聚高铁硅混凝剂及处理含铅废水的研究与应用
|
摘要
研究了利用粉煤灰提取液制备聚高铁硅混凝剂,通过试验处理模拟含铅废水考察新型混凝剂的化学性能及混凝机理。主要内容包括:
(1)研究开发出了用粉煤灰提取液制备聚高铁硅混凝剂的工艺。通过正交试验确定了粉煤灰的最佳提取条件及制备聚高铁硅混凝剂的最佳工艺。其最佳工艺条件为:在60℃温度下,以NaOH溶液浸取粉煤灰(NaOH浓度为1.8mol/L)反应38小时,获得粉煤灰提取液;经过滤后,调节滤液pH至1.4左右,活化2.5小时,以高铁酸钾为复合剂(Si/FeO42-摩尔比为3.5),在45℃下进行聚合反应,即制得新型无机高分子混凝剂聚高铁硅。
(2)聚高铁硅混凝剂的化学特性。利用此工艺合成的聚高铁硅混凝剂,其全铁含量、pH值、密度、聚合度和盐基度等几个主要指标,与我国聚合铁类混凝剂的评价指标对比,可以看出其在密度、全铁含量、pH和盐基度等方面均达到一等品的指标。说明在没有外加氧化剂的条件下,粉煤灰提取液与高铁酸钾发生聚合反应可以得到性能较高的新型混凝剂。在最佳条件下制备的复合型混凝剂聚高铁硅其自然存放时间可达90天,而选择氯化镁作为稳定剂加入后,稳定时间可延长至240天以上。
(3)聚高铁硅混凝剂处理模拟含铅废水的混凝机理研究。考察聚高铁硅混凝剂处理含铅废水,结果表明:聚高铁硅混凝剂对含铅废水的色度、浊度、Pb2+的去除效率极佳且处理效果稳定,尤其是在Pb2+的去除方面表现出极强的处理性能,可以达到96%以上。而且与同类混凝剂(PPFS)相比聚高铁硅混凝剂的投加量低、作用的pH值适应范围广。因此,通过比较可以发现,自制的聚高铁硅混凝剂对含铅废水的处理具有极强的针对性。
(4)聚高铁硅混凝剂的结构形貌表征。在优化筛选的基础上,合成聚高铁硅混凝剂,利用FTIR、TEM、LPSA等现代分析方法研究了聚高铁硅混凝剂中各物质间的相互作用,表征了混凝剂的形态、微观结构,探讨了聚高铁硅的混凝机理。研究结果表明,混凝剂中存在高铁基团和活性硅酸聚合成的共聚物,聚高铁硅的聚集态呈枝杈链状结构,且聚硅酸与聚铁的水解产物的相互作用受Si/FeO42-摩尔比的影响较大。可以得到聚高铁硅混凝剂的混凝作用机理:一方面,依靠高电荷的聚合态的高铁水解产物发生电中和作用;一方面,依靠活化硅酸和高铁离子熟化生成的聚合物的吸附架桥等作用。两方面的共同作用使聚高铁硅混凝剂表现出优良的除浊脱色及去除Pb2+的效果。
(5)对聚高铁硅混凝剂的制备工艺及处理含铅废水的研究表明,将聚高铁硅混凝剂用于处理含铅废水,不但可以获得优良的混凝处理效果,而且能充分发挥资源和技术优势,以废治废,节约能耗。因此有广阔的市场前景和良好的经济效益、环境效益。
This paper studies the preparation of poly-high-ferric-silicic coagulant from fly ash extract , the performance and chemical properties of the new type coagulant through the experiments of treatment analog lead wastewater.It mainly includes aspects as follows:
(1)The technology of preparing the poly-high-ferric-silicic by using fly ash extract has been designed.Through orthogonal experiment,the optimum extraction conditions from fly sah and the optimum technology of preparing the poly-high-ferric-silicic have been designed.Under 60℃, Leaching fly ash with NaOH when NaOH concentration of 1.8mol / L response to 38 hours to obtain fly ash extract. After filtration, the filtrate has been adjusted pH to around 1.4 and activated about 2.5 hours.Then by means of the polymerized reaction under 45℃and using potassium ferrate as complexing agent when Si/FeO42- is about 3.5,the poly-high-ferric-silicic can be obtained.
(2)The chemical properties of poly-high-ferric-silicic.The comparison on index of coagulant between poly-high-ferric-silicic and poly-iron coagulant, the poly-high-ferric-silicic belongs to first-class product.The index of coagulant contains total fe, pH, density, polymeric level and basicity. The poly-high-ferric-silicic is the high performance coagulant in the absence of additional oxidant conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the poly-high-ferric-silicic natural storage time is up to 90 days. After adding magnesium chloride,the poly-high-ferric-silicic natural storage time is up to 240 days at least.
(3)Coagulation properties of poly-high-ferric-silicic in treatment lead wastewater.The results showed that color, turbidity and Pb2+ removal efficiency are excellent and treatment effects are stable in treatment lead wastewater, especially the removal of Pb2+ has been up to 96% more. The comparison on coagulantion between poly-high-ferric-silicic and PPFS, the poly-high-ferric-silicic dosage is low and adapt to a wide pH. Therefore, by comparison, the poly-high-ferric-silicic is a superior coagulant in lead wastewater treatment.
(4) The structure morphology of poly-high-ferric-silicic.Many modern analysis methods such as laser particle size analysis, transmission election microscopy and infrared spectrum have been applied to investigate those interactions among hydrolyzed ferric and the structure of poly-high-ferric-silicic.Then, discussing the mechanism of poly-high-ferric-silicic.The results shows that there are copolymer between high-iron group and activated silica in the polymerizing process. Poly-high-ferric-silicic is a sort of polymer with a state of branches structure.The Si/FeO42- value has remarkable effects on hydrolyzate of polysilicate and polyferric.
