无线网络中基于MIMO的MAC协议研究
摘要
多输入多输出(MIMO)系统也叫多进多出系统被认为是下一代高速通信网络中的一个关键技术,它的最大特点是可以在不增加带宽的前提下成倍的提高网络吞吐量。对于多进多出系统的研究可以改变目前人们对无线接入速率低的问题,因此,对多进多出系统的研究逐渐成为了无线网络研究的热点。本文提出了一种新的适用于多天线系统的MAC层协议DACW(动态调整CTS等待时间)协议,该协议的主要特点是通过动态改变CTS的等待时间来改变CTS优先级,增加了RTS与CTS之间的竞争,使得时槽的使用手段变得更加灵活。DACW协议仍然沿用PRP协议的一部分思想,就是使传输请求是非独立的思想,并且在发送数据之前首先要发送RTS/CTS请求,请求成功以后才可以发送。改进后的协议在某些拓扑结构下对PRP协议的性能做出了改进,并且在PRP协议发生冲突的拓扑下进行了更正;在PRP协议性能较高的拓扑结构下保证与PRP协议一致。因此,经过改进以后,整体的吞吐量比PRP协议有所提高。
提出改进方案以后,首先通过MATLAB对两种协议进行定量的比较,观察两种协议吞吐量曲线的趋势,看性能是否有所提高。接着,在QualNet上对MIMA、PRP和DACW三种协议进行仿真,通过搭建多种仿真的网络场景来测试协议的性能,并绘制出最终的吞吐量曲线并对比PRP协议和DACW协议的性能。
性能评价方案主要是通过在网络层处理能力一定的前提下,不断地增加发包的间隔,使得MAC层达到饱和状态,通过这种饱和状态下的MAC层的发包数量来计算网络吞吐量。
MIMO system is considered to be a key technology of high-speed communication networks of next generation. Its biggest feature is the premise of not increasing the bandwidth to improve network throughput under the double. Research of MIMO system can change the current rate of people on the problem of low access.Therefore, the multiple input and multiple output system has become a research hotspot in wireless networks. This paper presents a new MAC protocol which is adapt to multi-antenna system. DACW(Dynamic adjust CTS Waiting time) protocol, the main feature of this protocol is to change the priority of CTS dynamically which increase the contention between RTS and CTS, so that the usability of slot is more flexible. DACW protocol also uses part of the thought of PRP protocol that requirements are non-independent. It should transmit RTS first, if the requirement success then it can transmit data. After improved, throughput of the total network has increased.
First we use MATLAB to simulate two protocols and then compare the performance curves. After that we use QualNet to simulate MIMA, PRP and DACW protocols. We also set up lots of scenarios to test the performance of the three protocols and compare the performance curves.
Performance evaluation plan is that we assume that the network layer ability is not change. Then we continue to decrease the intervals of packet transmitting, making the MAC layer saturated, so that we can calculate the number of packet transmitting to compare the network throughput between the three protocols.
提出改进方案以后,首先通过MATLAB对两种协议进行定量的比较,观察两种协议吞吐量曲线的趋势,看性能是否有所提高。接着,在QualNet上对MIMA、PRP和DACW三种协议进行仿真,通过搭建多种仿真的网络场景来测试协议的性能,并绘制出最终的吞吐量曲线并对比PRP协议和DACW协议的性能。
性能评价方案主要是通过在网络层处理能力一定的前提下,不断地增加发包的间隔,使得MAC层达到饱和状态,通过这种饱和状态下的MAC层的发包数量来计算网络吞吐量。
MIMO system is considered to be a key technology of high-speed communication networks of next generation. Its biggest feature is the premise of not increasing the bandwidth to improve network throughput under the double. Research of MIMO system can change the current rate of people on the problem of low access.Therefore, the multiple input and multiple output system has become a research hotspot in wireless networks. This paper presents a new MAC protocol which is adapt to multi-antenna system. DACW(Dynamic adjust CTS Waiting time) protocol, the main feature of this protocol is to change the priority of CTS dynamically which increase the contention between RTS and CTS, so that the usability of slot is more flexible. DACW protocol also uses part of the thought of PRP protocol that requirements are non-independent. It should transmit RTS first, if the requirement success then it can transmit data. After improved, throughput of the total network has increased.
