品的供需特征及开发[J].地域研究与开发,1999(6):60-62.
[51]谢彦君.以旅游城市作为客源市场的乡村旅游开发[J].财经问题研究,1999(10):79-81.
[52]黄洁.从“乡土情结”角度谈乡村旅游开发[J].思想战线,2003(5):24-26.
[53]尹振华.开发我国乡村旅游的新思路[J].旅游学刊,2004(5):40-44.
[54]文军,唐代剑.乡村旅游开发研究[J].农村经济,2003(10):30-34.
[55]金方梅.乡村民族文化旅游保护开发模式探讨.重视文化旅游者在文化保护中的作用[J].贵州师范大学学报,2003(4):13-16.
[56]卢璐,刘幼平.关于湖南乡村旅游突出分片发展的思考[J].零陵学院学报,2002(12):45-47.
[57]杨胜明.创新旅游业发展模式-贵州旅游业发展的战略选择[J].当代贵州,2003(5):14-15.
[58]文军,魏美才.乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].生态旅游,2002(6):125-127.
[2] Bramwell B., Lane B. Rural Tourism and Sustainable RuralDevelopment, UK: Channel View Publications, 1994.
[3] 何景明. 国外乡村旅游研究述评[J]. 旅游学刊,2003(1)
[4] Davis W. P. and J. C. Turner (1992). Farm tourism and recreation in the United Kingdom, In A. Ton, A. J. M.Ali and B. Paik (Eds.), International"Conference on Agri-tourism Industry", 1992.
[5] Fowler J. E. Farm holidays in Ireland, Tourism RecreationResearch, 1991.
[6] Gill, G. A. The effects of on farm tourism"on the rural community and on farming in the United Kingdom, Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[7] Dernoi L. A. Canadian country vacations: The Farm and Rural Tourism in Canada, Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[8] EmbacherHans. Marketing for Agritourism in Austria: Stra-tegy and Realization in a Highly Developed Tourist Destina-tion, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1994.
[9] Friesen, John. Farm Tourism: Inventory and Discussion on the Regional Municipality of Waterloo, TTRA Conference, 1995.
[10] Gasson R. Farm Diversification and Rural Development, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1988.
[11] Ipson Gordon. A Small Town Revival Through Tourism:Jamesport, Missouri, Economic Development Review, 1989.
[12] Moulin, ClaudeM. CulturalHeritage andTourism Develop-ment in Canada, Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[13] Pearce, Phillip L. FarmTourism in New Zealand: Asocial Situation Analysis, Annals of Tourism Research, 1990.
[14] Potthoff H. Facilities Offered In Agriculture For Leisure Time and Tourism (Germany), Tourism Recreation Re-search, 1991.
[15] Klejdzinski M. Report onTourism and Agricultur". Tourism Recreation Research, 1991.
[16] Ryan, Lera. Agritourism: Economic Development for Rural Ontario, 1995.
[17]Huang Yueh-Huang & William P.Stewart.Rural Tourism Development:Shifting Basis of Community Solidarity,Jour-nal of Travel Research,1996.
[18]Clark J.Marketing structures for farm tourism:beyond the individual provider of rural tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,1999.
[19]Bontron J.C.et al.Tourism:a potential source of rural employment.Rural employment:an international perspec-tive.Wallingford,UK:CAB International,1997.
[20]Gilbert D.&L.Tung.Public organisations and rural mar-keting planning in England and Wales,Tourism Manage-ment,1990.
[21]Lewis J.B.A rural tourism development model.TourisrnAnalysis,1998.
[22]何景明,李立华.“关于‘乡村旅游'概念的探讨”[J].西南师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2002(5)
[23]查芳.对乡村旅游起源及概念的探讨[J].安康师专学报,2004(1)
[24]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3)
[25]甘巧林,陈忠暖.从乡村非农化看乡村旅游的兴起[J].华南师范大学学报,2000(4)
[26]李慧欣.发展乡村旅游的经济学思考[J].华中农业大学学报,2003(2)
[27]张清,陈志文.吉林乡村旅游与农村经济发展[J].吉林师范大学学报,2003(4)
[28]张成君,陈忠萍.论拓展我国乡村旅游经济的空间[J].经济师,2001(7)
[29]陈绍友.发展乡村旅游与重庆大城市带大农村战略[J].重庆师范学院学报,2003(1)
[30]王云才.国际乡村旅游发展的政策经验与借鉴[J].旅游学刊,2002(4)
[31]乌恩,蔡运龙,金波.试论乡村旅游的目标、特色及产品[J].北京林业大学学报,2002(3)
[32]高曾伟,王志民.论乡村旅游资源[J].镇江高等专科学报,2001(1)
[33]潘秋玲.现阶段我国乡村旅游产品的供需特征及开发[J].地域研究与开发,1999(2)
[34]卢云亭,刘军萍等.观光农业[M].北京出版社,1995
[35]陈传康.深圳市旅游发展规划[M].同济大学出版社,1992
[36]陈传康,骆静珊等.安宁市旅游开发规划[J].规划报告,1997
[37]傅志军,葛永刚.乡村旅游研究[J].忻州师范学院学报,2001
[38]蒙睿,刘嘉纬,杨春宇.乡村旅游发展与西部城镇化的互动关系初探[J].人文地理,2002(2)
[39]何景明,马泽忠,李辉霞.乡村旅游发展中存在问题的调查与思考[J].农村经济,2004(7)
[40]何景明.中外乡村旅游研究:对比、反思与展望[J].农业经济
[41]肖佑兴,明庆忠,李松志.论乡村旅游的概念和类型[J].旅游科学,2001(3):8-10.
[42]张利民,董永仲.乡村旅游开发与“体验经济”发展刍议[J].经济经纬,2003(6):117-119.
[43]刘娜,胡华.成都郫县友爱农家乐现状刨析与发展思路[J].国土经济,2001(1):43-44.
[44]范春.论乡村旅游的开发[J].渝州大学学报,2002(10):20-23.
[45]杨建翠.成都近郊乡村旅游深层次开发研究[J].农村经济,2004(5):33-34.
[46]姚素英.浅谈乡村旅游[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,1997(3):42-46.
[47]李伟.乡村旅游开发规划研究[J].地域研究与开发,2003(12):72-75.
[48]李永文,王培雷,孙本超.乡村旅游开发刍议[J].焦作大学学报,2004(1):19-22.
[49]何薇.把握乡村旅游文化特性深挖民俗文化内涵-以成都三圣乡为例[J].乐山师范学院学报,2003(4):78-80.
[50]潘秋玲.现阶段我国乡村旅游产品的供需特征及开发[J].地域研究与开发,1999(6):60-62.
[51]谢彦君.以旅游城市作为客源市场的乡村旅游开发[J].财经问题研究,1999(10):79-81.
[52]黄洁.从“乡土情结”角度谈乡村旅游开发[J].思想战线,2003(5):24-26.
[53]尹振华.开发我国乡村旅游的新思路[J].旅游学刊,2004(5):40-44.
[54]文军,唐代剑.乡村旅游开发研究[J].农村经济,2003(10):30-34.
[55]金方梅.乡村民族文化旅游保护开发模式探讨.重视文化旅游者在文化保护中的作用[J].贵州师范大学学报,2003(4):13-16.
[56]卢璐,刘幼平.关于湖南乡村旅游突出分片发展的思考[J].零陵学院学报,2002(12):45-47.
[57]杨胜明.创新旅游业发展模式-贵州旅游业发展的战略选择[J].当代贵州,2003(5):14-15.
[58]文军,魏美才.乡村旅游开发模式探讨[J].生态旅游,2002(6):125-127.