There are two aspects about poly-high-ferric-silicic .On the one hand, relying on chargeneutrality of high-ferric hydrolysis products; on the other hand, relying on adsorption bridge of polymer between activated silicic acid and high-ferric. poly-high-ferric-silicic shows superior removal of turbidity color and Pb2+ by two aspects.
(5)The research of poly-high-ferric-silicic reparation and treatment lead wastewater shows that it not only can get a good coagulation effect, but also save energy and play resources and technological advantages.This technology can produce important benefit on both environment and economy.
(1)研究开发出了用粉煤灰提取液制备聚高铁硅混凝剂的工艺。通过正交试验确定了粉煤灰的最佳提取条件及制备聚高铁硅混凝剂的最佳工艺。其最佳工艺条件为:在60℃温度下,以NaOH溶液浸取粉煤灰(NaOH浓度为1.8mol/L)反应38小时,获得粉煤灰提取液;经过滤后,调节滤液pH至1.4左右,活化2.5小时,以高铁酸钾为复合剂(Si/FeO42-摩尔比为3.5),在45℃下进行聚合反应,即制得新型无机高分子混凝剂聚高铁硅。
(2)聚高铁硅混凝剂的化学特性。利用此工艺合成的聚高铁硅混凝剂,其全铁含量、pH值、密度、聚合度和盐基度等几个主要指标,与我国聚合铁类混凝剂的评价指标对比,可以看出其在密度、全铁含量、pH和盐基度等方面均达到一等品的指标。说明在没有外加氧化剂的条件下,粉煤灰提取液与高铁酸钾发生聚合反应可以得到性能较高的新型混凝剂。在最佳条件下制备的复合型混凝剂聚高铁硅其自然存放时间可达90天,而选择氯化镁作为稳定剂加入后,稳定时间可延长至240天以上。
(3)聚高铁硅混凝剂处理模拟含铅废水的混凝机理研究。考察聚高铁硅混凝剂处理含铅废水,结果表明:聚高铁硅混凝剂对含铅废水的色度、浊度、Pb2+的去除效率极佳且处理效果稳定,尤其是在Pb2+的去除方面表现出极强的处理性能,可以达到96%以上。而且与同类混凝剂(PPFS)相比聚高铁硅混凝剂的投加量低、作用的pH值适应范围广。因此,通过比较可以发现,自制的聚高铁硅混凝剂对含铅废水的处理具有极强的针对性。
(4)聚高铁硅混凝剂的结构形貌表征。在优化筛选的基础上,合成聚高铁硅混凝剂,利用FTIR、TEM、LPSA等现代分析方法研究了聚高铁硅混凝剂中各物质间的相互作用,表征了混凝剂的形态、微观结构,探讨了聚高铁硅的混凝机理。研究结果表明,混凝剂中存在高铁基团和活性硅酸聚合成的共聚物,聚高铁硅的聚集态呈枝杈链状结构,且聚硅酸与聚铁的水解产物的相互作用受Si/FeO42-摩尔比的影响较大。可以得到聚高铁硅混凝剂的混凝作用机理:一方面,依靠高电荷的聚合态的高铁水解产物发生电中和作用;一方面,依靠活化硅酸和高铁离子熟化生成的聚合物的吸附架桥等作用。两方面的共同作用使聚高铁硅混凝剂表现出优良的除浊脱色及去除Pb2+的效果。
(5)对聚高铁硅混凝剂的制备工艺及处理含铅废水的研究表明,将聚高铁硅混凝剂用于处理含铅废水,不但可以获得优良的混凝处理效果,而且能充分发挥资源和技术优势,以废治废,节约能耗。因此有广阔的市场前景和良好的经济效益、环境效益。
This paper studies the preparation of poly-high-ferric-silicic coagulant from fly ash extract , the performance and chemical properties of the new type coagulant through the experiments of treatment analog lead wastewater.It mainly includes aspects as follows:
(1)The technology of preparing the poly-high-ferric-silicic by using fly ash extract has been designed.Through orthogonal experiment,the optimum extraction conditions from fly sah and the optimum technology of preparing the poly-high-ferric-silicic have been designed.Under 60℃, Leaching fly ash with NaOH when NaOH concentration of 1.8mol / L response to 38 hours to obtain fly ash extract. After filtration, the filtrate has been adjusted pH to around 1.4 and activated about 2.5 hours.Then by means of the polymerized reaction under 45℃and using potassium ferrate as complexing agent when Si/FeO42- is about 3.5,the poly-high-ferric-silicic can be obtained.
(2)The chemical properties of poly-high-ferric-silicic.The comparison on index of coagulant between poly-high-ferric-silicic and poly-iron coagulant, the poly-high-ferric-silicic belongs to first-class product.The index of coagulant contains total fe, pH, density, polymeric level and basicity. The poly-high-ferric-silicic is the high performance coagulant in the absence of additional oxidant conditions. Under the optimum conditions, the poly-high-ferric-silicic natural storage time is up to 90 days. After adding magnesium chloride,the poly-high-ferric-silicic natural storage time is up to 240 days at least.
(3)Coagulation properties of poly-high-ferric-silicic in treatment lead wastewater.The results showed that color, turbidity and Pb2+ removal efficiency are excellent and treatment effects are stable in treatment lead wastewater, especially the removal of Pb2+ has been up to 96% more. The comparison on coagulantion between poly-high-ferric-silicic and PPFS, the poly-high-ferric-silicic dosage is low and adapt to a wide pH. Therefore, by comparison, the poly-high-ferric-silicic is a superior coagulant in lead wastewater treatment.
(4) The structure morphology of poly-high-ferric-silicic.Many modern analysis methods such as laser particle size analysis, transmission election microscopy and infrared spectrum have been applied to investigate those interactions among hydrolyzed ferric and the structure of poly-high-ferric-silicic.Then, discussing the mechanism of poly-high-ferric-silicic.The results shows that there are copolymer between high-iron group and activated silica in the polymerizing process. Poly-high-ferric-silicic is a sort of polymer with a state of branches structure.The Si/FeO42- value has remarkable effects on hydrolyzate of polysilicate and polyferric.
