对大学生依恋表征意识和无意识一致性的研究
|
摘要
依恋理论一直是发展心理学家和社会心理学家用来研究社会适应和亲密关系的理论及方法,研究结果已经应用于亲子教育、心理咨询与治疗等领域,在这些领域中的研究结果发现依恋表征的意识与无意识方面存在某些差异。Bowlby认为,这些差异对了解个体的依恋经历有着重要的意义,但是目前对依恋表征的研究主要集中使用外显自我报告法,可靠和有效的内隐测量工具还不多,因此系统比较依恋表征意识与无意识的研究较少。
本研究采用关系等级问卷(RSQ)、亲密关系经历量表(ECR)两份依恋量表和内隐联想测验分别作为研究依恋表征的外显和内隐方法,并回忆童年情绪事件,以103名处于恋爱关系中的大学生为被试,探讨一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征这两方面的意识性与无意识性之间的一致性,以及一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征之间如何相互影响。为依恋内部工作模式的理论建构提供实证研究支持,并补充和改进测量依恋无意识的工具。本研究的主要结论有:
1.一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征中,安全型和恐惧型的个体在无意识层面上的反应时表现与外显理论相符,而过度投入型被试在内隐认知上并不认为他人更积极,即过度投入型的被试意识和无意识的表现不一致。
2.个体在无意识水平上对目标人物积极评价的差异与个体在意识水平上的依恋状况(一股依恋关系和婚恋关系)有关,说明早期与父母交互作用形成的无意识认知可能影响了目前的成人婚恋依恋状况,但这一仍需要纵向研究的支持。
3.自我父母IAT和自我恋人IAT中,认为自己比父母或恋人积极的被试对消极事件的提取时间短,认为父母或恋人比自己积极的被试对消极事件的提取时间长,与外显理论假设相反。
4.一般依恋表征中过度投入型和冷漠型被试,内隐联想测验和外显依恋量表结果一致的占33%;特殊依恋表征中过度投入型和冷漠型被试,内隐联想测验和外显依恋量表结果一致的占37%。
Attachment theory has been used by the developmenttal psychologists and social psychologists to study social adaptation and intimate relationship, the results have been applied to the fields of parent-child education, psychological counseling and treatment, and other fields, in these areas, the study found that there are some differences between the attachment's consciousness and unconsciousness. Bowlby believe that these differences are helpful in understanding the individual's attachment experience, but until recently, most of the work on the content of working models has relied on the explicit, self-report measures, there are short of reliable and valid assessments of implicit attachment-related representations, therefore few studies systematically compare explicit and implicit content.
This study used Attachment Scales, such as RSQ and ECR, and Implicit Association Test(IAT), to test the 103 students of romantic relationship, discuss the consistency of consciousness and unconsciousness of the general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation, as well as the mutual relation between general attachment representation and special attachment representation. Providing empirical research for the internal working model of attachment, and improving the implicit measurement tools for the attachment's unconsciousness. The main conclusions of this study are:
1. In the general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation, the performance and response in the unconscious level of the individual of secure and fear styles was consistent with explicit theory, the individual of preoccupied style do not think others more active on the implicit level, that is the performance of consciousness and unconsciousness is inconsistent.
2. The different judgement of targets in the unconscious level has relationship with the individual' attachment status(general attachment relationship and romantic relationship), it is maybe that the implicit cognition formed in the early interaction with their parents affect the current adult romantic attachment status, but this still needs the support of a longitudinal study.
3. In the self-parents IAT and self-lover IAT, the individual who considered himself is more positive than their parents or lover.they spent less time in retrieving the negative events, the individual who considered their parents or lover are more positive than himself, their retrieving the negative events' time is longer, this is opposite to the explicit theoretical assumptions.
4. There is only a small portion of preoccupied and dismissing attendees has the consistent results of implicit association test and the explicit attachment scales in both general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation.
