多孔介质中凝析气衰竭及注水开发机理研究
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摘要
凝析气田已在我国气田开发中占有重要的位置，其开发已受到石油工业界的重视。凝析气田是一类极为特殊而复杂的气田；一方面由于能同时采出天然气和凝析油而具有重要的经济价值；另一方面，在开发过程中由于地层压力的降低会出现反凝析的现象，从而使凝析气藏开发变的更为复杂，如何提高凝析油采收率变的更难。
凝析气藏通常采用衰竭或循环注气的开发方式，虽然采用衰竭开发方式大量的液态烃由于反凝析而损失在地层中，但是由于投资费用低，该方式在我国仍然是主要开发方式。本文结合塔里木、中原以及大港岩心衰竭实验，对凝析气藏衰竭开发机理以及影响凝析气藏衰竭开发效果的因素进行了深入分析；采用实验方法测试了凝析气衰竭临界流动饱和度、凝析油气采收率及在多孔介质中平衡凝析油气相渗曲线；结果发现真实相渗与常规相渗差别很大，分析认为导致其差异主要是由于界面张力的影响。采用两种类型相渗曲线用CMG数值模拟软件对实验结果进行模拟和预测。研究表明，岩心衰竭实验比PVT筒中凝析油采收率高；采用新的相渗曲线对凝析油衰竭采收率预测结果更能代表实际长岩心中衰竭实验结果。
国内首次开展注水开发凝析气藏室内研究，分别从水驱机理、实验对其可行性进行了探讨。实验研究结合板桥中区板Ⅱ组废弃凝析气藏，对气藏流体进行了PVT分析以及不同的注水压力、注水速度的长岩心驱替实验。研究表明注水速度、注水压力、注水量不同，凝析气藏的采收率不同；废弃凝析气藏注水开发比衰竭式开发可以获得更高的凝析油、气采收率。
Gas condensate fields are parts and parcels in the development of the gas field in China, the development of the gas condensate fields are lay store by the petroleum industry. Gas condensate fields are kinds of exceptive and complicated gas field; they assume key economic value because they both produce natural gas and condensate oil; the appearance of retrograde condensation because of the declining of the formation pressure during the development of those fields can make the development of this fields difficult, and because of it ,it is difficulty to improve the percent recovery of condensate oil.The conventional development fashions for the gas condensate fields are natural depletion and cyclic gas injection. Although a good deal of condensate oil is loss in the formation because of the appearance of retrograde condensation by the method of natural depletion, it is the main development method in China because of the lower investment cost. This paper closely researches the natural depletion mechanism for gas condensate fields and the factors affecting the effictiveness of developing the gas condensate fields by natural depletion with the help of the core experiments of Talimu ZhongYuan and DaGang; tests the critical flow saturation of condensate oil during the period of the depletion, the percent recovery of condensate oil and gas, the real relative permeability curves of equilibrium condensate oil and gas in porous medium . The results show that the real relative permeability curves are more different than the conventional ones, this paper thinks the IFT is the main reason leading the difference ; with two types of relative permeability curves, simulates and forecasts the results of experiments by CMG.. The research shows that the percent recovery of natural gas and condensate oil in core experiments are larger than one in PVT experiments; the forecasted percent recovery of condensate oil in depletion with the new relative permeability curves is more close to the result of depletion experiments in the real cores.This paper first conducts indoor waterflooding gas condensate system experiments in China, approaches the feasibility of waterflooding gas condensate from the aspects of the mechanism, experiment . The cores and the fluids in experiments are from the BanQiao abandoned gas condensate reservoirs. This paper conducts PVT analysis on the fluids and conducts different pressure and speeds waterflooding experiments. The research shows that different pressure, speeds and quantity of water injection can lead to different percent recover}'; water injection in abandoned gas condensate reservoirs can yield higher the percent recovery of natural gas and condensate oil than those in the natural depletion.