There are two aspects about poly-high-ferric-silicic .On the one hand, relying on chargeneutrality of high-ferric hydrolysis products; on the other hand, relying on adsorption bridge of polymer between activated silicic acid and high-ferric. poly-high-ferric-silicic shows superior removal of turbidity color and Pb2+ by two aspects.
(5)The research of poly-high-ferric-silicic reparation and treatment lead wastewater shows that it not only can get a good coagulation effect, but also save energy and play resources and technological advantages.This technology can produce important benefit on both environment and economy.
引文
[1]郑怀礼.生物絮凝剂与絮凝技术.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[2]吴晶晶,胡浩.减少污染,中国在行动-解读中国环境状况公告.资源与人居环境,2009,13:54-55.
[3]黄濂纯,国瑞.含铅废水处理之方法.台湾:65060,1994.
[4]Song Y, Fitch M, Burken J , et al .Lead and zinc removal by laboratory scale constructed wetlands. Water Environment Research , 2001 ,5 (2) :47-54.
[5]何慧琴,童仕唐.水处理中絮凝剂的研究进展.应用化工, 2001, 30 (6):14～16.
[6]CHRISTIAN V , KIMBERL YB , EVAL , et al. Impactof enhanced and optimized coagulation on removal of organic matter and its biodegradable fraction in drinkingwater .Wat Res , 2000 ,34 :3 247-3257.
[7]EDWARDS M, BENJAMIN M M ,TOBIASON J E. Effects of ozone on coagulation of NOM using polymersalone and polymer metal salt mixtures. Journal of Amer Water Works Assoc , 1994 ,86 (1) :105-116.
[8]JAMES K, EDZWALD , JOHN E T. Enhanced coagulation: US requirement and a broader view . Wat Sci Tech , 1999 ,40 (9) :63-70.
[9]JUL IEN F , GUEROUX B , MAZET M. Comparison of organic compound removal by coagulation-flocculation and by adsorption onto preformed hydroxide flocs .Wat Res , 1994 ,28 :2 567-2 574.
[10]汤鸿霄.无机高分子絮凝剂的研制趋向.中国给水排水,1999,15(2):1-4.
[11]肖锦.我国絮凝剂发展现状与对策.现代化工,1997,17(12):6-9.
[12]冯敏.工业水处理技术.北京:海洋出版社,1992.
[13]高宝玉,艾子萍,王淑仁.聚硅酸的絮凝性能及胶凝特性研究.山东大学学报(自然科学版),1993,28(4):482-487.
[14]汤鸿霄.羟基聚合氯化铝的絮凝形态学.环境科学学报, 1998(1):1-10.
[15]高磊红,高波娥.聚合硫酸铁的制备与应用.河北化工,2002,5:19-20.
[16]章兴华.高聚合氯化铝铁复合混凝剂及其生产方法.CN 1131642A,1996.
[17]张敬东.重金属污染物检测及污水处理技术试验研究.武汉:武汉水利电力大学,2000.
[18]章振玦,李安德.高效混凝剂净水灵的开发及应.石油炼制与化工,1995,26(7):60-61.
[19]Giovanoni, Richard L.Ferric subsulfate gel and methods of using same .US 5575 995,1996.
[20]Kevin Smith W,et al. Ferric alkyl amine citrates and methods of making them.US 5693 837,1997.
[21]莫炳禄.多元共聚铁系净水剂的生产方法.CN1156127A ,1997.
[22]孙剑辉,夏四清.絮凝剂PFCS的制备及其性能研究.环境科学, 1996, 17( 4) :59- 61.
[23]戴安邦,江龙.硅酸及其盐的研究,I,硅酸聚合的速度和机制.化学学报, 1957,23:90-98.
[24]O, Media C R .Coagulation and Flocculation in physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control.New York.1972:61.
[25]Stephen J Duffy. Characterization of amorphous alum hydroxide by the ferron method. Envi ron Sci. Technol, 1994 , 28 : 1950-1958.
[26]Hasegawa T , Hashimeto K, Onit suka T.Characteristic of metal polysilicate coagulants.Water Sci. Tech, 1991 , 23(7) : 1713-1722.
[27]许佩瑶,卢素焕,张振声.聚硅酸金属盐类混凝剂的絮凝机理研究.环境科学研究, 2000,13(6):26-29.
[28]李风亭.我国混凝剂聚合硫酸铁的技术发展现状.工业水处理,2002,22(1):5-8.
[29]Dongsheng Wang, Hongxiao Tang, Modified inorganic polymer flocculant-PFSi: Its preparation, characterization and coagulation behavior. Wat.Res , 2001, 35(14)6:3418-3427.
[30]J-Q Jiang, N.J.D.Graham, Observations of the comparative hydrolysis/precipitation behaviour of polyferric sulphate and ferric sulphate. Wat. Res, 1998, 32(3) :930-935.
[31]宋永会,岳钦妍,高宝玉.Ferron逐时络合比色法研究聚硅酸铁中铁的形态.油气田环境保护,1997,7(4):4-7.
[32]Tran T,Gray S,Naughton R,Bolto B. Polysilicato-iron for improved NOM removal and membrane performance. J. Membr. Sci,2006,280:560-571.
[33]Okuda T,Deevanhxay P,Nishijima W,et al. Enhancement of cryptosporidium oocyst removal by coagulation and sedimentation with poly-silicate iron (PSI). J. Chem. Eng. Japan,2006,39(2):137-143.
[34]高宝玉,宋永会.聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的性能研究.环境科学,1997,18(2):46-48.
[35]郑怀礼,袁宗宣.无机高分子复合絮凝剂PFSS的制备与性能研究.精细化工,2002,19(8):450-452.
[36]胡翔,周定.聚硅酸铁处理低温低浊水的研究.工业水处理,1997,17 (5) :13-14.
[37]孙向东,王云样,常同胜.聚硅硫酸铁的合成及性能研究.水处理技术,2001,27(4):223-225.
