成人及童年依恋类型与婚姻质量的相关研究
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摘要
自Bowlby(1969)创立依恋理论以来,依恋成为了儿童社会性情感发展的重要理论。1985年Georage,Kaplan & Main创建AAI后,成人依恋成为依恋研究的焦点。依恋理论指出:一个人的依恋类型能反映他(她)与他人的情感类型,这种情感关系能促进或阻碍人的心理健康。本研究旨在探讨依恋类型与婚姻质量之间的关系,探讨依恋理论是否可以指导我国的婚姻咨询与治疗,并作为贯穿整个咨询过程的主线,引导婚恋双方理解自己的依恋特征,促进其婚姻质量的提高。
本研究属于实证研究中的定量研究,以湖北省武汉市、宜昌市、荆门市的249名已婚市民被试为样本,向他们发放了包括以下三个量表的综合问卷:修订、简化后的父母及同伴依恋问卷(Armsden & Greenberg)、亲密关系体验量(Brennan,K.A.,Clark,C.L.A,& Shaver,P.R.)和婚姻质量问卷(Olson),在数据分析中运用了描述性统计、相关分析、方差分析、独立样本T检验、回归分析等统计方法。研究结果主要如下:
1.城市已婚居民的成人依恋类型分为四种,其分布比例是:安全型依恋占34.9%,回避型依恋占30.9%,焦虑型依恋占13.3%,恐惧型依恋占20.9%。
2.成人依恋问卷由焦虑和回避两个维度构成,它们与婚姻质量呈负相关,其中回避对婚姻质量的负作用大于焦虑。
3.不同依恋类型的城市居民具有不同的婚姻质量水平:安全型依恋者的婚姻质量显著高于其他三种不安全依恋者。对于婚姻质量的各因子,在除了“角色平等性”的10个因子上,安全依恋者的得分显著高于不安全依恋者。
Attachment theory,formulated by Bowerby(1969),is a powerful theory theory of social and emotional development.Since adult attachment interview(AAI)was devised by Georage,adult attachment has been a focus of the attachment research. Based on attachment theory, attachment styles influence marital quality. No research has examined attachment styles and marital quality in China. We do this research to explore the relationship between the attachment and marital auality and see if the attachment theory can guide the psychotherapy.
We examined this issue using data from 249 married people from three citys in HuBei province .We used three questionnaire:IPPA、ECR and Olson marial quality quertionnire.We used the SPSS10.0 to analyze the data.The methods include: Discriptive Sastics、Independent Samples T Test、one-way ANOVA and linear regression.Results show as followed:
1. Subjects can be devided into four types :secure dimissing preoccupied and fearful ;and about the attachment style of married people :secure was34.9%, dismissing was30.9% preoccupied was13.3%, fearful was20.9%.
2. Attachment questionnaire was confirmed to make up of anxiety and closeness. They had negative correlation with marital quality. Moreover, closeness influenced marital quality more negatively.
3. Attachment styles were associated with marital quality, there were significant differences in marital quality between secure attachment and insecure attachment .
本研究属于实证研究中的定量研究,以湖北省武汉市、宜昌市、荆门市的249名已婚市民被试为样本,向他们发放了包括以下三个量表的综合问卷:修订、简化后的父母及同伴依恋问卷(Armsden & Greenberg)、亲密关系体验量(Brennan,K.A.,Clark,C.L.A,& Shaver,P.R.)和婚姻质量问卷(Olson),在数据分析中运用了描述性统计、相关分析、方差分析、独立样本T检验、回归分析等统计方法。研究结果主要如下:
1.城市已婚居民的成人依恋类型分为四种,其分布比例是:安全型依恋占34.9%,回避型依恋占30.9%,焦虑型依恋占13.3%,恐惧型依恋占20.9%。
2.成人依恋问卷由焦虑和回避两个维度构成,它们与婚姻质量呈负相关,其中回避对婚姻质量的负作用大于焦虑。
3.不同依恋类型的城市居民具有不同的婚姻质量水平:安全型依恋者的婚姻质量显著高于其他三种不安全依恋者。对于婚姻质量的各因子,在除了“角色平等性”的10个因子上,安全依恋者的得分显著高于不安全依恋者。
Attachment theory,formulated by Bowerby(1969),is a powerful theory theory of social and emotional development.Since adult attachment interview(AAI)was devised by Georage,adult attachment has been a focus of the attachment research. Based on attachment theory, attachment styles influence marital quality. No research has examined attachment styles and marital quality in China. We do this research to explore the relationship between the attachment and marital auality and see if the attachment theory can guide the psychotherapy.