本研究采用关系等级问卷(RSQ)、亲密关系经历量表(ECR)两份依恋量表和内隐联想测验分别作为研究依恋表征的外显和内隐方法,并回忆童年情绪事件,以103名处于恋爱关系中的大学生为被试,探讨一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征这两方面的意识性与无意识性之间的一致性,以及一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征之间如何相互影响。为依恋内部工作模式的理论建构提供实证研究支持,并补充和改进测量依恋无意识的工具。本研究的主要结论有:
1.一般依恋表征和特殊依恋表征中,安全型和恐惧型的个体在无意识层面上的反应时表现与外显理论相符,而过度投入型被试在内隐认知上并不认为他人更积极,即过度投入型的被试意识和无意识的表现不一致。
2.个体在无意识水平上对目标人物积极评价的差异与个体在意识水平上的依恋状况(一股依恋关系和婚恋关系)有关,说明早期与父母交互作用形成的无意识认知可能影响了目前的成人婚恋依恋状况,但这一仍需要纵向研究的支持。
3.自我父母IAT和自我恋人IAT中,认为自己比父母或恋人积极的被试对消极事件的提取时间短,认为父母或恋人比自己积极的被试对消极事件的提取时间长,与外显理论假设相反。
4.一般依恋表征中过度投入型和冷漠型被试,内隐联想测验和外显依恋量表结果一致的占33%;特殊依恋表征中过度投入型和冷漠型被试,内隐联想测验和外显依恋量表结果一致的占37%。
Attachment theory has been used by the developmenttal psychologists and social psychologists to study social adaptation and intimate relationship, the results have been applied to the fields of parent-child education, psychological counseling and treatment, and other fields, in these areas, the study found that there are some differences between the attachment's consciousness and unconsciousness. Bowlby believe that these differences are helpful in understanding the individual's attachment experience, but until recently, most of the work on the content of working models has relied on the explicit, self-report measures, there are short of reliable and valid assessments of implicit attachment-related representations, therefore few studies systematically compare explicit and implicit content.
This study used Attachment Scales, such as RSQ and ECR, and Implicit Association Test(IAT), to test the 103 students of romantic relationship, discuss the consistency of consciousness and unconsciousness of the general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation, as well as the mutual relation between general attachment representation and special attachment representation. Providing empirical research for the internal working model of attachment, and improving the implicit measurement tools for the attachment's unconsciousness. The main conclusions of this study are:
1. In the general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation, the performance and response in the unconscious level of the individual of secure and fear styles was consistent with explicit theory, the individual of preoccupied style do not think others more active on the implicit level, that is the performance of consciousness and unconsciousness is inconsistent.
2. The different judgement of targets in the unconscious level has relationship with the individual' attachment status(general attachment relationship and romantic relationship), it is maybe that the implicit cognition formed in the early interaction with their parents affect the current adult romantic attachment status, but this still needs the support of a longitudinal study.
3. In the self-parents IAT and self-lover IAT, the individual who considered himself is more positive than their parents or lover.they spent less time in retrieving the negative events, the individual who considered their parents or lover are more positive than himself, their retrieving the negative events' time is longer, this is opposite to the explicit theoretical assumptions.
4. There is only a small portion of preoccupied and dismissing attendees has the consistent results of implicit association test and the explicit attachment scales in both general attachment representation and specific-relationship representation.
引文
Amanda B.N. Richard J.N. Parent and Peer Attachment in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence Journal of Early Adolescence, 2005,25(2):223-249.
Armsden GC, Greenberg M.T. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1987,16:427-454.
Baldwin M.W. Relational schemas and processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 1992,112: 461-484.
Bartholomew K, Horowitz L.M. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991,61(2):226-244.
Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books, 1973 .
Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.).New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1969), 1982.
Brennan K.A, Clark C.L, Shaver P.R. Self report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS. Attachment theory and close relationships. 1st Eds. New York: The Guilford Press, 1998,46-76.
Bretherton, I., &Munholland, K. Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press, 1999,89- 111.
Collin N, Allard L.M. Cognitive representations of attachment: the content and function of working models. In: M.B.Brewer,M.Hewstone(Eds.).Social cognition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2004,75-101.
Collins N. L., Read S. J. Adult attachment relationships, working models and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990,58:644-663.
Collins, Read S.J. Cognitive representations of attachment: the structure and function of working models. In D Perlman, W Jones, Advances in personal relationships: attachment processes in adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1994, 29-70.
Collins N. L., & Read S. J. Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships. Vol. 5: Attachment processes in adulthood . London: Jessica Kingsley, 1994, 53-90.
Corwell J.A, Treboux D. The adult attachment interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to report of mother and partners. Personal Relationshios, 1999,6:1-18.
Crowell J.A ,Fraley R.C ,Shaver P.R. Measurement of Individual Differences in Adolescent and Adult attachment. In Cassidy J, Shaver P.R. Handbook of Attachment - Theory, Research and Clinic Applications. New York: Guilford Press ,1999,434-465.