[38]刘红,许佩瑶,谭雪梅.聚合硫酸铁一聚硅酸复合絮凝剂处理高浓度乳化液废水的研究.工业水处理,2000, 20 (7) : 34-36.
[39]王东升,汤鸿霄.聚铁硅型复合无机高分子絮凝剂及其制备方法.水处理信息导报,1999,96(5) :40-42.
[40]胡勇有,王占生,汤鸿霄.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铝的基础研究.环境科学研究,1993,6( 3) :15-20.
[41]吴早春,胡勇有,王忠民.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铝在污水处理中的特性.工业水处理,1996,16(5):15-17.
[42]田宝珍,汤鸿霄.含磷酸盐的三氯化铁水解溶液的化学特征.环境化学,1995,14(4):329-337.
[43]石太宏,王靖文,郭蔼仪等.新型絮凝剂PPFS的制备及其絮凝性能研究.中国环境科学,2001,21(2):161-164.
[44]梁喜珍.聚合磷硫酸铁合成的进一步研究.化工时刊,2000,(3):26-29.
[45]卢素焕.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铁的制备及性能研究.工业水处理,1998,18(4):24-26.
[46]陈福根,苗柯. PFS─Mz高效混凝新技术在纺织印染废水处理工程中的应用.环境工程,1994,12(2):14-17.
[47]苗庆显,高立芹,秦梦华.水处理有机絮凝剂的研究进展.工业水处理,2006,26(10):14-16.
[48]李峰,李济吾.水处理絮凝剂的研究进展.中国环保产业,2004(10):12-13.
[49]赵立志.阳离子丹宁絮凝剂的制备及其性能评价.重庆环境科学.1993.15(6):33-35.
[50]高宝玉,魏锦程,王燕.聚合铁复合絮凝剂处理地表水的性能研究.中国给水排水,2006,22(7):57-61.
[51]程爱华,姚改焕,路瑞.粉煤灰在水处理中的应用.中国资源综合利用,2005,7:20.
[52]Dai Shugui . Environmental Chemistry . Beijing : Higher Education Press , 1996.
[53]Dong Bao shu. Disposal and Utilization of Solid wastes . Berijing :Metal.urgy Industry Press , 1999.
[54]Yan Cunxian. Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Ash . Shanghai Environmental Science , 1996 , 15 (2) : 21- 23.
[55]Han Li and Duan Zhi hui . Study on treatment of the industry wastewater. Environmental Science Trends. 2000 , (4) : 25-26.
[56]Shigendo Akita. Recovery of vanadium and nickel in fly ash from heavyoil.chem. Tech. Biotechn. 1995 , (62) : 345- 350.
[57]翟建平,徐应成,何富安等.华能电厂粉煤灰中微珠特征及形成机理探讨.粉煤灰综合利用,1996(3):1-5.
[58]Banerjee K, chere misionoffp N, chen S L.Adsorption kinetics of oxylene by fly ash.Wat . Res. 1997 , 31 (2) : 249.
[59]Gupta G.S , Panday K. K, Prasad G, et al . Removal of chromedye from aqueous solution by fly ash. Water Air and Soil Pollute. 1998 , (37) : 13.
[60]张建平.粉煤灰处理废水机理及应用.粉煤灰综合利用,1996 (4):33-35.
[61]徐革联,张劲,邵景景等.粉煤灰生物联合处理焦化废水的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,1999 (4):53-54.
[62]Panday K. K. et al . Copper (Ⅱ) Removal from Aquesous Solutions By Fly Ash. Water Research. 1985 , 19 (7) : 869- 873.
[63]Asit K. Sen. et al . Adsorption of Mercury (Ⅱ) by Coal Fly Ash. Water Research. 1987 , 21 (8) : 875- 888.
[64]SHIGENDO A. Recovery of vanadium and nickel in fly ash from heavy oil. Chem Tech Biotechn , 1995 , 62 :345-350.
[65]刘国光,刘兴旺,候杰.粉煤灰吸附性能的研究.环境科学研究,1994 ,7 (5) :62-64.
[66]王西新,候坤章.粉煤灰的活化及应用研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2002 (5) :26-27.
[67]张建平,孙振声,尹连庆等.粉煤灰处理废水机理及应用.粉煤灰综合利用,1996 (4):33-35.
[68]Eicem an GA, VandiverVJ. A dsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on fly ash from a municipal incinerator and a coal - fired power plant. Atmospheric Environment (1967)1983, 17 (3) : 461 - 465.
[69]Sarkar M, Acharya PK. Use of fly ash for the removal of phenol and its analogues from contaminated water. Waste Management 2006, 26 (6) : 559 - 570.
[70]Estevinho BN, Martins I, Ratola N, Alves A, Santos L. Removal of 2, 4– dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol from waters by sorption using coal fly ash from a Portuguese thermal power plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007,143 (1 - 2) : 535-540.
[71]Xi Mei yun. The progress in the development and research of inorganic high molecular flocculent. Environmental Science & technology ,1999 , 84 (4) : 4-7.
[72]Li Weiqun .Liu Jian. New development and application of macromolecule flocculent . Environmental pollution & Control , 1997 ,19 (3) : 32-36.
[73]Tang Hongxiao. Some new concepts in the development of inorganic polymer flocculent . Industry Water Treatment , 1997 , 17 (4) :1-5.
[74]Chen Jian lin , Tao Zhining and Wang Bingkun. Study on abstracting aluminum salt from fly ash .Environmental Herald. 1994 , (4) :14-15.
[75]Fang Zhanghong. Poly aluminum chloride manufacture from fly ash by acid - dissolving method. Chongqing Environmental Science ,1991 , 13 (3) : 22- 25.
[76]朱石嶙,张霞,刘万毅等.从粉煤灰中提取硫酸铝与硫酸铁的微波法实验.宁夏工程技术,2004 ,3 (1) :48-50.