We examined this issue using data from 249 married people from three citys in HuBei province .We used three questionnaire:IPPA、ECR and Olson marial quality quertionnire.We used the SPSS10.0 to analyze the data.The methods include: Discriptive Sastics、Independent Samples T Test、one-way ANOVA and linear regression.Results show as followed:
1. Subjects can be devided into four types :secure dimissing preoccupied and fearful ;and about the attachment style of married people :secure was34.9%, dismissing was30.9% preoccupied was13.3%, fearful was20.9%.
2. Attachment questionnaire was confirmed to make up of anxiety and closeness. They had negative correlation with marital quality. Moreover, closeness influenced marital quality more negatively.
3. Attachment styles were associated with marital quality, there were significant differences in marital quality between secure attachment and insecure attachment .
引文
[1]许兴建.依恋研究综述.柳州师专学报,2001;16(4).
[2]吴薇莉,简俞嘉,方莉.成人依恋研究.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(;3)
[3]候静,陈会昌.依恋研究方法述评.心理发展与教育,2002;(3).
[4]李田伟,陈旭.成人婚恋依恋研究回顾与展望.社会心理科学,2005;(5).
[5]周爱保,李梅,李同归.成人依恋背景图片对安全基模的情感启动.心理科学,2005,28,(1):85-88.
[6]张秋凌,邹泓.成人依恋研究在促进早期亲子关系中的应用.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004年(5)
[7]杨洁.成人依恋及其对抑郁影响的探索性研究.华东师范大学2005届研究生硕士学位论文.
[8]王争艳刘迎泽杨叶依恋内部工作模式的研究概述及探讨心理科学进展,2005;13(5).
[9]吴薇莉,张伟,刘协和.成人依恋量表(AAS-1996修订版)在中国的信度和效度.四川大学学报(医学版),2005;35(4).
[10]候珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究.心理科学进展, 2005;13(5).
[11]吴薇莉,方莉.成人依恋测量研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2004;(2).
[12]卢淑华,文霆锋.婚姻质量的模型研究.妇女研究论丛,1999;2)
[13]徐安琪,叶振文.婚姻质量:度量标准及影响因素.学术季刊,2002;(4)
[14]易松国.影响城市婚姻质量的因素分析.人口研究;1997(9)
[15]杜玉凤,李宇彤,何雪娟.婚姻质量与人格特质的相关分析.健康心理杂志.2003;11(5)
[16]石林,张金峰,夫妻收入差异与婚姻质量关系的调查研究.中华女子学院学报,2002; 14(3)
[17]程灶火,林晓虹等.中国忍的婚姻质量状况. Chinese Journal Of ClinicalPsychology.2005; 13(3)
[18]汪向东:心理卫生评定量表手册,增刊(M),北京:中国心理卫生杂志,1993(3).
[19]王比学:中国婚姻家庭状况调查报告,人民网,2002(20)
[20]陈会昌,梁兰芝.亲子依恋研究的进展,心理学动态.2000,8(1):29-33
[21]陈利群,早期安全依恋对儿童心理发展的影响.柳州师专学报.2001年.16(2)
[22]陈勤惠,焦虑依附女大学生的情感,屏东师范学院心理辅导所硕士论文.2000.未发表.
[23]方晓义.母亲依恋/父母监控与青少年的吸烟、饮酒行为.心理发展与教育.1995.3:54-59
[24]安芹.影响儿童依恋风格形成的家庭因素.中国临床心理杂志,2001,9(4):312-318.
[25]夏勉,谢宝国.用整合的视野看内部工作模式(J).内蒙古师范大学学报(教育科学版).2004,10(17).
[26] Feeney JA. Adult romantic attachment and couple relationship.In cassidy J&Shaver PR(eds.),Handbook of attachment:theory,research and clinical applocations.New York:Guilford Press,1999.355-337.
[27] Shaver,P.R.,&Mikulincer,M(2003).What Self-report Attachment Meassures Assess?J.A.
[28] Simpon &W.S.Rholes(Eds),Adult Attachment:New Direction and Emerging Issues.(in press)
[29] Bowlby J. Attachment and loss Vol.1,AttachKent New York:Basic books.1969
[30] Simpson ,J.A.,&Rholes,W.S. Attachment in adulthood. In J.A. Simpson &W.S. Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationship. New York:Guilford.1998:3-22
[31] Mickelson,K.D.Kessler,R.C.,& Shaver,P.R. Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1990.1997(73):1092-1106
[32] Ainsworth,M.D.S.,Witting,B.A., Attachment and the Exploratory Behavior of One-year Olds in a strange Situation,In:Foss,BM., Determinants of InfantBehavior ,1969,Vol4,
[33] London:Methuen,pp.113-116.
