新型介孔Al_2O_3的制备、表征及负载Pt催化剂的催化加氢性能研究
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摘要
由于纯度、化学成分和晶体形貌的不同,Al2O3表现出不同的性能,并广泛应用于冶金、航天、电子、化学化工、催化剂及其载体、耐火材料、绝缘材料、填充剂、陶瓷、机械等领域,已成为许多行业不可缺少的材料。作为催化材料使用的Al2O3,人们希望其具有高热稳定性、大比表面积以及特殊的结构或形貌。因此,具有高热稳定性、大比表面积或特殊形貌的介孔Al2O3的制备引起了研究者们的广泛关注。本论文通过制备方法的设计合成了一系列新型介孔Al2O3,利用多种近代分析技术对它们的结构性能进行了表征,并用制备的介孔Al2O3为载体合成了负载型的Pt催化剂,以苯乙酮(或硝基苯)催化加氢为模型反应,考察了Pt催化剂的催化加氢性能,探讨了载体的织构性能和形貌对Pt催化剂性能的影响,取得了如下主要的研究结果：
利用“壳聚糖(CS)-硝酸铝-氨水”体系合成了介孔Al2O3。研究发现,合成过程中CS的用量对合成的Al2O3的宏观形状、表面微观形貌、孔结构及比表面积均有很大的影响。用H2PtCl6水溶液(7.72×10-2mol/L,pH≈1)等体积浸渍合成的Al2O3制备Pt/Al2O3的过程中会发生酸刻蚀现象,从而使Al2O3载体的孔结构发生重构,导致制备的催化剂的比表面积大于Al2O3载体,同时孔容和孔径分布也发生了变化。催化剂的焙烧温度对Pt分散度影响很大,合适的焙烧温度(550℃)有利于表面Pt的分散。对于苯乙酮加氢反应,以CS为模板合成的介孔Al2O3为载体负载Pt制备的Pt/Al2O3,其活性高于以商品γ-Al2O3为载体制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3。催化剂表面的微观形貌和孔道结构会明显影响催化剂中Pt的分散度及Pt活性中心的催化效率,从而影响催化剂的整体性能。
首次利用“硝酸铝-葡萄糖-水”体系在180℃水热合成了球花型介孔Al2O3,通过研究影响合成Al2O3性能的因素和结构特征间的关系,提出了球花型介孔Al2O3的可能形成机理。研究发现,硝酸铝和葡萄糖的摩尔比、合成体系的pH值等对合成Al2O3的形貌有很大的影响,不同铝前驱体(如Al(NO3)3、AlCl3、Al(OCH(CH3)2)和Al2(SO4)3)对合成产物的形貌和组成也产生明显地影响。利用本文的方法可以合成金属掺杂的球花型Al2O3(如La-Al2O3和Ce-Al2O3等)和其它具有特殊形貌的金属氧化物(如形貌各异的La2O3、Ce2O3和Fe2O3等)。以球花型Al2O3为载体,用等体积浸渍法和原位还原法制备了Pt/Al2O3催化剂。用等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂,Pt分散不均匀,颗粒较大。采用原位还原法制备的催化剂,Pt分散较好,但在制备过程中Pt的损失较大,且对Al2O3载体的结构有一定的损坏作用。对于硝基苯催化加氢反应,在水溶液中原位还原制备的3.2%Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有最高的催化加氢活性,在醇溶液中原位还原制备的3.3%Pt/Al2O3与浸渍法制备的5.0%Pt/Al2O3的催化性能相当。
首次以“乙酸乙酯(EA)-偏铝酸钠-水”体系在室温下合成了纳米线组装的介孔Al2O3,研究发现,合成反应时间、静置前搅拌时间、NaAlO2用量、EA用量、反应温度和溶剂等都对合成产物的形貌、孔径分布及孔容大小产生影响。与用商品γ-Al2O3制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂相比,纳米线组装介孔Al2O3制备的Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有更多不同强度的正电吸附中心,或者负载的PrOx。以更多的分散相或粒子相存在,并能使负载在表面的部分还原态Pt粒子以纳米晶体的形式存在。对于硝基苯催化加氢反应,用合成的Al2O3为载体制备的Pt/Al2O3催化剂,比用商品γ-Al2O3制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有更好的催化活性。
以高浓度十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为液晶模板、Al(OCH(CH3)2)3为铝源合成的产物经过醇洗后具有一定的介孔有序性,但焙烧后Al2O3的介孔有序性失去。以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)或十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)为模板剂,在“尿素-硝酸铝-水”体系中合成的样品未焙烧前具有有序介孔结构,但在空气中焙烧后样品的有序介孔结构被破坏。合成母液中模板剂、尿素和硝酸铝的用量对合成样品的有序介孔结构产生明显的影响。制备的样品在N2气氛和低温(200℃以下)焙烧后具有明显的有序介孔结构,经高温(400℃以上)焙烧后,由于有机物的炭化和样品的严重脱水,使其介孔有序性完全失去。
在酸性和0℃条件下,以CTAB为模板剂和TEOS为硅源,采用“一步法”合成了球型MCM-41和Pt-MCM-41介孔材料(包括Pt-MCM-41、Pt-Al-MCM-41和Pt-La-MCM-41),这些材料的孔径在2-3nm,比表面积为1151-1389m2/g。在酸性条件下,金属阳离子(Al3+,La3+)具有很好的稳定性,在合成过程中很难被引入到合成的产物中。Pt的前躯体H2PtCl6,由于带负电的PtCl62-与带正电的C16H31(CH3)3N+之间的强相互静电作用,几乎100%的Pt在合成时能被引入到合成的介孔材料中,从而有效地避免了在碱性条件下一步合成含贵金属催化剂时贵金属利用率低的问题。合成的含Pt介孔材料经550℃焙烧除去模板剂过程中,H2PtCl6会发生分解并主要以金属Pt的形式存在,此外还有少量的PtOx。和Pt2Si生成。焙烧后的样品不经还原处理,对硝基苯加氢反应具有很好的催化活性和产物选择性,催化效果与还原后的相当。
