我国农村剩余劳动力转移的内生技术进步模式研究
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摘要
农村剩余劳动力从传统部门向现代部门转移是各国经济增长和发展中必然经历的一项重要的经济活动。从20世纪80年代开始,对我国农村剩余劳动力转移问题的探讨已经成为一个世界性的理论和实践课题。然而,从发展经济学的各种讨论中,我们看到,对农村剩余劳动力的探讨大都着重关注了影响农村剩余劳动力转移的各种因素及劳动力转移后的经济效益。在对我国农村剩余劳动力转移问题的各种经验研究中,我们更多的看到的是对不同因素影响效果的实证分析。本课题从前人的结论中引入对劳动力转移的“结果”的思考,论文基于从效率角度对分工和技术进步的理解,以分工效率为中间变量分析了我国农村剩余劳动力转移内生技术进步的四种典型模式。
     本课题的研究首先从基础理论着手,界定了分工效率和技术效率两个关键概念。从本质上说,分工效率就是配置效率。配置效率的规范解释是帕累托优先改变,或者如果一种产品生产的增加不会减少另一种产品的生产,那么,效率要求这种改变。技术效率是技术进步在生产中的实际表现,是将企业的生产过程作为一个主体,指在一定成本的约束下产量最大,或产量既定时成本最小。据此,论文阐述了分工效率、技术效率和农村剩余劳动力转移之间的相互关系,并界定了本课题所要应用的内生技术进步的基本概念。
     随后,本课题构建了分析我国农村剩余劳动力转移内生技术进步的四种典型模式的分析框架。其一,农村剩余劳动力结构性转移与城市市场效率改进。论文基于城乡不同劳动力之间的人力资本差异建立了农村转移劳动力、城市劳动力和厂商三方的议价模型,从行业(部门)的结构性、人力资本提高和资源配置状况改善三个方面分析了我国农村剩余劳动力结构性转移对技术效率改进的作用机制。其二,农村剩余劳动力转移与城市服务业多样化。以家政业兴起的超边际分析为例,论文研究了我国农村剩余劳动力转移对城市服务业多样化的促进。探讨了农村劳动力转移推动城市经济的分工细化和专业多样化发展的效应。其三,农村剩余劳动力转移与农户职能分工。论文研究了我国农村剩余劳动力转移后,不同农户家庭之间的职能分工。并且以生产和经营职能分工的超边际分析为例论述了这种分工格局推进了农业专业化的发展,专业化对交易成本的节约和农业产业化具有积极的作用。其四,农村剩余劳动力转移与农户家庭内分工。论文通过对农户家庭中剩余劳动力转移及家庭内部分工的博弈分析,指出农村剩余劳动力转移可以实现农户家庭内
Rural surplus labor migrates from the traditional sector to the modern sector is a significant economic activity, which national economic growth and development will inevitably experience. From the 1980s onwards, to my migration of rural surplus labor has become a worldwide exploring theoretical and practical issue. However, from the various discussions of development economics we see that most topics of the surplus rural labor migration focus various factors on the impact of migration and its economic efficiency. About the research on Chinese rural surplus labor migration, we see more results of empirical studies of different factors. This paper considering the perspective of efficiency of the division of labor and technological progress understanding analyzed the migration of rural surplus labor and four typical model of technological progress, which based on the previous conclusions of the labor movement "results" of reflection,
    The paper's first study is the basic theory to define the division of the two key concepts of efficiency and technical efficiency. In essence, the division of labor efficiency is the allocation efficiency. Interpretation of the norms of efficiency Paroto priority is a change or if the increase in production will not reduce the production of another product, then efficiency requires such a change. Technical efficiency is technological progress's actual performance of the enterprise in the production, is the main production process as a means to some of the cost of production by the largest and the smallest cost, or production established. Accordingly, the papers expounded division of efficiency, technical efficiency and the migration of rural surplus labor the interrelationship between, and defines this as the application of endogenous technological progress to the basic welfare.
