基于单端暂态行波的接地故障测距与保护研究
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摘要
输配电线路是电力系统运行的大动脉,是连接发电厂与终端用户的纽带。由于其工作环境极为恶劣,暴露于风雨,穿行于山野,所以是电力系统中发生故障最多的地方,而且极难查找。在线路发生故障后,快速切除故障并迅速准确地找到故障点,不仅对及时修复线路、快速恢复供电,而且对整个电力系统的安全稳定和经济运行都有十分重要的作用。
近年来,随着数据采集与处理技术和光电互感器实用化技术的发展,基于暂态行波的超高速保护和故障测距成为继电保护领域的一个研究热点,已取得了一定的成果,不少成果已经在电力系统中获得应用,取得了较好的效果。但到目前为止,这些技术尚不十分成熟,仍然存在不少的问题有待进一步深入研究。
本文以基于暂态行波的单端故障测距、保护为研究对象,旨在借鉴、总结前人工作经验教训的基础上,根据目前存在的问题,结合现代分析方法和技术手段,提出新的工作原理及算法,以期解决目前技术中存在的问题。具体研究工作有以下几点:
(?)分析了模量电阻、电感、波速度和衰减系数随频率变化的规律,为后续的行波传输规律的分析奠定了基础。论述了二进小波适合于暂态信号奇异性检测的特点,并指出了基于二进小波的奇异性检测方法WTMM法和WTMS法的不足,提出了利用所有尺度的模极大值或模极大值之和,根据最小二乘法估算信号奇异性的新方法,该方法具有较高精度,为后续Lipschitz指数的定量分析奠定了基础。
(?)介绍了检测波速度的概念,分析了暂态行波随传输距离的变化规律,得出了以下结论:检测波速度随传输距离的增加而单调降低;波头Lipschitz指数随传输距离的增加而单调增加。导出了波速度和波头Lipschitz指数之间特定的对应关系。分析了过渡电阻、故障初相位和故障类型对检测波速度和波头Lipschitz指数的影响,得出了上述因素对两者之间的对应关系基本没有影响的结论,为后续波速度的估算提供了理论基础。
(?)利用输电网的线路模型对上述行波传输规律进行了验证,证实了理论分析的正确性。根据波头Lipschitz指数和检测波速度之间的这种特定对应关系,本文提出了利用BP神经网络估算零模波速度的方法,进而提出了基于零模、线模波速度差的输电线行波测距算法。最后利用ATP进行了大量仿真,仿真结果证实了该算法的有效性。
(?)考虑到配电网自身的特点,本文又利用配电网的线路模型对上述结论进行了验证,证实了上述结论同样适用于配电线路。本文提出了利用样条插值估算零模波速度的方法,仿真证实了该方法的估算精度,并给出了基于零模和线模速度差的测距算法,通过仿真验证了该算法的有效性。考虑到配电线路长度较短,过渡电阻和故障初相位对零模到达时刻的影响非常小,可以认为故障距离只和模量传输时间差有关,本文利用BP神经网络对故障距离和模量传输时间差之间的对应关系进行了建模,进而得到了基于模量传输时间差的配电网行波测距算法。利用样本数据对神经网络进行训练后,达到了设定的误差要求。最后,通过ATP仿真验证了算法的有效性。
(?)本文首先分析了阻波器对暂态行波传输规律的影响,得出了以下结论:零模分量检测波速度在阻波器前后有个突变,而线模分量检测波速度在阻波器前后基本不变,这样模量传输时间差在阻波器前后有个突变,据此可以判断区内、区外故障。本文又分析了行波能量方向元件的基本原理,通过对比分析选择了线模组合模量做为分析模量,考虑到积分起始时刻的确定需要行波奇异性检测原理,为了避免在小故障初相位时,发生拒动或误动问题,增加了正反向故障的闭锁条件。这样上述边界元件和方向元件相配合,便可以构成基于单端量的接地故障全线速动保护。最后通过仿真验证了上述算法的有效性,在闭锁条件开放的情况下,该算法不受过渡电阻和故障初相位的影响。
(?)本文首先从行波传输的角度出发,对小电流接地系统发生故障时的暂态过程进行了详细的分析,并通过分析得出以下结论:故障线路的反向电压行波和正向电压行波同时到达,而非故障线路的反向电压行波要滞后正向电压行波一定时间后到达;并且故障线路和非故障线路正向电压行波的初始极性相反。本文利用这两个特征,提出了基于正反向行波能量之比和正向电压行波初始极性的故障选线新判据。最后通过暂态仿真软件ATP进行了仿真,仿真结果证实了上述原理的有效性,并不受故障初相角和过渡电阻的影响。
(?)针对首半波法所存在的问题,本文利用小波变换技术的时频分析能力,对故障暂态信号进行分解后,利用近似系数进行重构。充分利用其提供的时频域信息,定义了系统特征时刻和零序电压特征值的概念,在特征时刻故障线路和非故障线路零序电流的符号相反,若所有线路电流的符号都相同,则认为母线故障;对于只有2条出线的系统,可以采用零序电流暂态极大值和零序电压特征值极性比较的方法。最后,通过仿真验证了该方法的正确性。
(?)小电流接地故障选线保护装置的研制。本文针对目前小电流单相接地故障选线成功率低和自动化程度不高的现状,根据上述暂态选线方法,结合注入法,零序电流有功功率增量法,三种选线判据组成的综合选线方案。在硬件方面,利用uPSD3334D强大的系统功能和接口能力,TMS320VC33强大的数据处理能力,组成了双CPU系统,并给出了完善的软硬件设计方案。该装置实现了基于模糊理论的综合选线方案,以及友好的人机交互界面和组网功能,较好的满足了配网自动化的要求。该装置已应用于泰安电校的继电保护培训系统中,应用效果良好;并在大庆油田采油一厂中十三联变电所做了现场接地试验,均正确选出故障线路,获得一致好评。