Owing to the differences of purities, chemical compositions and crystal morphologies, Al2O3 displays many different performances, which has been used widely in many fields, such as metallurgy, astronautics, electronic, chemical processes, catalysts and supports, fireproof materials, insulation materials, filling agents, ceramics and mechanics, etc. As the catalytic materials, AI2O3 should behave a high thermal stability, big surface area, special structure and morphology. Nowadays, mesoporous Al2O3 with a high thermal stability, big surface area, special structure and morphology has attracted people's much more attention. In this thesis, some novel methods were designed to synthesize novel mesoporous Al2O3 and doped mesoporous Al2O3 and their textural and structural properties have been characterized by the recent analytic techniques. The catalytic performances of Pt catalysts supported mesoporous Al2O3 were investigated for the hydrogenation of acetophenone (or nitrobenzene). The effects of the textural and structural properties and morphologies of supports on the catalytic hydrogenation performances of Pt catalysts were studied. The main results obtained are as follows:
Mesoporous Al2O3 was synthesized with the synthesis solution of "Chitosan (CS)-Al(NO3)3-NH3-H2O ". The results indicate that, the CS amount in the synthesis solution has a great influence on the macro-shapes, surface mirco-morphologies, pore structures and surface areas of prepared Al2O3. When supported Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the "incipient wetness impregnation method" with the H2PtCl6 aqueous solution (7.72×10-2 mol/L, pH≈1), the acid eroding phenomenon of Al2O3 will occur, which results in the structure re-construction of Al2O3 and the surface area of the prepared Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is larger than that of the Al2O3 support, at the same time, its pore volume and pore size distribution will be changed. The calcination temperature of the as-synthesized catalyst has a great influence on the Pt dispersion. The appropriate calcination temperature is 550℃and is in favor of the good dispersion of Pt on the surface. For the hydrogenation of acetophenone, Pt/Al2O3 (synthesized A12O3 using CS as a template) has higher catalytic activity than Pt/y-Al2O3 (commercialγ-Al2O3). The catalytic properties of Pt active sites and Pt dispersion on the catalyst will be varied by the surface morphology and pore structure of support, resulting in the change of the catalytic efficiency of whole catalyst.
