关于变速恒频风力发电系统发电质量的研究
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摘要
风能具有取之不尽、用之不竭的特点，是不造成环境污染的一种清洁能源，因此风力发电技术日趋受到世界各国的广泛重视，我国也开始大力开发风能资源。
变速恒频风力发电是近年发展起来的一种新型发电技术，发电质量能否达到国家标准是此项技术能否实用化的关键。国标规定，电网的总谐波畸变率要小于或等于5％。风力发电机所发出的电能质量必须满足这一指标。基于这一目的，本文对变速恒频风力发电系统的谐波进行了系统分析，并采取了有效的控制策略来抑制谐波。
本文首先分析了变速恒频风力发电系统谐波的成因。风力发电系统采用SPWM变流器作为电机励磁，变流器的主电路结构及控制方式对交流励磁发电机谐波特性起决定性作用。接着对各类SPWM变流电路的谐波进行理论分析和仿真研究，并研究了SPWM控制时各个参数变化对谐波分布的影响，得到了SPWM变流电路谐波分布的规律性结论。然后，采取了一定的控制策略来抑制谐波，并进行大量实验对其进行验证。最后，为了进一步滤除高频谐波以及抑制电磁干扰，本文设计并研制了变流器输出EMC滤波器。
理论及实验结果表明：针对风力发电系统的谐波抑制问题所用控制策略基本上是成功的。由于谐波产生的原因很复杂，因而其难度较高，一些关键技术要进一步完善，有些重点、难点还有待进一步解决。
Wind energy is a conversional form of solar energy, which can't be used up, and it doesn't pollute circumstance. So wind power generating technology is paid more attention by many countries in the world. Our country also begins to exploit the resources of wind energy.
VSCF wind power generating technology is a new style technology which has developed in recent years. Only if the power quality corresponds to the national standard, the technology is practical. The total harmonic distortion must not be greater than 5% in the national standard. Based on this purpose, harmonics produced by VSCF wind power system is analyzed in this paper, and effective control strategy is researched to decrease the harmonics.
This paper firstly analyzes the cause of harmonics produced by VSCF wind power system. VSCF wind power generator is an AC excited machines fed by the SPWM inverter. The selection of inverters and the control of it play a decisive role in the suppression of harmonics. Then, the theoretical analysis and simulation on harmonics of SPWM inverter is deeply carried out , the trends toward which harmonics vary with inverter parameters have been researched and the rule of harmonic spectrum distribution is given. Next, control strategy is applied to eliminate the harmonics, a lot of experiments have been done to verify it At last, in order to further eliminate harmonics and restrain EMI, the inverter output EMC filter is designed.
The theoretics and experimental results show that the control strategy is successful. However, the cause of harmonics produced by system is rather complicated, so solving it completely is very difficult. Some of key technologies should be perfected in the future.
变速恒频风力发电是近年发展起来的一种新型发电技术，发电质量能否达到国家标准是此项技术能否实用化的关键。国标规定，电网的总谐波畸变率要小于或等于5％。风力发电机所发出的电能质量必须满足这一指标。基于这一目的，本文对变速恒频风力发电系统的谐波进行了系统分析，并采取了有效的控制策略来抑制谐波。
本文首先分析了变速恒频风力发电系统谐波的成因。风力发电系统采用SPWM变流器作为电机励磁，变流器的主电路结构及控制方式对交流励磁发电机谐波特性起决定性作用。接着对各类SPWM变流电路的谐波进行理论分析和仿真研究，并研究了SPWM控制时各个参数变化对谐波分布的影响，得到了SPWM变流电路谐波分布的规律性结论。然后，采取了一定的控制策略来抑制谐波，并进行大量实验对其进行验证。最后，为了进一步滤除高频谐波以及抑制电磁干扰，本文设计并研制了变流器输出EMC滤波器。
理论及实验结果表明：针对风力发电系统的谐波抑制问题所用控制策略基本上是成功的。由于谐波产生的原因很复杂，因而其难度较高，一些关键技术要进一步完善，有些重点、难点还有待进一步解决。
Wind energy is a conversional form of solar energy, which can't be used up, and it doesn't pollute circumstance. So wind power generating technology is paid more attention by many countries in the world. Our country also begins to exploit the resources of wind energy.