凝析气藏通常采用衰竭或循环注气的开发方式，虽然采用衰竭开发方式大量的液态烃由于反凝析而损失在地层中，但是由于投资费用低，该方式在我国仍然是主要开发方式。本文结合塔里木、中原以及大港岩心衰竭实验，对凝析气藏衰竭开发机理以及影响凝析气藏衰竭开发效果的因素进行了深入分析；采用实验方法测试了凝析气衰竭临界流动饱和度、凝析油气采收率及在多孔介质中平衡凝析油气相渗曲线；结果发现真实相渗与常规相渗差别很大，分析认为导致其差异主要是由于界面张力的影响。采用两种类型相渗曲线用CMG数值模拟软件对实验结果进行模拟和预测。研究表明，岩心衰竭实验比PVT筒中凝析油采收率高；采用新的相渗曲线对凝析油衰竭采收率预测结果更能代表实际长岩心中衰竭实验结果。
国内首次开展注水开发凝析气藏室内研究，分别从水驱机理、实验对其可行性进行了探讨。实验研究结合板桥中区板Ⅱ组废弃凝析气藏，对气藏流体进行了PVT分析以及不同的注水压力、注水速度的长岩心驱替实验。研究表明注水速度、注水压力、注水量不同，凝析气藏的采收率不同；废弃凝析气藏注水开发比衰竭式开发可以获得更高的凝析油、气采收率。
Gas condensate fields are parts and parcels in the development of the gas field in China, the development of the gas condensate fields are lay store by the petroleum industry. Gas condensate fields are kinds of exceptive and complicated gas field; they assume key economic value because they both produce natural gas and condensate oil; the appearance of retrograde condensation because of the declining of the formation pressure during the development of those fields can make the development of this fields difficult, and because of it ,it is difficulty to improve the percent recovery of condensate oil.The conventional development fashions for the gas condensate fields are natural depletion and cyclic gas injection. Although a good deal of condensate oil is loss in the formation because of the appearance of retrograde condensation by the method of natural depletion, it is the main development method in China because of the lower investment cost. This paper closely researches the natural depletion mechanism for gas condensate fields and the factors affecting the effictiveness of developing the gas condensate fields by natural depletion with the help of the core experiments of Talimu ZhongYuan and DaGang; tests the critical flow saturation of condensate oil during the period of the depletion, the percent recovery of condensate oil and gas, the real relative permeability curves of equilibrium condensate oil and gas in porous medium . The results show that the real relative permeability curves are more different than the conventional ones, this paper thinks the IFT is the main reason leading the difference ; with two types of relative permeability curves, simulates and forecasts the results of experiments by CMG.. The research shows that the percent recovery of natural gas and condensate oil in core experiments are larger than one in PVT experiments; the forecasted percent recovery of condensate oil in depletion with the new relative permeability curves is more close to the result of depletion experiments in the real cores.This paper first conducts indoor waterflooding gas condensate system experiments in China, approaches the feasibility of waterflooding gas condensate from the aspects of the mechanism, experiment . The cores and the fluids in experiments are from the BanQiao abandoned gas condensate reservoirs. This paper conducts PVT analysis on the fluids and conducts different pressure and speeds waterflooding experiments. The research shows that different pressure, speeds and quantity of water injection can lead to different percent recover}'; water injection in abandoned gas condensate reservoirs can yield higher the percent recovery of natural gas and condensate oil than those in the natural depletion.
引文
1．李仕伦，王鸣华，何江川．气田与凝析气田开发．北京：石油工业出版社，20001．206页
2．周慰云．国外凝析挥发油藏的开发．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．75页
3．李仕伦．天然气工业．北京：石油工业出版社，2000．6页
4．冈秦麟．中国五类气藏开发模式．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．100页
5．刘洪友．宝中区块凝析气藏类型判别及开采方式研究．河南石油，2000．3：16—19
6．杨川东．凝析气藏(井)合理开采技术的研究与应用．钻采工艺，1998，21(6)：25-28
7．刘廷元．凝析气藏的经济开采模式．中国工程科学，2001，3(3)：85-90
8．张之文．凝析气藏开采方式对比研究．国外油田工程，2002，18(3)：33-44
9. T. F. Begland. Depletion performance of volumetric high-pressured gas reservoirs. SPE 15523
10．金应渊．凝析气藏特性——由于凝析使生产能力和采收率降低．国外油田工程，1997．4：33-44
11. D. C. morel. Experimental determination of the mobility of hydrocarbon liquids during gas condensate reservoir depletion: three actual cases. SPE38922