Transmission and distribution lines are essential parts of the power systems, attaching power plants and end-users. Meanwhile power lines are the places where the most faults occur in power system, and the fault seeking is very difficult because these lines are mostly working in harsh circumstance, exposing to the wind and rain and passing through hill and field. When power line faults occur, quickly removing the fault and correctly locating the fault point would be critical for repairing power lines and restoring power supply in time. Moreover, it would also play an important role in safety stability and economical operation of the whole power systems.
In recent years, with the development of data gathering and processing, and optical electric transducer operative technology, traveling wave based ultra high speed protection and fault location are currently highlighted in relay protection domain, and some have been applied in power systems and obtained certain achievements. But by now, these technologies still have not been put into application well enough; and there are still some questions needed to be researched further.
According to the current questions and utilizing the predecessor's work andintegrating modern analysis method and technique, this paper studies ontransient traveling wave based ultra high speed protection and fault location, putforward new principles and algorithms, and look forward to solving theproblems of current technology. Details of the research works are as following:
Establish the transmission line model which consider frequencycharacteristic, adopt phase to mode transformation, and analyze thechanging rule with frequency of the resistance, inductance, wave velocity,and attenuation coefficient of each modes. Further analyze the advantage ofusing dyadic wavelet transform to detect singularity, and point out theadvantages and disadvantages of exploiting WTMM and WTMS methods inLipschitz exponent calculating. Propose a new Lipschitz exponent estimatedalgorithms based on the least square method with a high precision, whichprepared the ground for the quantitative analysis of Lipschitz exponent.
This paper obtains the following conclusions through analyzing transienttraveling wave changing rule with propagation distance: wave velocitydetected decreases monotonously with propagation distance increasing;wave head Lipschitz exponent increases monotonously with propagationdistance increasing. Obtain the special correspondence of wave velocity towave head Lipschitz exponent, analyze transition resistor, fault inceptionphase, fault type influences on wave velocity and wave head Lipschitzexponent, and gain the conclusion that it does not affect the correspondsbasically.