VSCF wind power generating technology is a new style technology which has developed in recent years. Only if the power quality corresponds to the national standard, the technology is practical. The total harmonic distortion must not be greater than 5% in the national standard. Based on this purpose, harmonics produced by VSCF wind power system is analyzed in this paper, and effective control strategy is researched to decrease the harmonics.
This paper firstly analyzes the cause of harmonics produced by VSCF wind power system. VSCF wind power generator is an AC excited machines fed by the SPWM inverter. The selection of inverters and the control of it play a decisive role in the suppression of harmonics. Then, the theoretical analysis and simulation on harmonics of SPWM inverter is deeply carried out , the trends toward which harmonics vary with inverter parameters have been researched and the rule of harmonic spectrum distribution is given. Next, control strategy is applied to eliminate the harmonics, a lot of experiments have been done to verify it At last, in order to further eliminate harmonics and restrain EMI, the inverter output EMC filter is designed.
The theoretics and experimental results show that the control strategy is successful. However, the cause of harmonics produced by system is rather complicated, so solving it completely is very difficult. Some of key technologies should be perfected in the future.
引文
[1] 叶杭冶．风力发电机组的控制技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．231页．
[2] 吴守箴，臧英杰．电气传动的脉宽调制控制技术[M] ．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[3] 黄俊，王兆安．电力电子变流技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1992．12．
[4] 曹立威，吴胜华，张承胜，吴保芳．SPWM谐波分析的一般方法．电力电子技术．2002．4．
[5] 廖勇 杨顺昌 交流励磁发电机运行及控制原理 电工技术学报 1997．10
[6] 王兆安，杨君，刘进军．谐波抑制和无功功率补偿．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．9．
[7] 张燕宾．SPWM变频调速应用技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．12．
[8] 姜艳姝，陈希有、徐殿国．PWM逆变器输出有源滤波技术及其发展．电气传动．2002．2．
[9] 石斌，王文举等．PWM变频器供电交流励磁发电机输出谐波分析．大电机技术．2000．5
[10] 滕召胜，罗隆福等．智能检测系统与数据融合．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．12．
[11] 陈大鹏．IGBT变频调速系统．电工技术，1995．10．
[12] 张志涌．精通MATLAB(5．3版)．北京航天航空大学出版社，2000．
[13] 吴志敢，贺益康．交-交变频交流励磁电机谐波的解析分析[J] ．电工技术学报，1999，(6)．
[14] 邱关源．电路．北京高等教育出版社，1999．
[15] 胡寿松．自动控制原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1994．
[16] 李华．MCS-51系列单片机实用接口技术．北京航天航空大学出版社，1993．
[17] 王福瑞．单片微机测控系统设计大全．北京航天航空大学出版社，1998．
[18] 李川、谭弗娃．MATLAB在现代交流调速系统仿真中的应用．中小型电机，1999．6．
[19] 吴志敢、贺益康、金海明．交流励磁发电系统的电力谐波特性及其抑制策略．电工电能新技术，1998．2．
[20] 刘启胜．80C196单片机控制闭环逆变系统的研究．中小型电机，1999．5．
[21] 王满堂、马志源．80C196MC单片机控制双 PWM变频调速系统．电力电子技术，1999．4
[22] 杨宜民．新型驱动器及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．12．
[23] Bourbeau, Frank J. LSI Based Three-Phase Thyristor Firing Circuit. IEEE Trans. IA, 1983, IA-19 (4) .
[24] Lipo Y A. The analysis of induction motor voltage control by symmetrically triggered thyristors. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. vol. PAS-90, pp. 515-525, Mar. Iapr. 1971.
[25] Lipo T A, Rowan T M. A quantitative analysis of induction motor performance improvement by SCR voltage control. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (4) .
[26] Le L X, Berg G J. Firing Circuit for a Three-phase SCR Voltage Controller. IEEE Trans. IE, 1984, IE-31 (4) .
[27] Aok K, Kann M. Practical Method For Decentralized V-Q Control , IEEE, Trans. PAS104, 3, Feb. 1985.
[28] Jack Bowerfind, Sylvester J. Campbell. Application of Solid-State AC Motor Starters in the Pulp and Paper Industry. IEEETrans. 1986, IA-22 (1) .
[29] Herbert A. Breedlove, Jack R. Harbaugh. Protection of the Induction Motor /generator. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (6) .
[30] Matthew SW, Dunnigan W, Williams BW. Modeling and Simulation of Induction Machine Vector Control with Rotor Resistance Identification. IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics. 1997, 12 (3).