A novel flower-like spherical mesoporous A12O3 was synthesized hydrothermally first at 180℃in the synthesis solution of "Al(NO3)3-Glucose-H2O". The possible evolution process of flower-like spherical mesoporous A12O3 was proposed based on the relations of the structure characteristics and the effect factors on the structure properties of Al2O3. The results show that, the mole ratio of Al(NO3)3 to glucose, pH value in the synthesis solution and so on have a great influence on the morphology of prepared Al2O3, and the different Al precursors such as Al(NO3)3, AlC13, Al(OCH(CH3)2) and Al2(SO4)3 affect also the morphology and composition of prepared Al2O3. Using this novel method, the metal doped flower-like spherical Al2O3 (such as La-Al2O3 and Ce-Al2O3) and other metal oxides (such as La2O3, Ce2O3 and Fe2O3) with special morphology can be synthesized, indicating it is an excellent approach to prepare the metal oxides with special morphology. Using the flower-like spherical Al2O3 as the support, the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness method and in-situ reduction method. The catalyst prepared by an incipient wetness method has an uneven Pt dispersion and large Pt particles. The catalyst prepared by an in-situ reduction method has a good Pt dispersion, however, during the preparing process, a quite amount of Pt will be lost, and the structure of Al2O3 support will be destroyed in a certain degree. For the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene,3.2%Pt/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by an in-situ reduction method in aqueous solution has the higher catalytic activity than that of 3.3%Pt/Al2O3 prepared by the in-situ reduction method in ethanol solution, the latter has the similar catalytic activity to 5.0%Pt/Al2O3 prepared by an incipient wetness method.
In the synthesis solution of "Ethyl Acetate (EA)-NaAlO2-H20", the nanowire assembled mesoporous Al2O3 was synthesized first at room temperature. The properties (such as morphology, pore size distribution and pore volume) of the synthesized Al2O3 are affected by the reaction time, aged time under stirring before standing, NaAlO2 and EA amounts, and reaction temperature, solvent and so on. Using synthesized Al2O3 and commercialγ-Al2O3 as the supports, the Pt catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness method. Compared with the Pt catalyst on commercialγ-Al2O3, the Pt catalyst on the nanowire assembled mesoporous Al2O3 (Pt/Al2O3), has much more positive charged adsorption centers with different strengths, or the PtOx supported on it exists as much more dispersed phase or particle phase, which makes some Pt particles supported on the synthesized Al2O3 exist as Pt nano-crystals. For the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, Pt/Al2O3 has an excellent catalytic activity, which is higher than that of Pt/γ-Al2O3.
Using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a liquid crystal template and Al(OCH(CH3)2)3 as Al source, obtained Al2O3 after washed with ethanol is of a certain ordered meso-pore structure, which will be lost after being calcined. Using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) or sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) as a template and the "Urea-Al(NO3)3-H2O" synthesis system, the as-synthesized sample is of the ordered meso-structure and will be destroyed after being calcined in air. The amounts of template, urea and Al(NO3)3 in the synthesis solution have a influence on the ordered pore structure of as-synthesized samples. When the as-synthesized sample is calcined at below 200℃in N2, its ordered meso-structure can be maintained, and after being calcined at above 200℃its ordered meso-structure will be lost because of the carbonization of organic compounds and the severe dehydration of the calcined sample.
Spherical-like Pt-MCM-41 meso-materials (including Pt-MCM-41, Pt-Al-MCM-41 and Pt-La-MCM-41) and MCM-41 were synthesized by a "one-step" approach with orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template in the acidic solution at 0℃. The prepared samples have high surface areas of 1151-1389 m2/g with the pores of 2-3 nm. As the metallic cations (such as Al3+ and La3+) are very stable in acidic solution and the metal-O-Si bonds can formed uneasy, they are hardly incorporated into the synthesized samples. H2PtCl2 precursor can be almost 100% incorporated in the samples, based on the strong electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged PtCl62- and the positively charged C16H31(CH3)3N+, which avoids the low utilization of precious metal in synthesizing the precious metal-containing catalyst at the basic condition. H2PtCl6 in the as-synthesized samples can be decomposed mostly into metallic Pt with part of Pt2Si and few Pt oxides, when the as-synthesized sample was calcined at 550℃to remove the template. For the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, the calcined Pt-MCM-41 meso-material exhibits high catalytic activity with excellent selectivity to aniline, which is similar to the corresponding reduced sample.