This paper verifies the changing rule of the wave velocity and wave head Lipschitz exponent with propagation distance, using transmission line parameter. And this paper presents the fact that transition resistor and inception angle influence on wave velocity and wave head Lipschitz exponent by simulation. The simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the principle analysis. From the analysis above, this paper presents new fault location algorithm based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave, using wavelet transform and BP neural network technology. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
This paper verifies the above conclusions again using distribution line parameter, and put forward a new estimation method of zero mode wave velocity based on splint interpolation. Thus a new fault location algorithm based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave has been presented. And ATP simulation results have verified the fault location precision. Since the distribution length is short, there is little influence of transition resistor and inception angle on wave velocity, so it can be considered that the propagation distance is only relate to the propagation time gap of zero mode and aerial mode. This paper model the relation between propagation distance and the propagation time gap using BP neural network, and bring forward a new fault location based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results. Based on above analysis, a new algorithm of fault location based on wavelet transform and neutral network is presented, which take advantages of the time-frequency analysis capacity of wavelet and neural network strongly nonlinear fitting capacity. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
Presents a single end traveling wave protection algorithm. This paper draws the following conclusion analyzed the influence of line trap on transient traveling wave: aerial mode velocity changes little in front and rear of line trap; zero mode velocity has a sudden change in front and rear of line trap, so that the propagation time gap of zero mode and aerial mode has a sudden change in front and rear of line trap, and the fault zone can be determined based on this conclusion. This paper also analyzes traveling wave energy direction unit principle, and adds latch condition in forward and reverse fault. Thus the boundary unit and direction unit can form the whole line quick protection. In the end, the effectiveness of presented algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
Put forward a new fault line selection criterion in non-solidly earthed network based on direction traveling wave. Using the traveling wave technology, this paper elaborately analyzes the transient state process of non-solidly earthed network when single phase earth fault occurring, and discovered the follow conclusions: in the fault line forward voltage traveling wave and the backward voltage traveling wave are both arrived, but in the healthy lines, the arrival time of the backward voltage traveling wave lagged behind that of the forward voltage traveling wave certain amount; the initial polarity of forward voltage traveling wave in the fault line and the health line is extremely opposite. According to those two characteristics, this paper proposes new criterion of fault line selection based on the ratio of the forward and backward traveling wave energy and the forward voltage traveling wave polarity. This criterion will not be affected by fault initial phase angle and transition resistance. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
A new criterion for fault line selection based on the maximum of zero-sequence transient current is proposed. It utilizes the approximate coefficients and its relative time domain information after wavelet transform. The characteristic time and characteristic value of zero-sequence voltage are defined. At the characteristic time, the zero-sequence current polarity of faulted feeder is opposite from the healthy feeders. However, if all the polarities are the same, the fault occurs on the bus bar. For the system with only two feeders, this method can compare the polarity of the maximum of zero-sequence transient current and characteristic value of zero-sequence voltage. The db4 wavelet is selected to analyze the original signal in 4 levels. Not affected by fault initial phase angle and the manner of neutral grounding, this criterion is capable of withstanding high transition resistance. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by simulation.
fault line selection device for non-solidly earthed network is designed and developed. For overcoming the low success rate of the fault line selection and the low level of automation of single-phase earth fault diagnosis in non-solidly earthed network, this paper proposes a synthetic fault line selection based on three criterions: injection signal method, the criterion based on the increment of active component of zero sequence current, and the criterion based on the maximum of zero sequence transient current. About the hardware of the device, this paper designed a system based on double CPU, which formed by uPSD3334D with powerful system functions and rich peripheral ports and TMS320VC33 with powerful data processing ability. Also this paper provides a hardware platform to have friendly interface and network capacity. The devices have been applied in relay protection training system of Tai'an electric school with good performance, and have been tested in Zhongshisanlian substation of Daqing Oilfield. During these tests all the fault lines have been selected correctly.