Crowell J.A, Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development, 1995,4: 294-327.
Erik H. The Adult Attachment Interview: Historical and Current Perspectives. Attachment Theory, 1999,19:395-428.
Fraley R.C, Shaver P.R. Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, Emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 2000,4(2): 132-154.
Fraley R.C, Waller N.G, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2000,78:350-365.
Gary C, Aimee L. Generalized and Specific Attachment Representations: Unique and Interactive Roles in Predicting Conflict Behaviors in Close Relationships. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2005,31 (8): 1026-1038.
Glenn I. R, Ashley H., Keren F.,etal.The Adult Attachment Interview and Self-Reports of Attachment Style: An Empirical Rapprochement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007,92(4): 678 - 697.
Lynda R. R, Margaret K. M, Enrico D. How Do Understanding "Self and "Other" Dimensions Define Adult Attachment Styles? Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 2006,38(4):294-310.
Maier M. A, Bernier A, Pekrun R, Zimmermann P,Grossmann K.E. Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2004, 28(2): 180-189.
Main M. Epilogue: Attachment Theory, Eighteen Points with Suggestions for Future Studies. 1st Eds. New York: The Guilford Press, 1999.835-882.
Mario M, Phillip R.S. Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 2005 (12):149-168.
Mary M. Adult Attachment Interview. About Adult Attachment and Development, 2000,1077-1096.
Mikulincer M, Orbach I. Attachment Styles and Repressive Defensiveness: The Accessibility and Architecture of Affective Memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68: 917-925.
Mikulincer M. Arad D. Attachment working models and cognitive openness in close relationships: a test of chronic and temporary accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 77(4): 710-725.
Nakash-Eisikovits O, Dutra L, Westen D. Relationship Between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. Psychiatry,2002,42:1111 - 1123.
Nancy L. Collons, Maire B. F, AnaMaire C.etal., Working Models of Attachment and Attribution Process in Intimate Relationships. The Society for Personality and Social Psychology , 2006, 201-219.
Peter C.B,James M.F. The Relations Among Varieties of Adult Attachment and the Components of Empathy. The Journal of Social Psycholigica,2005,145(5):519-530.
Pierce, T., & Lydon, J. E. Global and specific relational models in the experience of social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001,80,613-631.
Rholes. W.S, Simpson A.J., Martin. A.M., Mike Firedman. Attachment and Information Seeking in Romantic Relation. The Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2007, 33(3): 422-438.
Shaver P.H, Mikulincer M. Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human Development, 2002,4:133-161.
Shaver P., Belsky J., & Brennan K.. The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of romantic attachment: Associations across domains and methods. Personal Relationships, 2000,7:25-43.
Susanne M.J. Attachment Style Differences and Similarities in Evaluations of Affective Communication Skills and Person-centered Comforting Messages. Western Journal of Communication. 2005,69(3):233-249.
Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Waters, E. When "new" meets "old": Configurations of adult attachment representations and their implications for marital functioning. Developmental Psychology,2004,40:295-314.
Van IJzendoorn M.H. Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 1995,117(3): 387-403.
Zayas V, Shoda Y. Do Automatic Reactions Elicited by Thoughts of Romantic Partner, Mother, and Self Relate to Adult Romantic Attachment? Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2005,(31): 1011-1025.
West M, Sheldon K, Reiffer L. An approach to the delineation of adult attachment: Scale development and reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1987,175:738-774.
West M, Sheldon K. The assessment of dimensions relevant to adult reciprocal attachment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1992,37:600-606.
崔丽娟,张高产.内隐联结测验研究回顾与展望.心理科学,2004,27:161-164.
侯静,陈会昌.依恋研究方法述评.心理发展与教育,2002,3:80-84.
侯珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究.心理科学进展,2005,5:640-650
侯珂,邹泓,张秋凌.内隐联想测验:信度、效度及原理.心理科学进展,2004,12:223-230.
黄桂梅,张敏强.依恋的研究进展.心理发展与教育,2003,3:92-96.
李田伟,陈旭.成人婚恋依恋研究回顾与展望.社会心理科学,2005,20(5-6):656-660.
李同归.依恋理论中的几个热点问题概述.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,1:18-25
李同归.依恋与对情绪事件的记忆.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,6:965-974.