利用“壳聚糖(CS)-硝酸铝-氨水”体系合成了介孔Al2O3。研究发现,合成过程中CS的用量对合成的Al2O3的宏观形状、表面微观形貌、孔结构及比表面积均有很大的影响。用H2PtCl6水溶液(7.72×10-2mol/L,pH≈1)等体积浸渍合成的Al2O3制备Pt/Al2O3的过程中会发生酸刻蚀现象,从而使Al2O3载体的孔结构发生重构,导致制备的催化剂的比表面积大于Al2O3载体,同时孔容和孔径分布也发生了变化。催化剂的焙烧温度对Pt分散度影响很大,合适的焙烧温度(550℃)有利于表面Pt的分散。对于苯乙酮加氢反应,以CS为模板合成的介孔Al2O3为载体负载Pt制备的Pt/Al2O3,其活性高于以商品γ-Al2O3为载体制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3。催化剂表面的微观形貌和孔道结构会明显影响催化剂中Pt的分散度及Pt活性中心的催化效率,从而影响催化剂的整体性能。
首次利用“硝酸铝-葡萄糖-水”体系在180℃水热合成了球花型介孔Al2O3,通过研究影响合成Al2O3性能的因素和结构特征间的关系,提出了球花型介孔Al2O3的可能形成机理。研究发现,硝酸铝和葡萄糖的摩尔比、合成体系的pH值等对合成Al2O3的形貌有很大的影响,不同铝前驱体(如Al(NO3)3、AlCl3、Al(OCH(CH3)2)和Al2(SO4)3)对合成产物的形貌和组成也产生明显地影响。利用本文的方法可以合成金属掺杂的球花型Al2O3(如La-Al2O3和Ce-Al2O3等)和其它具有特殊形貌的金属氧化物(如形貌各异的La2O3、Ce2O3和Fe2O3等)。以球花型Al2O3为载体,用等体积浸渍法和原位还原法制备了Pt/Al2O3催化剂。用等体积浸渍法制备的催化剂,Pt分散不均匀,颗粒较大。采用原位还原法制备的催化剂,Pt分散较好,但在制备过程中Pt的损失较大,且对Al2O3载体的结构有一定的损坏作用。对于硝基苯催化加氢反应,在水溶液中原位还原制备的3.2%Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有最高的催化加氢活性,在醇溶液中原位还原制备的3.3%Pt/Al2O3与浸渍法制备的5.0%Pt/Al2O3的催化性能相当。
首次以“乙酸乙酯(EA)-偏铝酸钠-水”体系在室温下合成了纳米线组装的介孔Al2O3,研究发现,合成反应时间、静置前搅拌时间、NaAlO2用量、EA用量、反应温度和溶剂等都对合成产物的形貌、孔径分布及孔容大小产生影响。与用商品γ-Al2O3制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂相比,纳米线组装介孔Al2O3制备的Pt/Al2O3催化剂具有更多不同强度的正电吸附中心,或者负载的PrOx。以更多的分散相或粒子相存在,并能使负载在表面的部分还原态Pt粒子以纳米晶体的形式存在。对于硝基苯催化加氢反应,用合成的Al2O3为载体制备的Pt/Al2O3催化剂,比用商品γ-Al2O3制备的Pt/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有更好的催化活性。
以高浓度十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为液晶模板、Al(OCH(CH3)2)3为铝源合成的产物经过醇洗后具有一定的介孔有序性,但焙烧后Al2O3的介孔有序性失去。以十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)或十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)为模板剂,在“尿素-硝酸铝-水”体系中合成的样品未焙烧前具有有序介孔结构,但在空气中焙烧后样品的有序介孔结构被破坏。合成母液中模板剂、尿素和硝酸铝的用量对合成样品的有序介孔结构产生明显的影响。制备的样品在N2气氛和低温(200℃以下)焙烧后具有明显的有序介孔结构,经高温(400℃以上)焙烧后,由于有机物的炭化和样品的严重脱水,使其介孔有序性完全失去。
在酸性和0℃条件下,以CTAB为模板剂和TEOS为硅源,采用“一步法”合成了球型MCM-41和Pt-MCM-41介孔材料(包括Pt-MCM-41、Pt-Al-MCM-41和Pt-La-MCM-41),这些材料的孔径在2-3nm,比表面积为1151-1389m2/g。在酸性条件下,金属阳离子(Al3+,La3+)具有很好的稳定性,在合成过程中很难被引入到合成的产物中。Pt的前躯体H2PtCl6,由于带负电的PtCl62-与带正电的C16H31(CH3)3N+之间的强相互静电作用,几乎100%的Pt在合成时能被引入到合成的介孔材料中,从而有效地避免了在碱性条件下一步合成含贵金属催化剂时贵金属利用率低的问题。合成的含Pt介孔材料经550℃焙烧除去模板剂过程中,H2PtCl6会发生分解并主要以金属Pt的形式存在,此外还有少量的PtOx。和Pt2Si生成。焙烧后的样品不经还原处理,对硝基苯加氢反应具有很好的催化活性和产物选择性,催化效果与还原后的相当。