近年来,随着数据采集与处理技术和光电互感器实用化技术的发展,基于暂态行波的超高速保护和故障测距成为继电保护领域的一个研究热点,已取得了一定的成果,不少成果已经在电力系统中获得应用,取得了较好的效果。但到目前为止,这些技术尚不十分成熟,仍然存在不少的问题有待进一步深入研究。
本文以基于暂态行波的单端故障测距、保护为研究对象,旨在借鉴、总结前人工作经验教训的基础上,根据目前存在的问题,结合现代分析方法和技术手段,提出新的工作原理及算法,以期解决目前技术中存在的问题。具体研究工作有以下几点:
(?)分析了模量电阻、电感、波速度和衰减系数随频率变化的规律,为后续的行波传输规律的分析奠定了基础。论述了二进小波适合于暂态信号奇异性检测的特点,并指出了基于二进小波的奇异性检测方法WTMM法和WTMS法的不足,提出了利用所有尺度的模极大值或模极大值之和,根据最小二乘法估算信号奇异性的新方法,该方法具有较高精度,为后续Lipschitz指数的定量分析奠定了基础。
(?)介绍了检测波速度的概念,分析了暂态行波随传输距离的变化规律,得出了以下结论:检测波速度随传输距离的增加而单调降低;波头Lipschitz指数随传输距离的增加而单调增加。导出了波速度和波头Lipschitz指数之间特定的对应关系。分析了过渡电阻、故障初相位和故障类型对检测波速度和波头Lipschitz指数的影响,得出了上述因素对两者之间的对应关系基本没有影响的结论,为后续波速度的估算提供了理论基础。
(?)利用输电网的线路模型对上述行波传输规律进行了验证,证实了理论分析的正确性。根据波头Lipschitz指数和检测波速度之间的这种特定对应关系,本文提出了利用BP神经网络估算零模波速度的方法,进而提出了基于零模、线模波速度差的输电线行波测距算法。最后利用ATP进行了大量仿真,仿真结果证实了该算法的有效性。
(?)考虑到配电网自身的特点,本文又利用配电网的线路模型对上述结论进行了验证,证实了上述结论同样适用于配电线路。本文提出了利用样条插值估算零模波速度的方法,仿真证实了该方法的估算精度,并给出了基于零模和线模速度差的测距算法,通过仿真验证了该算法的有效性。考虑到配电线路长度较短,过渡电阻和故障初相位对零模到达时刻的影响非常小,可以认为故障距离只和模量传输时间差有关,本文利用BP神经网络对故障距离和模量传输时间差之间的对应关系进行了建模,进而得到了基于模量传输时间差的配电网行波测距算法。利用样本数据对神经网络进行训练后,达到了设定的误差要求。最后,通过ATP仿真验证了算法的有效性。
(?)本文首先分析了阻波器对暂态行波传输规律的影响,得出了以下结论:零模分量检测波速度在阻波器前后有个突变,而线模分量检测波速度在阻波器前后基本不变,这样模量传输时间差在阻波器前后有个突变,据此可以判断区内、区外故障。本文又分析了行波能量方向元件的基本原理,通过对比分析选择了线模组合模量做为分析模量,考虑到积分起始时刻的确定需要行波奇异性检测原理,为了避免在小故障初相位时,发生拒动或误动问题,增加了正反向故障的闭锁条件。这样上述边界元件和方向元件相配合,便可以构成基于单端量的接地故障全线速动保护。最后通过仿真验证了上述算法的有效性,在闭锁条件开放的情况下,该算法不受过渡电阻和故障初相位的影响。
(?)本文首先从行波传输的角度出发,对小电流接地系统发生故障时的暂态过程进行了详细的分析,并通过分析得出以下结论:故障线路的反向电压行波和正向电压行波同时到达,而非故障线路的反向电压行波要滞后正向电压行波一定时间后到达;并且故障线路和非故障线路正向电压行波的初始极性相反。本文利用这两个特征,提出了基于正反向行波能量之比和正向电压行波初始极性的故障选线新判据。最后通过暂态仿真软件ATP进行了仿真,仿真结果证实了上述原理的有效性,并不受故障初相角和过渡电阻的影响。
(?)针对首半波法所存在的问题,本文利用小波变换技术的时频分析能力,对故障暂态信号进行分解后,利用近似系数进行重构。充分利用其提供的时频域信息,定义了系统特征时刻和零序电压特征值的概念,在特征时刻故障线路和非故障线路零序电流的符号相反,若所有线路电流的符号都相同,则认为母线故障;对于只有2条出线的系统,可以采用零序电流暂态极大值和零序电压特征值极性比较的方法。最后,通过仿真验证了该方法的正确性。
(?)小电流接地故障选线保护装置的研制。本文针对目前小电流单相接地故障选线成功率低和自动化程度不高的现状,根据上述暂态选线方法,结合注入法,零序电流有功功率增量法,三种选线判据组成的综合选线方案。在硬件方面,利用uPSD3334D强大的系统功能和接口能力,TMS320VC33强大的数据处理能力,组成了双CPU系统,并给出了完善的软硬件设计方案。该装置实现了基于模糊理论的综合选线方案,以及友好的人机交互界面和组网功能,较好的满足了配网自动化的要求。该装置已应用于泰安电校的继电保护培训系统中,应用效果良好;并在大庆油田采油一厂中十三联变电所做了现场接地试验,均正确选出故障线路,获得一致好评。