彭聃龄.普通心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001
莎伦.布雷姆等著.亲密关系.人民邮电出版社,2005.
王争艳,刘迎泽,杨叶.依恋内部工作模式的研究概述及探讨.心理科学进展,2005,13:629-639.
王争艳,杨叶,汪斌.依恋内部工作模式的社会认知研究.心理科学进展,2006,14:880-887.
吴薇莉,方莉.成人依恋测量研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2004,12:217-220.
吴薇莉,简渝嘉,方莉威人依恋研究.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,3:131-134
许兴建.依恋研究综述.柳州师专学报,2001,16:89-93
张洪,王登峰,杨烨.亲密关系的外显与内隐测量及其相互关系.心理学报,2006,38(6):910-915.
周爱保,李梅,李同归.成人依恋背景中图片对安全基模的情感启动.心理科学,2005,1:85-88.
周春燕,黄希庭.成人依恋表征与婚恋依恋.心里科学进展,2004,12(2):215-222.
Armsden GC, Greenberg M.T. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 1987,16:427-454.
Baldwin M.W. Relational schemas and processing of social information. Psychological Bulletin, 1992,112: 461-484.
Bartholomew K, Horowitz L.M. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991,61(2):226-244.
Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation. New York: Basic Books, 1973 .
Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.).New York: Basic Books. (Original work published 1969), 1982.
Brennan K.A, Clark C.L, Shaver P.R. Self report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: Simpson JA, Rholes WS. Attachment theory and close relationships. 1st Eds. New York: The Guilford Press, 1998,46-76.
Bretherton, I., &Munholland, K. Internal working models in attachment relationships: A construct revisited. In J. Cassidy & P. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications. New York: The Guilford Press, 1999,89- 111.
Collin N, Allard L.M. Cognitive representations of attachment: the content and function of working models. In: M.B.Brewer,M.Hewstone(Eds.).Social cognition, Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,2004,75-101.
Collins N. L., Read S. J. Adult attachment relationships, working models and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1990,58:644-663.
Collins, Read S.J. Cognitive representations of attachment: the structure and function of working models. In D Perlman, W Jones, Advances in personal relationships: attachment processes in adulthood. London: Jessica Kingsley, 1994, 29-70.
Collins N. L., & Read S. J. Cognitive representations of attachment: The structure and function of working models. In K. Bartholomew & D. Perlman (Eds.), Advances in personal relationships. Vol. 5: Attachment processes in adulthood . London: Jessica Kingsley, 1994, 53-90.
Corwell J.A, Treboux D. The adult attachment interview and the relationship questionnaire: Relations to report of mother and partners. Personal Relationshios, 1999,6:1-18.
Crowell J.A ,Fraley R.C ,Shaver P.R. Measurement of Individual Differences in Adolescent and Adult attachment. In Cassidy J, Shaver P.R. Handbook of Attachment - Theory, Research and Clinic Applications. New York: Guilford Press ,1999,434-465.
Crowell J.A, Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development, 1995,4: 294-327.
Erik H. The Adult Attachment Interview: Historical and Current Perspectives. Attachment Theory, 1999,19:395-428.
Fraley R.C, Shaver P.R. Adult romantic attachment: Theoretical developments, Emerging controversies, and unanswered questions. Review of General Psychology, 2000,4(2): 132-154.
Fraley R.C, Waller N.G, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2000,78:350-365.
Gary C, Aimee L. Generalized and Specific Attachment Representations: Unique and Interactive Roles in Predicting Conflict Behaviors in Close Relationships. Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2005,31 (8): 1026-1038.
Glenn I. R, Ashley H., Keren F.,etal.The Adult Attachment Interview and Self-Reports of Attachment Style: An Empirical Rapprochement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007,92(4): 678 - 697.
Lynda R. R, Margaret K. M, Enrico D. How Do Understanding "Self and "Other" Dimensions Define Adult Attachment Styles? Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 2006,38(4):294-310.
Maier M. A, Bernier A, Pekrun R, Zimmermann P,Grossmann K.E. Attachment working models as unconscious structures: An experimental test. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2004, 28(2): 180-189.
Main M. Epilogue: Attachment Theory, Eighteen Points with Suggestions for Future Studies. 1st Eds. New York: The Guilford Press, 1999.835-882.
Mario M, Phillip R.S. Attachment theory and emotions in close relationships: Exploring the attachment-related dynamics of emotional reactions to relational events. Personal Relationships, 2005 (12):149-168.