First we use MATLAB to simulate two protocols and then compare the performance curves. After that we use QualNet to simulate MIMA, PRP and DACW protocols. We also set up lots of scenarios to test the performance of the three protocols and compare the performance curves.
Performance evaluation plan is that we assume that the network layer ability is not change. Then we continue to decrease the intervals of packet transmitting, making the MAC layer saturated, so that we can calculate the number of packet transmitting to compare the network throughput between the three protocols.
引文
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2. L. J. Cimini, Jr, et al.. Advanced Cellular Internet Service(ACIS). IEEE Communication. Magzine., 1998, 36(10): 150~159
3. Eric A. Berwer, et al..“A network architecture for heterogeneous mobile computing.”IEEE Personal Communications, 1998, 10: 8~24
4. J. Chuang, N. Sollenberger. Beyond 3G: Wideband wireless data access basedon OFDM and dynamic packet assignment. IEEE Communication Magzine., 2000, 38(7): 78~87
5. S. Corson and J. Macker..“Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation consideration,”. IETF RFC2501, Jan,1999
6. G. Patel, S. Dennett. The 3GPP and 3GPP2 movements toward an all-IP mobile network. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2002, 9(4): 62~64
7. 3GPP. High Speed Downlink Packet Access: Physical Layer Aspects (Release 5). TR25.858, 2002
8. I. E. Telatar.“Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channels[J],”Technical report, AT&T Bell Laboratories Internal Technical Memorandum, June 1995
9. G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans.“On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,”Wireless Personal Communications, 1998 (6): 311~335
10. G. J. Foschini.“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas.”Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996, Autumn: 41~59
11. T. S. Rappaport. Wireless communications: principles & practice(影印版).北京:电子工业出版社,1998
12. John G. Proakis. Digital Communications (Third Edition)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1998
13. D. Love, R. Heath, V. Lau, D. Gesbert, B. Rao and M. Andrews,“An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas Communications, vol 26, pp
14. G. J. Foschini,“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,”Bell labs Syst. Tech. J., vol. 1, p. 41-59, Autumn 1996
15. A. Burr,“Capacity Bounds and Estimates for the Finite MIMO Wireless Channel,”IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 812-818, June 2003
16. W. W. Lu. 4G mobile research in Asia. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2003, 41(3): 104~106
17. G. J. Foschini.“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas.”Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996, Autumn: 41~59
18. I. E. Telatar.“Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channel[J].”Techinical report, AT&T Bell Laboratories Internal Technical Memorandum, June 1995
19. S. Corson and J. Macker,“Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation consideration,”IETF RFC 2501, Jan. 1999
20. D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. Shiu, P. J. Smith and A. Naguib,“From Theory to Practive: An Overview of MIMO Space-Time Coded Wireless System,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 281-302, Apr. 2003
21. K. Sundaresan, R. Sivakumar, M. A. Ingram and T.-Y. Chang,“Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc networks with MIMO Links: Optimization Considerationsand Algorithms,”IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.3, no.4, pp.350-365, Oct.-Dec. 2004
22. J. S. Park and M. Gerla,“MIMOMAN: A MIMO MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks,”4th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless (AD HOC NOW 2005), pp.207-220, Oct. 2005
23. M. Park, S.-H. Choi and S. M. Nettles,“Cross-layer MAC Design for Wireless Networks Using MIMO,”Proceeding of Globecom 2005, vol.5, pp.2870-2874, Nov.-Dec. 2005
24. M. Shirasu and I. Sasase,“A MAC protocol for maximum stream allocation depending on the number of antennas and received RTS packets in MIMO ad hoc networks,”in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications, June 2007, pp. 3295-3300
25. IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, Nov. 1997. P802.11