Transmission and distribution lines are essential parts of the power systems, attaching power plants and end-users. Meanwhile power lines are the places where the most faults occur in power system, and the fault seeking is very difficult because these lines are mostly working in harsh circumstance, exposing to the wind and rain and passing through hill and field. When power line faults occur, quickly removing the fault and correctly locating the fault point would be critical for repairing power lines and restoring power supply in time. Moreover, it would also play an important role in safety stability and economical operation of the whole power systems.
In recent years, with the development of data gathering and processing, and optical electric transducer operative technology, traveling wave based ultra high speed protection and fault location are currently highlighted in relay protection domain, and some have been applied in power systems and obtained certain achievements. But by now, these technologies still have not been put into application well enough; and there are still some questions needed to be researched further.
According to the current questions and utilizing the predecessor's work andintegrating modern analysis method and technique, this paper studies ontransient traveling wave based ultra high speed protection and fault location, putforward new principles and algorithms, and look forward to solving theproblems of current technology. Details of the research works are as following:
Establish the transmission line model which consider frequencycharacteristic, adopt phase to mode transformation, and analyze thechanging rule with frequency of the resistance, inductance, wave velocity,and attenuation coefficient of each modes. Further analyze the advantage ofusing dyadic wavelet transform to detect singularity, and point out theadvantages and disadvantages of exploiting WTMM and WTMS methods inLipschitz exponent calculating. Propose a new Lipschitz exponent estimatedalgorithms based on the least square method with a high precision, whichprepared the ground for the quantitative analysis of Lipschitz exponent.
This paper obtains the following conclusions through analyzing transienttraveling wave changing rule with propagation distance: wave velocitydetected decreases monotonously with propagation distance increasing;wave head Lipschitz exponent increases monotonously with propagationdistance increasing. Obtain the special correspondence of wave velocity towave head Lipschitz exponent, analyze transition resistor, fault inceptionphase, fault type influences on wave velocity and wave head Lipschitzexponent, and gain the conclusion that it does not affect the correspondsbasically.