[77]李晔,吴飞,胡海等.粉煤灰制备PAFCS絮凝剂.有色金属,2002,54(4):114-116.
[78]李晓湘.利用粉煤灰研制高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铝.环境工程,2002 ,20 (1) :51-53.
[79]李亚强,汤凤,胡凯等.酸溶粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其处理污水效果.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(8):1238-1241.
[80]王炳栋,鲁继川.粉煤灰制取碱式氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究.煤矿环境保护,2001 ,15 (1):29-31.
[81]张开仕,曾凤春.利用工业废弃物制备聚合硫酸铁铝硅混凝剂.化工学报,2008,59(9):2361-2365.
[82]许佩瑶,丁志农,张振声等.粉煤灰、硫铁矿渣制备聚铁铝硅混凝剂及应用研究.环境工程,2000 ,18 (2) :46-48.
[83]陈春超,许佩瑶.新型粉煤灰絮凝剂的制备及其性能的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2002 (3) :27-28.
[84]Chartrand MMG, Bunce NJ.Electrochemical remediation of acid mine drainage. Journal of Applied Electrochem istry, 2003,33: 259- 264.
[85]Deorkar NY, Tavlarides LL. An adsorption process formetal recovery from acid mine waste: The Berkeley PitProblem. Environm ental Progress, 1998,17: 120- 125.
[86]Diz HR, Novak JT.Fluidized bed for the removing iron and acidity from acid mine drainage. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1998,124: 701- 708.
[87]于晓彩,邵红,贾颂今等.粉煤灰改性及吸附混凝性能的研究.沈阳化工学院学报,2004 ,18 (1):1-4.
[88]王金梅,王庆生,刘长占等.粉煤灰的改性及吸附作用研究.工业用水与废水,2005 (2):44-47.
[89]王小高,冯有利,何德海.改性粉煤灰在废水处理中的应用.桂林工学院学报,2007,27 (2):245-248.
[90]徐国想,潘碌亭,刘吉堂等.粉煤灰沸石处理含铜废水的研究.中国矿业,2007,16(8): 68-70.
[91]郝培亮,王永红,李晓峰等.粉煤灰制备分子筛及处理含酚废水的研究.煤炭转化,2007, 30(1):68-72.
[92]朱洪涛.改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料吸附性能的研究.环境污染治理技术与设备,2005,6 (3) :53-55.
[93]王大军,许弟军,单连斌等.改性粉煤灰处理含锌废水的研究.环境保护科学,2005 (31) :19-21.
[94]王代芝,周珊,赵桂芳等.用改性粉煤灰处理含氟废水的实验.粉煤灰综合利用,2005 (4):26-28.
[95]刘小波.从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝无“三废”清洁工艺.环境科学研究,1996 ,9 (3) :34.
[96]刘汉利.改性粉煤灰处理含油废水的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2001 (2) :33.
[97]岳钦艳,曹先艳,高宝玉等.改性粉煤灰及其处理废水的机理.环境污染与防治,2005 (1) : 67-70.
[98]邓书平.改性粉煤灰吸附处理含砷废水研究.矿冶,2008, 17 (3) : 107-109.
[99]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.水泥化学分析方法GB/T 176-2008.中国标准出版社,2008.
[100]王秋长,赵鸿喜.基础化学实验(第一版).北京:科学出版社,2003.
[101]Iler R.K.The chemistry of silica,Wiley.New York,1979:303-304.
[102]余金保,王振华,吴峰.铁(Ⅲ)-柠檬酸盐配合物的光解对活性艳红X- 3B的脱色.水处理技术,27(6):332-334.
[103]马建立,赵由才,牛冬杰等.污水厂污泥碱式胶凝稳定化研究.环境科学,2009,30(3):845-850.
[104]BUNKER C E, HARRUFF B A, PATHAK P, etal.Formation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in reverse micelles: Extreme sensitivity to preparation procedure. Langmuir, 2004, 20 (13) : 5642-5644.
[105]蔡卫权,李会泉,张懿.表面活性剂辅助水热合成异形薄水铝石.材料科学与工艺,2008,16(2):207-210.
[106]Tang H X, Luan Z K. Features and mechanism for coagulation flocculation processes of polyaluminum chloride .J.Environ.Sci,1995,7(2):204-211.
[107]Benefield A. process chemical and wastewater treatment. Water Research,1982,21(1):60-71.
[108]Fenny A M, Helene A H, Sarah KL. Hydroxylated ferric sulfate aluminum salt alternative. Water Supply. 1992 ,10(4) : 167-173.
[109]席美云.无机高分子絮凝剂的开发和研究进展.环境科学与技术,1999 ,4(8):7.
[110]史继斌,许兴友,李树安等.合成聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁的正交实验研究.环境工程学报,2009,3(1):81-84.
[111]范文玉,程远杰,唐琦等.聚硅酸铝镁絮凝剂的制备及应用研究.沈阳化工学院学报,2003,17(2):89-91.
[112]常青.水处理絮凝学.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[113]周琴,丁玲玲.聚硅铝系列絮凝剂的制备表征及其应用.环境科学与技术,2004,27(6):71-72.
[114]蒋先明,何伟平.简明红外光谱识谱法.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1992.
[115]刘万毅,吴尚芝.复合增聚型铁铝无机高分子絮凝剂PAFCS的红外光谱研究.宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),1996,17(2):36-41.
[116]卢涌泉,邓振华.实用红外光谱分析.北京:电子工业出版社,1989.
[117]Lou G,Huang PM.Hydroxy-Aluminosilicate Itrelayers in Montmorillonite:Implications for acidic Environments.Nature,1988;335(13):625.
[118]杨红平,王先友,汪形艳等.新型超铁(Ⅵ)电池正极材料的制备及性能研究.物理化学学报,2003,19(12):1150-1153.
[119]于惠,高宝玉,岳钦艳等.红外光谱法研究聚硅氯化铝混凝剂的结构特征.山东大学学报,1999 ,34(2) :198-201.