    Subsequently, the paper designs the framework of analysis this migration of the surplus labor force in rural areas and technological progress's four typical models. First, the structural migration of rural surplus labor and urban market efficiency improvements. Based on the differences between the human capital of different labor, this paper establish rural migrating labor, urban labor and
引文
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    2 萨缪尔逊·诺德豪斯:《经济学》(第12版)第7编,高鸿业等泽,国家发展出版社,1992年,第1320页。
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    6 有学者对Arrow模型给予了较高评价,如朱勇(1999):“Arrow模型的重要性在于,它突破了新古典增长理论的研究框架,提出了第一个内生增长模型,从而促进了新增长理论的产生。”参见朱勇:《新增长理论》,商务印书馆,1999年12月版,第53-54页。
    7 中国社会科学院经济研究所编:《现代经济辞典》,凤凰出版社、江苏人民出版社,2005年,第849页。
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    11 马克思:《政治经济学批判》导言,《马克思恩格斯选集》第2卷,人民出版社,1972年,第103页。
    12 缪尔达尔在《反潮流:经济学批判论文集》(商务印书馆,1992年)中指出“发展是整个社会制度向上的运动,换言之,这不仅涉及到生产、产品的分配和生产方式,也涉及到生活水平、制度、观念和政策。”因此,经济增长与经济发展是不同的概念,经济发展不仅包含经济增长,还包括收入分配,社会公平、制度变迁、价值观转变乃至文化革命等广泛的内容。本文所研究的主要内容是属于经济增长的范畴,未涉及经济发展中的更多领域。
    13 萨缪尔逊、诺德豪斯:《经济学》(第12版)第7编,高鸿业等泽,国家发展出版社,1992年,第1320页。
    14 库兹涅茨:《现代经济增长:事实和思考》,载《诺贝尔经济学奖金获得者讲演集1969-1981》,中国社会科学出版社,1986年。
    15 亚当·斯密:《国民财富的性质和原因研究》(第1版),商务印书馆,1974年,第5页。
    16 亚当·斯密:《国民财富的性质和原因研究》(第1版),商务印书馆,1974年,第8页。
    17 亚当·斯密:《国民财富的性质和原因研究》(第1版),商务印书馆,1974年,第11页。
    18 所谓非要素增加型的技术进步是指带来要素组合方式改变,从而引起新产品出现的技术进步。与之相对应的是“要素增加型(factor-augmenting)技术进步”,即导致要素生产率提高,从而导致产出增加的技术进步。沈佳斌:《现代经济增长理论与发展经济学》(第1版),中国财政经济出版社,2004年,第30页。
    19 马克思:《资本论》第1卷,人民出版社,1975年,第1版,第486页。
    20 托达罗:《经济发展》(第1版),中国经济出版社,1999年1月,第85页
    21 舒尔茨:《改造传统农业》,商务印书馆,2003年版,第54页
    22 费景汉,古斯塔夫·拉尼斯:《增长和发展:演进的观点》,商务印书馆,2004年版译者序第3页
    23 托达罗:《第三世界的经济发展》(上),中国人民大学出版社,1988年版,第354页。
    24 托达罗:《第三世界的经济发展》(上),中国人民大学出版社,1988年版,第375-379页;谭崇台主编:《发展经济学》,上海人民出版社,1989年,第330-333页。
    25 与Lewis模型、Fei-Rains模型的假定一致。
    26 伊斯特林(Easterlin,R.A.)编:《发展中国家人口与经济变化》,1980年英文版,第339-310页:转引自潭崇台主编:《发展经济学》,上海人民出版社,1989年,第394-395页。
    27 这两个模型是指Todaro模型和之后的Harris-Todaro模型。