This paper verifies the changing rule of the wave velocity and wave head Lipschitz exponent with propagation distance, using transmission line parameter. And this paper presents the fact that transition resistor and inception angle influence on wave velocity and wave head Lipschitz exponent by simulation. The simulation results have verified the effectiveness of the principle analysis. From the analysis above, this paper presents new fault location algorithm based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave, using wavelet transform and BP neural network technology. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
This paper verifies the above conclusions again using distribution line parameter, and put forward a new estimation method of zero mode wave velocity based on splint interpolation. Thus a new fault location algorithm based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave has been presented. And ATP simulation results have verified the fault location precision. Since the distribution length is short, there is little influence of transition resistor and inception angle on wave velocity, so it can be considered that the propagation distance is only relate to the propagation time gap of zero mode and aerial mode. This paper model the relation between propagation distance and the propagation time gap using BP neural network, and bring forward a new fault location based on zero mode and aerial mode traveling wave. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results. Based on above analysis, a new algorithm of fault location based on wavelet transform and neutral network is presented, which take advantages of the time-frequency analysis capacity of wavelet and neural network strongly nonlinear fitting capacity. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
Presents a single end traveling wave protection algorithm. This paper draws the following conclusion analyzed the influence of line trap on transient traveling wave: aerial mode velocity changes little in front and rear of line trap; zero mode velocity has a sudden change in front and rear of line trap, so that the propagation time gap of zero mode and aerial mode has a sudden change in front and rear of line trap, and the fault zone can be determined based on this conclusion. This paper also analyzes traveling wave energy direction unit principle, and adds latch condition in forward and reverse fault. Thus the boundary unit and direction unit can form the whole line quick protection. In the end, the effectiveness of presented algorithm has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
Put forward a new fault line selection criterion in non-solidly earthed network based on direction traveling wave. Using the traveling wave technology, this paper elaborately analyzes the transient state process of non-solidly earthed network when single phase earth fault occurring, and discovered the follow conclusions: in the fault line forward voltage traveling wave and the backward voltage traveling wave are both arrived, but in the healthy lines, the arrival time of the backward voltage traveling wave lagged behind that of the forward voltage traveling wave certain amount; the initial polarity of forward voltage traveling wave in the fault line and the health line is extremely opposite. According to those two characteristics, this paper proposes new criterion of fault line selection based on the ratio of the forward and backward traveling wave energy and the forward voltage traveling wave polarity. This criterion will not be affected by fault initial phase angle and transition resistance. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by the ATP simulation results.
A new criterion for fault line selection based on the maximum of zero-sequence transient current is proposed. It utilizes the approximate coefficients and its relative time domain information after wavelet transform. The characteristic time and characteristic value of zero-sequence voltage are defined. At the characteristic time, the zero-sequence current polarity of faulted feeder is opposite from the healthy feeders. However, if all the polarities are the same, the fault occurs on the bus bar. For the system with only two feeders, this method can compare the polarity of the maximum of zero-sequence transient current and characteristic value of zero-sequence voltage. The db4 wavelet is selected to analyze the original signal in 4 levels. Not affected by fault initial phase angle and the manner of neutral grounding, this criterion is capable of withstanding high transition resistance. The effectiveness of the criterion has been verified by simulation.
fault line selection device for non-solidly earthed network is designed and developed. For overcoming the low success rate of the fault line selection and the low level of automation of single-phase earth fault diagnosis in non-solidly earthed network, this paper proposes a synthetic fault line selection based on three criterions: injection signal method, the criterion based on the increment of active component of zero sequence current, and the criterion based on the maximum of zero sequence transient current. About the hardware of the device, this paper designed a system based on double CPU, which formed by uPSD3334D with powerful system functions and rich peripheral ports and TMS320VC33 with powerful data processing ability. Also this paper provides a hardware platform to have friendly interface and network capacity. The devices have been applied in relay protection training system of Tai'an electric school with good performance, and have been tested in Zhongshisanlian substation of Daqing Oilfield. During these tests all the fault lines have been selected correctly.
引文
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