Mary M. Adult Attachment Interview. About Adult Attachment and Development, 2000,1077-1096.
Mikulincer M, Orbach I. Attachment Styles and Repressive Defensiveness: The Accessibility and Architecture of Affective Memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1995, 68: 917-925.
Mikulincer M. Arad D. Attachment working models and cognitive openness in close relationships: a test of chronic and temporary accessibility effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1999, 77(4): 710-725.
Nakash-Eisikovits O, Dutra L, Westen D. Relationship Between attachment patterns and personality pathology in adolescents. Psychiatry,2002,42:1111 - 1123.
Nancy L. Collons, Maire B. F, AnaMaire C.etal., Working Models of Attachment and Attribution Process in Intimate Relationships. The Society for Personality and Social Psychology , 2006, 201-219.
Peter C.B,James M.F. The Relations Among Varieties of Adult Attachment and the Components of Empathy. The Journal of Social Psycholigica,2005,145(5):519-530.
Pierce, T., & Lydon, J. E. Global and specific relational models in the experience of social interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,2001,80,613-631.
Rholes. W.S, Simpson A.J., Martin. A.M., Mike Firedman. Attachment and Information Seeking in Romantic Relation. The Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2007, 33(3): 422-438.
Shaver P.H, Mikulincer M. Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment & Human Development, 2002,4:133-161.
Shaver P., Belsky J., & Brennan K.. The Adult Attachment Interview and self-reports of romantic attachment: Associations across domains and methods. Personal Relationships, 2000,7:25-43.
Susanne M.J. Attachment Style Differences and Similarities in Evaluations of Affective Communication Skills and Person-centered Comforting Messages. Western Journal of Communication. 2005,69(3):233-249.
Treboux, D., Crowell, J., & Waters, E. When "new" meets "old": Configurations of adult attachment representations and their implications for marital functioning. Developmental Psychology,2004,40:295-314.
Van IJzendoorn M.H. Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the adult attachment interview. Psychological Bulletin, 1995,117(3): 387-403.
Zayas V, Shoda Y. Do Automatic Reactions Elicited by Thoughts of Romantic Partner, Mother, and Self Relate to Adult Romantic Attachment? Society for Personality and Social Psychology, 2005,(31): 1011-1025.
West M, Sheldon K, Reiffer L. An approach to the delineation of adult attachment: Scale development and reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1987,175:738-774.
West M, Sheldon K. The assessment of dimensions relevant to adult reciprocal attachment. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1992,37:600-606.
崔丽娟,张高产.内隐联结测验研究回顾与展望.心理科学,2004,27:161-164.
侯静,陈会昌.依恋研究方法述评.心理发展与教育,2002,3:80-84.
侯珂,邹泓,蒋索.社会人格取向的成人依恋研究.心理科学进展,2005,5:640-650
侯珂,邹泓,张秋凌.内隐联想测验:信度、效度及原理.心理科学进展,2004,12:223-230.
黄桂梅,张敏强.依恋的研究进展.心理发展与教育,2003,3:92-96.
李田伟,陈旭.成人婚恋依恋研究回顾与展望.社会心理科学,2005,20(5-6):656-660.
李同归.依恋理论中的几个热点问题概述.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2006,1:18-25
李同归.依恋与对情绪事件的记忆.北京大学学报(自然科学版),2005,6:965-974.
彭聃龄.普通心理学.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2001
莎伦.布雷姆等著.亲密关系.人民邮电出版社,2005.
王争艳,刘迎泽,杨叶.依恋内部工作模式的研究概述及探讨.心理科学进展,2005,13:629-639.
王争艳,杨叶,汪斌.依恋内部工作模式的社会认知研究.心理科学进展,2006,14:880-887.
吴薇莉,方莉.成人依恋测量研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2004,12:217-220.
吴薇莉,简渝嘉,方莉威人依恋研究.四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,3:131-134
许兴建.依恋研究综述.柳州师专学报,2001,16:89-93
张洪,王登峰,杨烨.亲密关系的外显与内隐测量及其相互关系.心理学报,2006,38(6):910-915.
周爱保,李梅,李同归.成人依恋背景中图片对安全基模的情感启动.心理科学,2005,1:85-88.
周春燕,黄希庭.成人依恋表征与婚恋依恋.心里科学进展,2004,12(2):215-222.