[31] Annette von Jouanne , Dudi A Rendusara, Prasad N Enjeti. Filtering techniques to minimize the effect of long motor leads on PWM inverter-fed AC motor drive system[J] . IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications,1996, 32(4): 919-925..
[32] Kim GS. Control of induction Motor for both High Dynamic Performance and High Power Efficiency. IEEE Trans. 1992, IE-39 (4) .
[33] Patrick J. Colleran, William E. Rogers. Controlled Starting of AC Induction Motors. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (6) .
[34] Agarwll, A. Switching Characteristics of an Asymmetrical Complementary 4H-SIC Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristor. IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting Conf. Rec., 1997.
[35] Dahono, Pekik Argo. A New Approach for Harmonic Analysis of Three-Phase Current Tyre PWM Converters. IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting Conf. Rec., 1997.
[36] FZ. Peng et al. A Novel Harmonic Power Filter. IEEE PESC, 1998; 1151-1158.
[37] HOU Yong, LIU De-Hong, JIANG Jian-Guo, et al. An effective method to determine voltage waveform at terminal of induction motor fed by PWM inverter [A] .IPEMC, 2000[C] . Beijing: Tsinghua Univ. press ,2000.1425-1430.
[38] Paul Y Finlayon .Output filter for PWM drives with induction motors [J] . IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 1998,4(1):46-52
[39] 辜承林．对转子交流励磁电流实行矢量控制的变速恒频发电机．电机工程学报1996．2
[40] 孙涵芳．Intel 16位单片机．北京航天航空大学出版社，1995．
[41] 刘大勇等．交流变频调速系统的一种通用数字仿真方法．电工技术学报，2000．2．
[42] 张加胜．脉宽调制波的一种简单在线算法．电工技术，1998．1．
[43] 朱其新．基于谐波消去法原理的新型PWM发生器．电工技术杂志，2000．11．
[44] 颜斌、陈希有．变频器输出RLC正弦波滤波器的工程设计．电机与控制学报 2002．9．
[45] 李士勇．模糊控制．神经控制和智能控制论．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，19998．2
[46] 姜艳姝、马洪飞、陈希有、徐殿国．一种新颖的用于减小电机终端共模dv/dt的逆变输出滤波器．电机与控制学报，2002．7．
[47] 邓文、姜建国、玉井伸三．PWM逆变器—感应电机系统中的过电压抑止滤波器研究．电工电能新技术．，2002．7．
[48] (法)米切尔麦迪圭安．电磁干扰排查及故障解决的电磁兼容技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．1．
[2] 吴守箴，臧英杰．电气传动的脉宽调制控制技术[M] ．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．
[3] 黄俊，王兆安．电力电子变流技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1992．12．
[4] 曹立威，吴胜华，张承胜，吴保芳．SPWM谐波分析的一般方法．电力电子技术．2002．4．
[5] 廖勇 杨顺昌 交流励磁发电机运行及控制原理 电工技术学报 1997．10
[6] 王兆安，杨君，刘进军．谐波抑制和无功功率补偿．北京：机械工业出版社，1998．9．
[7] 张燕宾．SPWM变频调速应用技术．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．12．
[8] 姜艳姝，陈希有、徐殿国．PWM逆变器输出有源滤波技术及其发展．电气传动．2002．2．
[9] 石斌，王文举等．PWM变频器供电交流励磁发电机输出谐波分析．大电机技术．2000．5
[10] 滕召胜，罗隆福等．智能检测系统与数据融合．北京：机械工业出版社，1999．12．
[11] 陈大鹏．IGBT变频调速系统．电工技术，1995．10．
[12] 张志涌．精通MATLAB(5．3版)．北京航天航空大学出版社，2000．
[13] 吴志敢，贺益康．交-交变频交流励磁电机谐波的解析分析[J] ．电工技术学报，1999，(6)．
[14] 邱关源．电路．北京高等教育出版社，1999．
[15] 胡寿松．自动控制原理．北京：国防工业出版社，1994．
[16] 李华．MCS-51系列单片机实用接口技术．北京航天航空大学出版社，1993．
[17] 王福瑞．单片微机测控系统设计大全．北京航天航空大学出版社，1998．
[18] 李川、谭弗娃．MATLAB在现代交流调速系统仿真中的应用．中小型电机，1999．6．
[19] 吴志敢、贺益康、金海明．交流励磁发电系统的电力谐波特性及其抑制策略．电工电能新技术，1998．2．
[20] 刘启胜．80C196单片机控制闭环逆变系统的研究．中小型电机，1999．5．
[21] 王满堂、马志源．80C196MC单片机控制双 PWM变频调速系统．电力电子技术，1999．4
[22] 杨宜民．新型驱动器及其应用．北京：机械工业出版社，1997．12．
[23] Bourbeau, Frank J. LSI Based Three-Phase Thyristor Firing Circuit. IEEE Trans. IA, 1983, IA-19 (4) .