26. G. Bianchi,“Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 18, March 2000
27.李剑峰等.高速蜂窝因特网体系结构的关键问题.电信技术, 2003, 6
28. Y. Wang, N. Yan and T. Li,“Throuput analysis of IEEE 802.11 in multi-hop ad hoc Ad Hoc networks”, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2006. pp.1-4
29. L. Dong, Y. Shu, H. Chen and et al,“Estimation and application of end-to-end delay under unsaturated traffic in wireless Ad Hoc networks”, 2nd International on Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems, 2005, pp.15-17
30. T.S.Rappaport. Wireless communications: principles & practice(影印版).北京:电子工业出版社, 1998
31. B. Sklar.“Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systemspart I: characterization”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1997, 35(9): 136~146
32. B. Sklar.“Reyleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systems part II: Mitigation”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1997, 35(9): 148~155
33. F. Alizadeh-Shabdiz, and S. Subranmaniam,“Analytical models for single-hop and Ad Hoc networks”, First International Conference on Broadband Networks, 2004, pp.449-458
34. O. Tickoo and O. Sikdar,“Modeling queueing and channel access delay in unsaturated IEEE 802.11 random access MAC based wireless netwoks”, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 16, no. 4, 2008, pp.878-891
35. N. Bisik and A. Abouzeid,“Queueing delay and archievable throughput in random access wireless Ad Hoc networks”, 3rd Aannul IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, vol. 3, 2006, pp.874-880
36. B. P. Crow,“Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network Protocol”, M. S. thesis, Dept. Electrical and Computer Eng,. Univ. Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 1996
37. F. Cali, M. Conti, and E. Gregori,“IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN: Capacity analysis and protocol enhancement”, presented at the INFOCOM’98, San Franciscal, CA, Mar. 1998
38. G. Bianchi, L. Fratta, and M. Oliveri,“Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA medium access control protocol”, in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Taipei, Taiwan, Oct, 1996, pp.407-411
39. G. Bianchi.“IEEE 802.11-Saturation throughput analysis”, IEEE Commun. Let., vol. 2, pp.318-320, Dec. 1998
40. D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987
2. L. J. Cimini, Jr, et al.. Advanced Cellular Internet Service(ACIS). IEEE Communication. Magzine., 1998, 36(10): 150~159
3. Eric A. Berwer, et al..“A network architecture for heterogeneous mobile computing.”IEEE Personal Communications, 1998, 10: 8~24
4. J. Chuang, N. Sollenberger. Beyond 3G: Wideband wireless data access basedon OFDM and dynamic packet assignment. IEEE Communication Magzine., 2000, 38(7): 78~87
5. S. Corson and J. Macker..“Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation consideration,”. IETF RFC2501, Jan,1999
6. G. Patel, S. Dennett. The 3GPP and 3GPP2 movements toward an all-IP mobile network. IEEE Wireless Communications, 2002, 9(4): 62~64
7. 3GPP. High Speed Downlink Packet Access: Physical Layer Aspects (Release 5). TR25.858, 2002
8. I. E. Telatar.“Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channels[J],”Technical report, AT&T Bell Laboratories Internal Technical Memorandum, June 1995
9. G. J. Foschini, M. J. Gans.“On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,”Wireless Personal Communications, 1998 (6): 311~335
10. G. J. Foschini.“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas.”Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996, Autumn: 41~59
11. T. S. Rappaport. Wireless communications: principles & practice(影印版).北京:电子工业出版社,1998
12. John G. Proakis. Digital Communications (Third Edition)[M].北京:电子工业出版社,1998
13. D. Love, R. Heath, V. Lau, D. Gesbert, B. Rao and M. Andrews,“An overview of limited feedback in wireless communication systems,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas Communications, vol 26, pp
14. G. J. Foschini,“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in a fading environment when using multiple antennas,”Bell labs Syst. Tech. J., vol. 1, p. 41-59, Autumn 1996
15. A. Burr,“Capacity Bounds and Estimates for the Finite MIMO Wireless Channel,”IEEE J. Sel. Areas Comm., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 812-818, June 2003