    28 Todaro模型政策建议包括:在城市失业存在甚至不断增加、“贫民窟”等“城市病”严重、迁移成本和机会成本较高的清况下,仅仅扩张城市现代工业部门是不够的,还必须大力改善农村基础设施、发展农村经济:为了减轻城市就业压力,要调整城市偏向工业化战略,控制城乡收入差距,减轻城乡就业机会不均衡现象;选择适宜的劳动密集型生产技术;扩大小型的劳动密集型工业;不能单纯依靠城市创造就业机会,必须在城乡之间同时创造就业机会;不能不加区别地发展高等教育事业,要大力发展实用教育;消除对生产要素价格的扭曲,对城市工业部门要少采取工资补贴等诱发人口流入的政策。(托达罗(Todam.M.P):《经济发展》,中国经济出版社,1999年版,第251页)
    29 最先提出隐蔽性失业这一概念的是Robison,J.,假设农业部门的所有劳动力都在就业,而且得到制度安排的小时工资,那么那些每小时边际生产率小于小时工资的劳动者就处于隐蔽失业状态。之后,R.Narks进行经典闸述:“隐蔽失业是指在既定的技术水平和资源条件下,在人口稠密的欠发达国家,农业劳动的边际生产率在一个很大范围内为零,即将一部分劳动力从农业中转移出去不会影响农业的产全。”(R.纳克斯:《欠发达国家的资本形成问题》(1960),商务印书馆,1966年版,第36页。)
    30 Maglin指出:“失业的性质不该由边际生产率是否为零决定,而应由就业与失业之间的边际生产率决定.……只要农业和服务业内的劳动力的边际生产率低于他在资本密集型部门就业时的生产率,那么就可以说农业和服务业内存在隐蔽性失业和剩余劳动力”。(Maglin,1976,第11页)(Maglin, S. A.,1976," Value and Price in the Labour-Surplus Economy", Oxford University Press.).
    31 Takagi, Y., 19?8, "Surplus Labour and Disguised Unemployment", Oxford Economic Papers, Vol. 30, No. 3,第447-457页。
    32 马克思:《资本论》第1卷,人民出版社,1975年,第1版,第379、407、423、403、365、384、492页。
    34 陆铭:《工资和就业的议价理论——对中国二元就业体制的效率考察》(第1版),上海三联书店 上海人们出版社2004年,第4页。
    35 虽然目前我国劳动力市场还不健全,但此处的假定主要是给后面的模型一个建立基础。
    38 文定理:最优决策从不同时买和卖同种产品,从不同时买和生产同种产品,最多卖一种产品。杨小凯:《经济学——新兴古典与新古典框架》,社会科学文献出版社,2003,第105页
    39 杨小凯:《经济学原理》,中国社会科学出版社,1998年版,第45-53页
    40 盛洪:《分工与交易—一个一般理论及其对中国非专业化问题的应用分析》(第1版),上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1994年。
    41 多纳德·海,德理克·莫瑞斯:《产业经济学与组织》(第1版),北京:经济科学出版社,2001年。
    44 John.R.Hicks(1932)“诱致性技术创新”理论假定要存在一种机制,当一种要素(如资本)的禀赋相对于另一种要素(如劳动力)变得丰富时,特定的相对要素价格将诱导出使用更多的资本和节省劳动力的技术变迁,这种有偏向性的技术变迁源于追求利润的企业家用相对丰富的资源代替相对稀缺的资源来降低生产成本的努力。(速水佑次朗《发展经济学——从贫穷到富裕》,社会科学出版社,第10页。)
    47 扬宜勇:《失业冲击波—中国就业发展报告》,北京:今日出版社1997年版,第110页。
    48 数据来源:《中国农村住户调查年鉴》(2002),中国统计出版社,2003年。
    50 杜鹰、白南生等;《走出乡村—中国农村劳动力流动实证研究。,北京;经济科学出版社,1997年版,第22页。
    51 程宏志:《“民工潮”呼唤城镇化》,《农民日报》第5版,2004.1.8。
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    54 见史晋川等著《制度变迁与经济发展:温州模式研究》(浙江大学出版社,2002)中对制度变迁的划分。
    55 见史晋川等著《制度变迁与经济发展:温州模式研究》(浙江大学出版社,2002)中对制度变迁的划分。
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