[120]林树昌,曾泳淮.分析化学(仪器分析部分).北京:化学工业出版社,1994.
[2]吴晶晶,胡浩.减少污染,中国在行动-解读中国环境状况公告.资源与人居环境,2009,13:54-55.
[3]黄濂纯,国瑞.含铅废水处理之方法.台湾:65060,1994.
[4]Song Y, Fitch M, Burken J , et al .Lead and zinc removal by laboratory scale constructed wetlands. Water Environment Research , 2001 ,5 (2) :47-54.
[5]何慧琴,童仕唐.水处理中絮凝剂的研究进展.应用化工, 2001, 30 (6):14～16.
[6]CHRISTIAN V , KIMBERL YB , EVAL , et al. Impactof enhanced and optimized coagulation on removal of organic matter and its biodegradable fraction in drinkingwater .Wat Res , 2000 ,34 :3 247-3257.
[7]EDWARDS M, BENJAMIN M M ,TOBIASON J E. Effects of ozone on coagulation of NOM using polymersalone and polymer metal salt mixtures. Journal of Amer Water Works Assoc , 1994 ,86 (1) :105-116.
[8]JAMES K, EDZWALD , JOHN E T. Enhanced coagulation: US requirement and a broader view . Wat Sci Tech , 1999 ,40 (9) :63-70.
[9]JUL IEN F , GUEROUX B , MAZET M. Comparison of organic compound removal by coagulation-flocculation and by adsorption onto preformed hydroxide flocs .Wat Res , 1994 ,28 :2 567-2 574.
[10]汤鸿霄.无机高分子絮凝剂的研制趋向.中国给水排水,1999,15(2):1-4.
[11]肖锦.我国絮凝剂发展现状与对策.现代化工,1997,17(12):6-9.
[12]冯敏.工业水处理技术.北京:海洋出版社,1992.
[13]高宝玉,艾子萍,王淑仁.聚硅酸的絮凝性能及胶凝特性研究.山东大学学报(自然科学版),1993,28(4):482-487.
[14]汤鸿霄.羟基聚合氯化铝的絮凝形态学.环境科学学报, 1998(1):1-10.
[15]高磊红,高波娥.聚合硫酸铁的制备与应用.河北化工,2002,5:19-20.
[16]章兴华.高聚合氯化铝铁复合混凝剂及其生产方法.CN 1131642A,1996.
[17]张敬东.重金属污染物检测及污水处理技术试验研究.武汉:武汉水利电力大学,2000.
[18]章振玦,李安德.高效混凝剂净水灵的开发及应.石油炼制与化工,1995,26(7):60-61.
[19]Giovanoni, Richard L.Ferric subsulfate gel and methods of using same .US 5575 995,1996.
[20]Kevin Smith W,et al. Ferric alkyl amine citrates and methods of making them.US 5693 837,1997.
[21]莫炳禄.多元共聚铁系净水剂的生产方法.CN1156127A ,1997.
[22]孙剑辉,夏四清.絮凝剂PFCS的制备及其性能研究.环境科学, 1996, 17( 4) :59- 61.
[23]戴安邦,江龙.硅酸及其盐的研究,I,硅酸聚合的速度和机制.化学学报, 1957,23:90-98.
[24]O, Media C R .Coagulation and Flocculation in physicochemical Processes for Water Quality Control.New York.1972:61.
[25]Stephen J Duffy. Characterization of amorphous alum hydroxide by the ferron method. Envi ron Sci. Technol, 1994 , 28 : 1950-1958.
[26]Hasegawa T , Hashimeto K, Onit suka T.Characteristic of metal polysilicate coagulants.Water Sci. Tech, 1991 , 23(7) : 1713-1722.
[27]许佩瑶,卢素焕,张振声.聚硅酸金属盐类混凝剂的絮凝机理研究.环境科学研究, 2000,13(6):26-29.
[28]李风亭.我国混凝剂聚合硫酸铁的技术发展现状.工业水处理,2002,22(1):5-8.
[29]Dongsheng Wang, Hongxiao Tang, Modified inorganic polymer flocculant-PFSi: Its preparation, characterization and coagulation behavior. Wat.Res , 2001, 35(14)6:3418-3427.
[30]J-Q Jiang, N.J.D.Graham, Observations of the comparative hydrolysis/precipitation behaviour of polyferric sulphate and ferric sulphate. Wat. Res, 1998, 32(3) :930-935.
[31]宋永会,岳钦妍,高宝玉.Ferron逐时络合比色法研究聚硅酸铁中铁的形态.油气田环境保护,1997,7(4):4-7.
[32]Tran T,Gray S,Naughton R,Bolto B. Polysilicato-iron for improved NOM removal and membrane performance. J. Membr. Sci,2006,280:560-571.
[33]Okuda T,Deevanhxay P,Nishijima W,et al. Enhancement of cryptosporidium oocyst removal by coagulation and sedimentation with poly-silicate iron (PSI). J. Chem. Eng. Japan,2006,39(2):137-143.
[34]高宝玉,宋永会.聚硅酸硫酸铁混凝剂的性能研究.环境科学,1997,18(2):46-48.
[35]郑怀礼,袁宗宣.无机高分子复合絮凝剂PFSS的制备与性能研究.精细化工,2002,19(8):450-452.
[36]胡翔,周定.聚硅酸铁处理低温低浊水的研究.工业水处理,1997,17 (5) :13-14.
[37]孙向东,王云样,常同胜.聚硅硫酸铁的合成及性能研究.水处理技术,2001,27(4):223-225.
[38]刘红,许佩瑶,谭雪梅.聚合硫酸铁一聚硅酸复合絮凝剂处理高浓度乳化液废水的研究.工业水处理,2000, 20 (7) : 34-36.
[39]王东升,汤鸿霄.聚铁硅型复合无机高分子絮凝剂及其制备方法.水处理信息导报,1999,96(5) :40-42.
[40]胡勇有,王占生,汤鸿霄.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铝的基础研究.环境科学研究,1993,6( 3) :15-20.