Owing to the differences of purities, chemical compositions and crystal morphologies, Al2O3 displays many different performances, which has been used widely in many fields, such as metallurgy, astronautics, electronic, chemical processes, catalysts and supports, fireproof materials, insulation materials, filling agents, ceramics and mechanics, etc. As the catalytic materials, AI2O3 should behave a high thermal stability, big surface area, special structure and morphology. Nowadays, mesoporous Al2O3 with a high thermal stability, big surface area, special structure and morphology has attracted people's much more attention. In this thesis, some novel methods were designed to synthesize novel mesoporous Al2O3 and doped mesoporous Al2O3 and their textural and structural properties have been characterized by the recent analytic techniques. The catalytic performances of Pt catalysts supported mesoporous Al2O3 were investigated for the hydrogenation of acetophenone (or nitrobenzene). The effects of the textural and structural properties and morphologies of supports on the catalytic hydrogenation performances of Pt catalysts were studied. The main results obtained are as follows:
Mesoporous Al2O3 was synthesized with the synthesis solution of "Chitosan (CS)-Al(NO3)3-NH3-H2O ". The results indicate that, the CS amount in the synthesis solution has a great influence on the macro-shapes, surface mirco-morphologies, pore structures and surface areas of prepared Al2O3. When supported Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by the "incipient wetness impregnation method" with the H2PtCl6 aqueous solution (7.72×10-2 mol/L, pH≈1), the acid eroding phenomenon of Al2O3 will occur, which results in the structure re-construction of Al2O3 and the surface area of the prepared Pt/Al2O3 catalyst is larger than that of the Al2O3 support, at the same time, its pore volume and pore size distribution will be changed. The calcination temperature of the as-synthesized catalyst has a great influence on the Pt dispersion. The appropriate calcination temperature is 550℃and is in favor of the good dispersion of Pt on the surface. For the hydrogenation of acetophenone, Pt/Al2O3 (synthesized A12O3 using CS as a template) has higher catalytic activity than Pt/y-Al2O3 (commercialγ-Al2O3). The catalytic properties of Pt active sites and Pt dispersion on the catalyst will be varied by the surface morphology and pore structure of support, resulting in the change of the catalytic efficiency of whole catalyst.