12. Jacques Hagoot. Development of an offshore gas condensate reservoir by nitrogen injection vs. pressure depletion. SPE15873
13. Stephanie M. S. Leong. The depletion behaviour of the F23 gas field: integrated studies on historymatching dynamic data. SPE29309
14．魏永佩．90年代中国天然气储产量变化趋势分析．天然气工业，200323(1)：5—9
15. Gravier. Determination of gas -condensate relative permeability on whole cores under reservoir conditions. SPE Formation Evaluation, Feb: 9-15
16. Sacidi. Flow and phase behaviour of condensate and volatile oil porous. SPE4891
17. Asar. Influence of interfacial tension on gas/oil relative permeability in a gas condensate system. SPE Res. Eng, Feb: 257-264
18. Kapp. Gas-oil relative permeability ratio correlation from laboratory data. JPT. Sep1965: 1111-1112
19. Delclaud. investigation of gas-oil relative permeabilities, high permeability oil reservoir application. SPE16966
20. Dumore. Drainage capillary-pressure functions and the influence of connate water. OCT, 1974
21. Morel. Mobility of hydrocarbon liquids in gas condensate reservoirs: interpretation of depletion laboratory experiments. SPE24939
22. Danesh. experimental investigation of critical condensate saturation and its dependence on interstitial water saturation in water-wet rocks. SPE Reservoir engineering, August, 1991: 336-342
23. Ali. The influence of interfacial tension on liquid mobility in gas condensate systems. SPE26783
24. Henderson. An investigation into the process governing flow and recovery in different regimes present in gas condensate reservoirs. SPE26661
25. Kewen. Phenomenological modeling of critical condensate saturation and relative permeabilities in gas condensate systems. SPE56014
26. Munkerud. Measurement of relative permeability and flow properties of a gas condensate system during pressure depletion and pressure maintenance. SPE19071
27．阎庆来．凝析油在多孔介质中的相变特征。西安石油学院学报，1988，4(3)
28．朱维耀．多孔介质对气—液相变过程的影响．石油勘探与开发．1998，15(1)
29．杨金海、李海平、郭平等．孔隙介质中气体相变超声波测试方式研究．西南石油学院学报，1999，21(3)
30．阎庆来，何秋轩等．不同润湿性地层中凝析油气混合物渗流阻力的差异．西安石油学院学报，1987，7
31. J. M. Peden. Visual. Visual investigation of multiphase flow and phase investigations within porous media. SPE14037
32. Jane D. Gray. Modeling low IFT hydrocarbon phenomena in porous media. SPE Re, August 1991: 353-359
33. Sohrabi. Oilrecovery from waterfloodedreservoirs by injecting gas, alternately with water
34．刘中云，曾庆辉，唐周怀等．润湿性对采收率及相对渗透率的影响．石油与天然气地质，2000，21(2)：148-150
35．鄢捷年．油藏岩石润湿性对注水过程中驱油效率的影响．石油大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，22(3)：43-46
36．蒋明煊．油藏岩石润实性对采收率的影响．油气采收率技术，1995，2(3)：25—31
37. Kewen Li. Experimental study of wettability alteration to preferential aas-wetting in porous media and its effects. SPEJ2001
38. David. The influence of wettability on the recovery of oil and gas. SPE49317
39. Van Dijke. Wettability and relative permeability of lower cretaceous carbonate rock reservoir, Saudi Ara, SCA, 2001-03
40. Munkerud. Measuement of relative permeability and flow properties of a gas condensate system during pressure depletion and pressure maintenance. SPE19701
41. Haniff. Relative permeability and low tension fluid in gas condensate systems. SPE20917
42. Wagner. Effect of interfacial tension on displacement efficiency. SPE, 1966, Dec: 335-344
43. Fulcher. Effect of capillary number and its constituents on two-phase relative permeability curves. JPT, 1985, Feb: 249-260
44. Batycky. Low interfacial tension displacement studies. SPE, 1978, June: 13-16
45. Amaefule. The effect of interfacial tensions on relative oil-water permeabilies of consolidated porous media. SPE9783
46. Asar. Influence of interfacial tension on gas/oil relative permeability in a gas condensate system . SPE, Reservoir Engineering, 1988, Feb:257-264
47. Bardon. Influence of very low interfacial tension on relative permeability. SPEJ, OCT, 1980
49. J. F. Gravier. Determination of gas-condensate relative permeability on whole cores under reservoir conditions. SPE11493