16. W. W. Lu. 4G mobile research in Asia. IEEE Communications Magazine, 2003, 41(3): 104~106
17. G. J. Foschini.“Layered space-time architecture for wireless communication in fading environment when using multiple antennas.”Bell Labs Technical Journal, 1996, Autumn: 41~59
18. I. E. Telatar.“Capacity of Multi-Antenna Gaussian Channel[J].”Techinical report, AT&T Bell Laboratories Internal Technical Memorandum, June 1995
19. S. Corson and J. Macker,“Mobile ad hoc networking (MANET): Routing protocol performance issues and evaluation consideration,”IETF RFC 2501, Jan. 1999
20. D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. Shiu, P. J. Smith and A. Naguib,“From Theory to Practive: An Overview of MIMO Space-Time Coded Wireless System,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 281-302, Apr. 2003
21. K. Sundaresan, R. Sivakumar, M. A. Ingram and T.-Y. Chang,“Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc networks with MIMO Links: Optimization Considerationsand Algorithms,”IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol.3, no.4, pp.350-365, Oct.-Dec. 2004
22. J. S. Park and M. Gerla,“MIMOMAN: A MIMO MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks,”4th International Conference on Ad Hoc Networks and Wireless (AD HOC NOW 2005), pp.207-220, Oct. 2005
23. M. Park, S.-H. Choi and S. M. Nettles,“Cross-layer MAC Design for Wireless Networks Using MIMO,”Proceeding of Globecom 2005, vol.5, pp.2870-2874, Nov.-Dec. 2005
24. M. Shirasu and I. Sasase,“A MAC protocol for maximum stream allocation depending on the number of antennas and received RTS packets in MIMO ad hoc networks,”in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications, June 2007, pp. 3295-3300
25. IEEE Standard for Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications, Nov. 1997. P802.11
26. G. Bianchi,“Performance Analysis of the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function,”IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 18, March 2000
27.李剑峰等.高速蜂窝因特网体系结构的关键问题.电信技术, 2003, 6
28. Y. Wang, N. Yan and T. Li,“Throuput analysis of IEEE 802.11 in multi-hop ad hoc Ad Hoc networks”, International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2006. pp.1-4
29. L. Dong, Y. Shu, H. Chen and et al,“Estimation and application of end-to-end delay under unsaturated traffic in wireless Ad Hoc networks”, 2nd International on Mobile Technology, Applications and Systems, 2005, pp.15-17
30. T.S.Rappaport. Wireless communications: principles & practice(影印版).北京:电子工业出版社, 1998
31. B. Sklar.“Rayleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systemspart I: characterization”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1997, 35(9): 136~146
32. B. Sklar.“Reyleigh fading channels in mobile digital communication systems part II: Mitigation”, IEEE Communications Magazine, 1997, 35(9): 148~155
33. F. Alizadeh-Shabdiz, and S. Subranmaniam,“Analytical models for single-hop and Ad Hoc networks”, First International Conference on Broadband Networks, 2004, pp.449-458
34. O. Tickoo and O. Sikdar,“Modeling queueing and channel access delay in unsaturated IEEE 802.11 random access MAC based wireless netwoks”, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 16, no. 4, 2008, pp.878-891
35. N. Bisik and A. Abouzeid,“Queueing delay and archievable throughput in random access wireless Ad Hoc networks”, 3rd Aannul IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, vol. 3, 2006, pp.874-880
36. B. P. Crow,“Performance evaluation of the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Local Area Network Protocol”, M. S. thesis, Dept. Electrical and Computer Eng,. Univ. Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 1996
37. F. Cali, M. Conti, and E. Gregori,“IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN: Capacity analysis and protocol enhancement”, presented at the INFOCOM’98, San Franciscal, CA, Mar. 1998
38. G. Bianchi, L. Fratta, and M. Oliveri,“Performance analysis of IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA medium access control protocol”, in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Taipei, Taiwan, Oct, 1996, pp.407-411
39. G. Bianchi.“IEEE 802.11-Saturation throughput analysis”, IEEE Commun. Let., vol. 2, pp.318-320, Dec. 1998
40. D. Bertsekas and R. Gallager, Data Networks. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987