[41]吴早春,胡勇有,王忠民.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铝在污水处理中的特性.工业水处理,1996,16(5):15-17.
[42]田宝珍,汤鸿霄.含磷酸盐的三氯化铁水解溶液的化学特征.环境化学,1995,14(4):329-337.
[43]石太宏,王靖文,郭蔼仪等.新型絮凝剂PPFS的制备及其絮凝性能研究.中国环境科学,2001,21(2):161-164.
[44]梁喜珍.聚合磷硫酸铁合成的进一步研究.化工时刊,2000,(3):26-29.
[45]卢素焕.新型混凝剂聚磷氯化铁的制备及性能研究.工业水处理,1998,18(4):24-26.
[46]陈福根,苗柯. PFS─Mz高效混凝新技术在纺织印染废水处理工程中的应用.环境工程,1994,12(2):14-17.
[47]苗庆显,高立芹,秦梦华.水处理有机絮凝剂的研究进展.工业水处理,2006,26(10):14-16.
[48]李峰,李济吾.水处理絮凝剂的研究进展.中国环保产业,2004(10):12-13.
[49]赵立志.阳离子丹宁絮凝剂的制备及其性能评价.重庆环境科学.1993.15(6):33-35.
[50]高宝玉,魏锦程,王燕.聚合铁复合絮凝剂处理地表水的性能研究.中国给水排水,2006,22(7):57-61.
[51]程爱华,姚改焕,路瑞.粉煤灰在水处理中的应用.中国资源综合利用,2005,7:20.
[52]Dai Shugui . Environmental Chemistry . Beijing : Higher Education Press , 1996.
[53]Dong Bao shu. Disposal and Utilization of Solid wastes . Berijing :Metal.urgy Industry Press , 1999.
[54]Yan Cunxian. Comprehensive Utilization of Coal Ash . Shanghai Environmental Science , 1996 , 15 (2) : 21- 23.
[55]Han Li and Duan Zhi hui . Study on treatment of the industry wastewater. Environmental Science Trends. 2000 , (4) : 25-26.
[56]Shigendo Akita. Recovery of vanadium and nickel in fly ash from heavyoil.chem. Tech. Biotechn. 1995 , (62) : 345- 350.
[57]翟建平,徐应成,何富安等.华能电厂粉煤灰中微珠特征及形成机理探讨.粉煤灰综合利用,1996(3):1-5.
[58]Banerjee K, chere misionoffp N, chen S L.Adsorption kinetics of oxylene by fly ash.Wat . Res. 1997 , 31 (2) : 249.
[59]Gupta G.S , Panday K. K, Prasad G, et al . Removal of chromedye from aqueous solution by fly ash. Water Air and Soil Pollute. 1998 , (37) : 13.
[60]张建平.粉煤灰处理废水机理及应用.粉煤灰综合利用,1996 (4):33-35.
[61]徐革联,张劲,邵景景等.粉煤灰生物联合处理焦化废水的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,1999 (4):53-54.
[62]Panday K. K. et al . Copper (Ⅱ) Removal from Aquesous Solutions By Fly Ash. Water Research. 1985 , 19 (7) : 869- 873.
[63]Asit K. Sen. et al . Adsorption of Mercury (Ⅱ) by Coal Fly Ash. Water Research. 1987 , 21 (8) : 875- 888.
[64]SHIGENDO A. Recovery of vanadium and nickel in fly ash from heavy oil. Chem Tech Biotechn , 1995 , 62 :345-350.
[65]刘国光,刘兴旺,候杰.粉煤灰吸附性能的研究.环境科学研究,1994 ,7 (5) :62-64.
[66]王西新,候坤章.粉煤灰的活化及应用研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2002 (5) :26-27.
[67]张建平,孙振声,尹连庆等.粉煤灰处理废水机理及应用.粉煤灰综合利用,1996 (4):33-35.
[68]Eicem an GA, VandiverVJ. A dsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on fly ash from a municipal incinerator and a coal - fired power plant. Atmospheric Environment (1967)1983, 17 (3) : 461 - 465.
[69]Sarkar M, Acharya PK. Use of fly ash for the removal of phenol and its analogues from contaminated water. Waste Management 2006, 26 (6) : 559 - 570.
[70]Estevinho BN, Martins I, Ratola N, Alves A, Santos L. Removal of 2, 4– dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol from waters by sorption using coal fly ash from a Portuguese thermal power plant. Journal of Hazardous Materials 2007,143 (1 - 2) : 535-540.
[71]Xi Mei yun. The progress in the development and research of inorganic high molecular flocculent. Environmental Science & technology ,1999 , 84 (4) : 4-7.
[72]Li Weiqun .Liu Jian. New development and application of macromolecule flocculent . Environmental pollution & Control , 1997 ,19 (3) : 32-36.
[73]Tang Hongxiao. Some new concepts in the development of inorganic polymer flocculent . Industry Water Treatment , 1997 , 17 (4) :1-5.
[74]Chen Jian lin , Tao Zhining and Wang Bingkun. Study on abstracting aluminum salt from fly ash .Environmental Herald. 1994 , (4) :14-15.
[75]Fang Zhanghong. Poly aluminum chloride manufacture from fly ash by acid - dissolving method. Chongqing Environmental Science ,1991 , 13 (3) : 22- 25.
[76]朱石嶙,张霞,刘万毅等.从粉煤灰中提取硫酸铝与硫酸铁的微波法实验.宁夏工程技术,2004 ,3 (1) :48-50.
[77]李晔,吴飞,胡海等.粉煤灰制备PAFCS絮凝剂.有色金属,2002,54(4):114-116.
[78]李晓湘.利用粉煤灰研制高效无机混凝剂聚硅酸铝.环境工程,2002 ,20 (1) :51-53.
[79]李亚强,汤凤,胡凯等.酸溶粉煤灰制备混凝剂及其处理污水效果.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(8):1238-1241.