50.Henderson.Measure and correlation of gas condensate relative permeability by the steady-state method.SPE30770
51.H.L.Chen. Determination of relative permeability and recovery for north sea gas-condensate reservoirs.SPE30769
52.R.I.Hawes. Feasibility Studies of waterflooding gas condensate reservoirs.SPE15875
53.Mattews. Feasibility Studies of waterflooding gas-condensate reservoirs.SPE,1987,Augl7
54.Henderson. Waterflooding of gas -condensate fluis in cores above and below the dewpoint.SPE22636
55.T.P.Fishlock. Three-phase mobility studies for the prediction of gas condensate reservoir perfomance. SPE 19293
56.T.P.Fishlock. waterflooding of gas condensate reservoirs.SPE35370
57.Ahmed H.El-Banbi. Investigation of waterflooding and gas cycling for developing a gas-condensate.SPE59772
58.Craft.Applied petrolume reservoir engineering.NJ, 1959:33-55
59.Naar.An imbibition medel-its application to flow behavior and the prediction of oil recovery.SPEJ, 1961 ,June:61 -70
60.Cullick.WAG process promises improve oil recovery from gas condensate reservoirs.SPE19113
61.Oren.Mobilisation of waterflood residual oil by gas injection for water wet condition.SPE20185
62.Lindeber.Interface light scattering measurement of low interfacial tension on a gas condensate system at high pressure and temperature.SPE35427
63.Danesh.Experimental investigation of retrograde condensation in porous media at reservoir conditions.SPE18316
64.Danesh.Visual investigation of retrograde phenomena and gas condensate flow in porous medial"1 European Symp. Enhanced oil recovery, Budapest
65.Danesh.Experimental investigation of the critical condensate saturation and its dependence on connate water saturation in water wet rocks.SPE 19695
2．周慰云．国外凝析挥发油藏的开发．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．75页
3．李仕伦．天然气工业．北京：石油工业出版社，2000．6页
4．冈秦麟．中国五类气藏开发模式．北京：石油工业出版社，1995．100页
5．刘洪友．宝中区块凝析气藏类型判别及开采方式研究．河南石油，2000．3：16—19
6．杨川东．凝析气藏(井)合理开采技术的研究与应用．钻采工艺，1998，21(6)：25-28
7．刘廷元．凝析气藏的经济开采模式．中国工程科学，2001，3(3)：85-90
8．张之文．凝析气藏开采方式对比研究．国外油田工程，2002，18(3)：33-44
9. T. F. Begland. Depletion performance of volumetric high-pressured gas reservoirs. SPE 15523
10．金应渊．凝析气藏特性——由于凝析使生产能力和采收率降低．国外油田工程，1997．4：33-44
11. D. C. morel. Experimental determination of the mobility of hydrocarbon liquids during gas condensate reservoir depletion: three actual cases. SPE38922
12. Jacques Hagoot. Development of an offshore gas condensate reservoir by nitrogen injection vs. pressure depletion. SPE15873
13. Stephanie M. S. Leong. The depletion behaviour of the F23 gas field: integrated studies on historymatching dynamic data. SPE29309
14．魏永佩．90年代中国天然气储产量变化趋势分析．天然气工业，200323(1)：5—9
15. Gravier. Determination of gas -condensate relative permeability on whole cores under reservoir conditions. SPE Formation Evaluation, Feb: 9-15
16. Sacidi. Flow and phase behaviour of condensate and volatile oil porous. SPE4891
17. Asar. Influence of interfacial tension on gas/oil relative permeability in a gas condensate system. SPE Res. Eng, Feb: 257-264
18. Kapp. Gas-oil relative permeability ratio correlation from laboratory data. JPT. Sep1965: 1111-1112
19. Delclaud. investigation of gas-oil relative permeabilities, high permeability oil reservoir application. SPE16966
20. Dumore. Drainage capillary-pressure functions and the influence of connate water. OCT, 1974
21. Morel. Mobility of hydrocarbon liquids in gas condensate reservoirs: interpretation of depletion laboratory experiments. SPE24939
22. Danesh. experimental investigation of critical condensate saturation and its dependence on interstitial water saturation in water-wet rocks. SPE Reservoir engineering, August, 1991: 336-342
23. Ali. The influence of interfacial tension on liquid mobility in gas condensate systems. SPE26783
24. Henderson. An investigation into the process governing flow and recovery in different regimes present in gas condensate reservoirs. SPE26661
25. Kewen. Phenomenological modeling of critical condensate saturation and relative permeabilities in gas condensate systems. SPE56014