[24] Lipo Y A. The analysis of induction motor voltage control by symmetrically triggered thyristors. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst. vol. PAS-90, pp. 515-525, Mar. Iapr. 1971.
[25] Lipo T A, Rowan T M. A quantitative analysis of induction motor performance improvement by SCR voltage control. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (4) .
[26] Le L X, Berg G J. Firing Circuit for a Three-phase SCR Voltage Controller. IEEE Trans. IE, 1984, IE-31 (4) .
[27] Aok K, Kann M. Practical Method For Decentralized V-Q Control , IEEE, Trans. PAS104, 3, Feb. 1985.
[28] Jack Bowerfind, Sylvester J. Campbell. Application of Solid-State AC Motor Starters in the Pulp and Paper Industry. IEEETrans. 1986, IA-22 (1) .
[29] Herbert A. Breedlove, Jack R. Harbaugh. Protection of the Induction Motor /generator. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (6) .
[30] Matthew SW, Dunnigan W, Williams BW. Modeling and Simulation of Induction Machine Vector Control with Rotor Resistance Identification. IEEE Trans. On Power Electronics. 1997, 12 (3).
[31] Annette von Jouanne , Dudi A Rendusara, Prasad N Enjeti. Filtering techniques to minimize the effect of long motor leads on PWM inverter-fed AC motor drive system[J] . IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications,1996, 32(4): 919-925..
[32] Kim GS. Control of induction Motor for both High Dynamic Performance and High Power Efficiency. IEEE Trans. 1992, IE-39 (4) .
[33] Patrick J. Colleran, William E. Rogers. Controlled Starting of AC Induction Motors. IEEE Trans. 1983, IA-19 (6) .
[34] Agarwll, A. Switching Characteristics of an Asymmetrical Complementary 4H-SIC Gate Turn-Off (GTO) Thyristor. IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting Conf. Rec., 1997.
[35] Dahono, Pekik Argo. A New Approach for Harmonic Analysis of Three-Phase Current Tyre PWM Converters. IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting Conf. Rec., 1997.
[36] FZ. Peng et al. A Novel Harmonic Power Filter. IEEE PESC, 1998; 1151-1158.
[37] HOU Yong, LIU De-Hong, JIANG Jian-Guo, et al. An effective method to determine voltage waveform at terminal of induction motor fed by PWM inverter [A] .IPEMC, 2000[C] . Beijing: Tsinghua Univ. press ,2000.1425-1430.
[38] Paul Y Finlayon .Output filter for PWM drives with induction motors [J] . IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, 1998,4(1):46-52
[39] 辜承林．对转子交流励磁电流实行矢量控制的变速恒频发电机．电机工程学报1996．2
[40] 孙涵芳．Intel 16位单片机．北京航天航空大学出版社，1995．
[41] 刘大勇等．交流变频调速系统的一种通用数字仿真方法．电工技术学报，2000．2．
[42] 张加胜．脉宽调制波的一种简单在线算法．电工技术，1998．1．
[43] 朱其新．基于谐波消去法原理的新型PWM发生器．电工技术杂志，2000．11．
[44] 颜斌、陈希有．变频器输出RLC正弦波滤波器的工程设计．电机与控制学报 2002．9．
[45] 李士勇．模糊控制．神经控制和智能控制论．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，19998．2
[46] 姜艳姝、马洪飞、陈希有、徐殿国．一种新颖的用于减小电机终端共模dv/dt的逆变输出滤波器．电机与控制学报，2002．7．
[47] 邓文、姜建国、玉井伸三．PWM逆变器—感应电机系统中的过电压抑止滤波器研究．电工电能新技术．，2002．7．
[48] (法)米切尔麦迪圭安．电磁干扰排查及故障解决的电磁兼容技术．北京：机械工业出版社，2002．1．