A novel flower-like spherical mesoporous A12O3 was synthesized hydrothermally first at 180℃in the synthesis solution of "Al(NO3)3-Glucose-H2O". The possible evolution process of flower-like spherical mesoporous A12O3 was proposed based on the relations of the structure characteristics and the effect factors on the structure properties of Al2O3. The results show that, the mole ratio of Al(NO3)3 to glucose, pH value in the synthesis solution and so on have a great influence on the morphology of prepared Al2O3, and the different Al precursors such as Al(NO3)3, AlC13, Al(OCH(CH3)2) and Al2(SO4)3 affect also the morphology and composition of prepared Al2O3. Using this novel method, the metal doped flower-like spherical Al2O3 (such as La-Al2O3 and Ce-Al2O3) and other metal oxides (such as La2O3, Ce2O3 and Fe2O3) with special morphology can be synthesized, indicating it is an excellent approach to prepare the metal oxides with special morphology. Using the flower-like spherical Al2O3 as the support, the Pt/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness method and in-situ reduction method. The catalyst prepared by an incipient wetness method has an uneven Pt dispersion and large Pt particles. The catalyst prepared by an in-situ reduction method has a good Pt dispersion, however, during the preparing process, a quite amount of Pt will be lost, and the structure of Al2O3 support will be destroyed in a certain degree. For the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene,3.2%Pt/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by an in-situ reduction method in aqueous solution has the higher catalytic activity than that of 3.3%Pt/Al2O3 prepared by the in-situ reduction method in ethanol solution, the latter has the similar catalytic activity to 5.0%Pt/Al2O3 prepared by an incipient wetness method.
In the synthesis solution of "Ethyl Acetate (EA)-NaAlO2-H20", the nanowire assembled mesoporous Al2O3 was synthesized first at room temperature. The properties (such as morphology, pore size distribution and pore volume) of the synthesized Al2O3 are affected by the reaction time, aged time under stirring before standing, NaAlO2 and EA amounts, and reaction temperature, solvent and so on. Using synthesized Al2O3 and commercialγ-Al2O3 as the supports, the Pt catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness method. Compared with the Pt catalyst on commercialγ-Al2O3, the Pt catalyst on the nanowire assembled mesoporous Al2O3 (Pt/Al2O3), has much more positive charged adsorption centers with different strengths, or the PtOx supported on it exists as much more dispersed phase or particle phase, which makes some Pt particles supported on the synthesized Al2O3 exist as Pt nano-crystals. For the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, Pt/Al2O3 has an excellent catalytic activity, which is higher than that of Pt/γ-Al2O3.
Using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a liquid crystal template and Al(OCH(CH3)2)3 as Al source, obtained Al2O3 after washed with ethanol is of a certain ordered meso-pore structure, which will be lost after being calcined. Using sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) or sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) as a template and the "Urea-Al(NO3)3-H2O" synthesis system, the as-synthesized sample is of the ordered meso-structure and will be destroyed after being calcined in air. The amounts of template, urea and Al(NO3)3 in the synthesis solution have a influence on the ordered pore structure of as-synthesized samples. When the as-synthesized sample is calcined at below 200℃in N2, its ordered meso-structure can be maintained, and after being calcined at above 200℃its ordered meso-structure will be lost because of the carbonization of organic compounds and the severe dehydration of the calcined sample.
Spherical-like Pt-MCM-41 meso-materials (including Pt-MCM-41, Pt-Al-MCM-41 and Pt-La-MCM-41) and MCM-41 were synthesized by a "one-step" approach with orthosilicate (TEOS) as silica source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a template in the acidic solution at 0℃. The prepared samples have high surface areas of 1151-1389 m2/g with the pores of 2-3 nm. As the metallic cations (such as Al3+ and La3+) are very stable in acidic solution and the metal-O-Si bonds can formed uneasy, they are hardly incorporated into the synthesized samples. H2PtCl2 precursor can be almost 100% incorporated in the samples, based on the strong electrostatic interaction between the negatively charged PtCl62- and the positively charged C16H31(CH3)3N+, which avoids the low utilization of precious metal in synthesizing the precious metal-containing catalyst at the basic condition. H2PtCl6 in the as-synthesized samples can be decomposed mostly into metallic Pt with part of Pt2Si and few Pt oxides, when the as-synthesized sample was calcined at 550℃to remove the template. For the catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, the calcined Pt-MCM-41 meso-material exhibits high catalytic activity with excellent selectivity to aniline, which is similar to the corresponding reduced sample.
引文
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