[80]王炳栋,鲁继川.粉煤灰制取碱式氯化铝絮凝剂的实验研究.煤矿环境保护,2001 ,15 (1):29-31.
[81]张开仕,曾凤春.利用工业废弃物制备聚合硫酸铁铝硅混凝剂.化工学报,2008,59(9):2361-2365.
[82]许佩瑶,丁志农,张振声等.粉煤灰、硫铁矿渣制备聚铁铝硅混凝剂及应用研究.环境工程,2000 ,18 (2) :46-48.
[83]陈春超,许佩瑶.新型粉煤灰絮凝剂的制备及其性能的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2002 (3) :27-28.
[84]Chartrand MMG, Bunce NJ.Electrochemical remediation of acid mine drainage. Journal of Applied Electrochem istry, 2003,33: 259- 264.
[85]Deorkar NY, Tavlarides LL. An adsorption process formetal recovery from acid mine waste: The Berkeley PitProblem. Environm ental Progress, 1998,17: 120- 125.
[86]Diz HR, Novak JT.Fluidized bed for the removing iron and acidity from acid mine drainage. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 1998,124: 701- 708.
[87]于晓彩,邵红,贾颂今等.粉煤灰改性及吸附混凝性能的研究.沈阳化工学院学报,2004 ,18 (1):1-4.
[88]王金梅,王庆生,刘长占等.粉煤灰的改性及吸附作用研究.工业用水与废水,2005 (2):44-47.
[89]王小高,冯有利,何德海.改性粉煤灰在废水处理中的应用.桂林工学院学报,2007,27 (2):245-248.
[90]徐国想,潘碌亭,刘吉堂等.粉煤灰沸石处理含铜废水的研究.中国矿业,2007,16(8): 68-70.
[91]郝培亮,王永红,李晓峰等.粉煤灰制备分子筛及处理含酚废水的研究.煤炭转化,2007, 30(1):68-72.
[92]朱洪涛.改性粉煤灰对活性艳兰染料吸附性能的研究.环境污染治理技术与设备,2005,6 (3) :53-55.
[93]王大军,许弟军,单连斌等.改性粉煤灰处理含锌废水的研究.环境保护科学,2005 (31) :19-21.
[94]王代芝,周珊,赵桂芳等.用改性粉煤灰处理含氟废水的实验.粉煤灰综合利用,2005 (4):26-28.
[95]刘小波.从粉煤灰中提取氧化铝无“三废”清洁工艺.环境科学研究,1996 ,9 (3) :34.
[96]刘汉利.改性粉煤灰处理含油废水的研究.粉煤灰综合利用,2001 (2) :33.
[97]岳钦艳,曹先艳,高宝玉等.改性粉煤灰及其处理废水的机理.环境污染与防治,2005 (1) : 67-70.
[98]邓书平.改性粉煤灰吸附处理含砷废水研究.矿冶,2008, 17 (3) : 107-109.
[99]中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.水泥化学分析方法GB/T 176-2008.中国标准出版社,2008.
[100]王秋长,赵鸿喜.基础化学实验(第一版).北京:科学出版社,2003.
[101]Iler R.K.The chemistry of silica,Wiley.New York,1979:303-304.
[102]余金保,王振华,吴峰.铁(Ⅲ)-柠檬酸盐配合物的光解对活性艳红X- 3B的脱色.水处理技术,27(6):332-334.
[103]马建立,赵由才,牛冬杰等.污水厂污泥碱式胶凝稳定化研究.环境科学,2009,30(3):845-850.
[104]BUNKER C E, HARRUFF B A, PATHAK P, etal.Formation of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in reverse micelles: Extreme sensitivity to preparation procedure. Langmuir, 2004, 20 (13) : 5642-5644.
[105]蔡卫权,李会泉,张懿.表面活性剂辅助水热合成异形薄水铝石.材料科学与工艺,2008,16(2):207-210.
[106]Tang H X, Luan Z K. Features and mechanism for coagulation flocculation processes of polyaluminum chloride .J.Environ.Sci,1995,7(2):204-211.
[107]Benefield A. process chemical and wastewater treatment. Water Research,1982,21(1):60-71.
[108]Fenny A M, Helene A H, Sarah KL. Hydroxylated ferric sulfate aluminum salt alternative. Water Supply. 1992 ,10(4) : 167-173.
[109]席美云.无机高分子絮凝剂的开发和研究进展.环境科学与技术,1999 ,4(8):7.
[110]史继斌,许兴友,李树安等.合成聚硅酸硼镁硫酸铁的正交实验研究.环境工程学报,2009,3(1):81-84.
[111]范文玉,程远杰,唐琦等.聚硅酸铝镁絮凝剂的制备及应用研究.沈阳化工学院学报,2003,17(2):89-91.
[112]常青.水处理絮凝学.北京:化学工业出版社,2003.
[113]周琴,丁玲玲.聚硅铝系列絮凝剂的制备表征及其应用.环境科学与技术,2004,27(6):71-72.
[114]蒋先明,何伟平.简明红外光谱识谱法.桂林:广西师范大学出版社,1992.
[115]刘万毅,吴尚芝.复合增聚型铁铝无机高分子絮凝剂PAFCS的红外光谱研究.宁夏大学学报(自然科学版),1996,17(2):36-41.
[116]卢涌泉,邓振华.实用红外光谱分析.北京:电子工业出版社,1989.
[117]Lou G,Huang PM.Hydroxy-Aluminosilicate Itrelayers in Montmorillonite:Implications for acidic Environments.Nature,1988;335(13):625.
[118]杨红平,王先友,汪形艳等.新型超铁(Ⅵ)电池正极材料的制备及性能研究.物理化学学报,2003,19(12):1150-1153.
[119]于惠,高宝玉,岳钦艳等.红外光谱法研究聚硅氯化铝混凝剂的结构特征.山东大学学报,1999 ,34(2) :198-201.
[120]林树昌,曾泳淮.分析化学(仪器分析部分).北京:化学工业出版社,1994.