26. Munkerud. Measurement of relative permeability and flow properties of a gas condensate system during pressure depletion and pressure maintenance. SPE19071
27．阎庆来．凝析油在多孔介质中的相变特征。西安石油学院学报，1988，4(3)
28．朱维耀．多孔介质对气—液相变过程的影响．石油勘探与开发．1998，15(1)
29．杨金海、李海平、郭平等．孔隙介质中气体相变超声波测试方式研究．西南石油学院学报，1999，21(3)
30．阎庆来，何秋轩等．不同润湿性地层中凝析油气混合物渗流阻力的差异．西安石油学院学报，1987，7
31. J. M. Peden. Visual. Visual investigation of multiphase flow and phase investigations within porous media. SPE14037
32. Jane D. Gray. Modeling low IFT hydrocarbon phenomena in porous media. SPE Re, August 1991: 353-359
33. Sohrabi. Oilrecovery from waterfloodedreservoirs by injecting gas, alternately with water
34．刘中云，曾庆辉，唐周怀等．润湿性对采收率及相对渗透率的影响．石油与天然气地质，2000，21(2)：148-150
35．鄢捷年．油藏岩石润湿性对注水过程中驱油效率的影响．石油大学学报(自然科学版)，1998，22(3)：43-46
36．蒋明煊．油藏岩石润实性对采收率的影响．油气采收率技术，1995，2(3)：25—31
37. Kewen Li. Experimental study of wettability alteration to preferential aas-wetting in porous media and its effects. SPEJ2001
38. David. The influence of wettability on the recovery of oil and gas. SPE49317
39. Van Dijke. Wettability and relative permeability of lower cretaceous carbonate rock reservoir, Saudi Ara, SCA, 2001-03
40. Munkerud. Measuement of relative permeability and flow properties of a gas condensate system during pressure depletion and pressure maintenance. SPE19701
41. Haniff. Relative permeability and low tension fluid in gas condensate systems. SPE20917
42. Wagner. Effect of interfacial tension on displacement efficiency. SPE, 1966, Dec: 335-344
43. Fulcher. Effect of capillary number and its constituents on two-phase relative permeability curves. JPT, 1985, Feb: 249-260
44. Batycky. Low interfacial tension displacement studies. SPE, 1978, June: 13-16
45. Amaefule. The effect of interfacial tensions on relative oil-water permeabilies of consolidated porous media. SPE9783
46. Asar. Influence of interfacial tension on gas/oil relative permeability in a gas condensate system . SPE, Reservoir Engineering, 1988, Feb:257-264
47. Bardon. Influence of very low interfacial tension on relative permeability. SPEJ, OCT, 1980
49. J. F. Gravier. Determination of gas-condensate relative permeability on whole cores under reservoir conditions. SPE11493
50.Henderson.Measure and correlation of gas condensate relative permeability by the steady-state method.SPE30770
51.H.L.Chen. Determination of relative permeability and recovery for north sea gas-condensate reservoirs.SPE30769
52.R.I.Hawes. Feasibility Studies of waterflooding gas condensate reservoirs.SPE15875
53.Mattews. Feasibility Studies of waterflooding gas-condensate reservoirs.SPE,1987,Augl7
54.Henderson. Waterflooding of gas -condensate fluis in cores above and below the dewpoint.SPE22636
55.T.P.Fishlock. Three-phase mobility studies for the prediction of gas condensate reservoir perfomance. SPE 19293
56.T.P.Fishlock. waterflooding of gas condensate reservoirs.SPE35370
57.Ahmed H.El-Banbi. Investigation of waterflooding and gas cycling for developing a gas-condensate.SPE59772
58.Craft.Applied petrolume reservoir engineering.NJ, 1959:33-55
59.Naar.An imbibition medel-its application to flow behavior and the prediction of oil recovery.SPEJ, 1961 ,June:61 -70
60.Cullick.WAG process promises improve oil recovery from gas condensate reservoirs.SPE19113
61.Oren.Mobilisation of waterflood residual oil by gas injection for water wet condition.SPE20185
62.Lindeber.Interface light scattering measurement of low interfacial tension on a gas condensate system at high pressure and temperature.SPE35427
63.Danesh.Experimental investigation of retrograde condensation in porous media at reservoir conditions.SPE18316
64.Danesh.Visual investigation of retrograde phenomena and gas condensate flow in porous medial"1 European Symp. Enhanced oil recovery, Budapest
65.Danesh.Experimental investigation of the critical condensate saturation and its dependence on connate water saturation in water wet rocks.SPE 19695