[34] Bretherton I. Attachment and the co-construction of social-affective reality. A Presentation In IAABD,1998.
[35] Bartholomew,K, Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment persective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 1990,7,pp.147-148
[36] Sternberg,R.T.,(1986),A triangular theory of love. Psychology Review,93, pp119-135.
[37] Bartholomew, K, and L.M. Horowitz.1991., Attachment Styles Among Young Adult: Atest of a Four-Category Model, Journal of personality and Social Psychology 61:226-244.
[38] Webster,J.D., Attachment Style and Psychological Well-Being in Elderly Adult: A preliminary Investigation, Canadian Journal on Aging 16:101-111
[39] Brown, Lucy Scott & Wright, John(2001).Attachment theory in adolescence and its relevance to developmental psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.Vol.8,15-32.
[40] Family Relations. Minneapolis: Jan 2005. Vol. 54, Iss. 1; pg. 46, 12 pgs
[41] Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment: Developments in the conceptualization of security and insecurity. In B. B. Sperling & W. H. Bernam (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128-152). New York: Guilford Press.
[42] Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Davis, K. E. (1994). Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 502-512.
[43] Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980.
[44] Sprenkle, D. H. (Ed.). (2002). Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.
[45] Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
[46] Kobak, R. R., & Hazen, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 861-869.
[47] Johnson, S. M. (1996). The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy: Creating connection. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
[48] Bouthillier D.Predictive validity of adult attachment measure in relation to emotion regulation behaviors in marital interactions. Journal of adult development,2002,9:291-305.
[49] Kerr SL. The relationship of emotional expression and expirience to adult attachment style.Individual Differences Research,2003,1:108-123
[50] Meyers SA.Direct and indirect pathways between adult attachment style and marital satisfaction.Personal Relationships.2202,9:159-172.
[51] Mikulinner M,Florian V. Attachment style and affect regulation: implication for coping with stress and mental health.In fletherG&Clarc M(eds.) blackwell handbook of social psychology : interpersonal process.Oxford : Blackwell Publisher ,2001.537-557.
[52] Wampler KS.The adult attathment interview and observed couple interaction:iimplication for an intergenerational perpective on couple therapy.Family process,2003,42:497-515.
[2]吴薇莉,简俞嘉,方莉.成人依恋研究.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2002(;3)
[3]候静,陈会昌.依恋研究方法述评.心理发展与教育,2002;(3).
[4]李田伟,陈旭.成人婚恋依恋研究回顾与展望.社会心理科学,2005;(5).
[5]周爱保,李梅,李同归.成人依恋背景图片对安全基模的情感启动.心理科学,2005,28,(1):85-88.
[6]张秋凌,邹泓.成人依恋研究在促进早期亲子关系中的应用.中国心理卫生杂志, 2004年(5)
[7]杨洁.成人依恋及其对抑郁影响的探索性研究.华东师范大学2005届研究生硕士学位论文.
[8]王争艳刘迎泽杨叶依恋内部工作模式的研究概述及探讨心理科学进展,2005;13(5).
[9]吴薇莉,张伟,刘协和.成人依恋量表(AAS-1996修订版)在中国的信度和效度.四川大学学报(医学版),2005;35(4).
[10]候珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究.心理科学进展, 2005;13(5).
[11]吴薇莉,方莉.成人依恋测量研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2004;(2).
[12]卢淑华,文霆锋.婚姻质量的模型研究.妇女研究论丛,1999;2)
[13]徐安琪,叶振文.婚姻质量:度量标准及影响因素.学术季刊,2002;(4)
[14]易松国.影响城市婚姻质量的因素分析.人口研究;1997(9)
[15]杜玉凤,李宇彤,何雪娟.婚姻质量与人格特质的相关分析.健康心理杂志.2003;11(5)
[16]石林,张金峰,夫妻收入差异与婚姻质量关系的调查研究.中华女子学院学报,2002; 14(3)
[17]程灶火,林晓虹等.中国忍的婚姻质量状况. Chinese Journal Of ClinicalPsychology.2005; 13(3)
[18]汪向东:心理卫生评定量表手册,增刊(M),北京:中国心理卫生杂志,1993(3).
[19]王比学:中国婚姻家庭状况调查报告,人民网,2002(20)
[20]陈会昌,梁兰芝.亲子依恋研究的进展,心理学动态.2000,8(1):29-33
[21]陈利群,早期安全依恋对儿童心理发展的影响.柳州师专学报.2001年.16(2)
[22]陈勤惠,焦虑依附女大学生的情感,屏东师范学院心理辅导所硕士论文.2000.未发表.
[23]方晓义.母亲依恋/父母监控与青少年的吸烟、饮酒行为.心理发展与教育.1995.3:54-59
[24]安芹.影响儿童依恋风格形成的家庭因素.中国临床心理杂志,2001,9(4):312-318.
[25]夏勉,谢宝国.用整合的视野看内部工作模式(J).内蒙古师范大学学报(教育科学版).2004,10(17).
[26] Feeney JA. Adult romantic attachment and couple relationship.In cassidy J&Shaver PR(eds.),Handbook of attachment:theory,research and clinical applocations.New York:Guilford Press,1999.355-337.
[27] Shaver,P.R.,&Mikulincer,M(2003).What Self-report Attachment Meassures Assess?J.A.
[28] Simpon &W.S.Rholes(Eds),Adult Attachment:New Direction and Emerging Issues.(in press)
[29] Bowlby J. Attachment and loss Vol.1,AttachKent New York:Basic books.1969
[30] Simpson ,J.A.,&Rholes,W.S. Attachment in adulthood. In J.A. Simpson &W.S. Rholes(Eds.),Attachment theory and close relationship. New York:Guilford.1998:3-22
[31] Mickelson,K.D.Kessler,R.C.,& Shaver,P.R. Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1990.1997(73):1092-1106
[32] Ainsworth,M.D.S.,Witting,B.A., Attachment and the Exploratory Behavior of One-year Olds in a strange Situation,In:Foss,BM., Determinants of InfantBehavior ,1969,Vol4,
[33] London:Methuen,pp.113-116.
[34] Bretherton I. Attachment and the co-construction of social-affective reality. A Presentation In IAABD,1998.
[35] Bartholomew,K, Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment persective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 1990,7,pp.147-148
[36] Sternberg,R.T.,(1986),A triangular theory of love. Psychology Review,93, pp119-135.
[37] Bartholomew, K, and L.M. Horowitz.1991., Attachment Styles Among Young Adult: Atest of a Four-Category Model, Journal of personality and Social Psychology 61:226-244.
[38] Webster,J.D., Attachment Style and Psychological Well-Being in Elderly Adult: A preliminary Investigation, Canadian Journal on Aging 16:101-111
[39] Brown, Lucy Scott & Wright, John(2001).Attachment theory in adolescence and its relevance to developmental psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy.Vol.8,15-32.
[40] Family Relations. Minneapolis: Jan 2005. Vol. 54, Iss. 1; pg. 46, 12 pgs
[41] Feeney, J. A., Noller, P., & Hanrahan, M. (1994). Assessing adult attachment: Developments in the conceptualization of security and insecurity. In B. B. Sperling & W. H. Bernam (Eds.), Attachment in adults: Clinical and developmental perspectives (pp. 128-152). New York: Guilford Press.
[42] Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Davis, K. E. (1994). Attachment style, gender, and relationship stability: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 502-512.
[43] Simpson, J. A. (1990). Influence of attachment styles on romantic relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 971-980.
[44] Sprenkle, D. H. (Ed.). (2002). Effectiveness research in marriage and family therapy. Alexandria, VA: American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy.
[45] Spanier, G. B. (1976). Measuring dyadic adjustment: New scales for assessing the quality of marriage and similar dyads. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 38, 15-28.
[46] Kobak, R. R., & Hazen, C. (1991). Attachment in marriage: Effects of security and accuracy of working models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 861-869.
[47] Johnson, S. M. (1996). The practice of emotionally focused marital therapy: Creating connection. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
[48] Bouthillier D.Predictive validity of adult attachment measure in relation to emotion regulation behaviors in marital interactions. Journal of adult development,2002,9:291-305.
[49] Kerr SL. The relationship of emotional expression and expirience to adult attachment style.Individual Differences Research,2003,1:108-123
[50] Meyers SA.Direct and indirect pathways between adult attachment style and marital satisfaction.Personal Relationships.2202,9:159-172.
[51] Mikulinner M,Florian V. Attachment style and affect regulation: implication for coping with stress and mental health.In fletherG&Clarc M(eds.) blackwell handbook of social psychology : interpersonal process.Oxford : Blackwell Publisher ,2001.537-557.
[52] Wampler KS.The adult attathment interview and observed couple interaction:iimplication for an intergenerational perpective on couple therapy.Family process,2003,42:497-515.