汉语方言间塞音与非塞音声母的变换
|
摘要
本文充分利用现有汉语方言字音材料,力求较为全面地展示现代各方言古塞音声母今读非塞音以及古非塞音声母今读塞音的语音面貌,并在此基础上进行综合性的分析归纳,考察每种音变现象的表现、类型、地域分布等问题,从而探讨和总结方言间塞音与非塞音声母相互变换的基本原因。
本文主要依据描写语言学、汉语音韵学和汉语方言学的理论,采用描写、归纳、比较等方法来展示语音面貌,总结共性特征,比较差异成分,探索演变原因,这为汉语声母问题的深入研究,为语音演变理论包括古今音变、方言音变及古籍中谐声、假借、声训等有关音变现象的探索和研究提供了一个新思路,为我们认识纷繁复杂的方言景象提供了一个参照系。
当前学术界对该课题还未进行全面系统的探讨,本文也只是综合性研究的开始与尝试,但它显然是一个非常值得探讨的课题,将对汉语语音史、汉语方言学以及其他相关语言理论的研究都有一定参考意义。
全文共分四章。
第一章,绪论。主要回顾汉语方言声母研究的已有成果,介绍本文的主要内容、研究方法、课题意义和行文体例,交代文中重点考察的40个方言点,并对“训读音”、“因多个音切造成的又音”、所用的古音参照系及《切韵》声母系统这四个问题的处理方法作出说明。
第二章,考察汉语各方言古塞音声母今读的变换现象。全章共分四节,以《切韵》系统为古音参照系,分别对古帮滂並母、端透定母、知彻澄母和见溪群母在今汉语方言中读作非塞音的现象进行全面、客观的描写,详细列举各方言每种音变的具体例字及字音读法。并在此基础上,总结归纳音变类型、音变条件及地域分布,比较方言间塞音与非塞音声母相互变换的异同。描写部分全以表格的形式列出。
第三章,考察汉语各方言古非塞音声母今读的变换现象。本章共分四节,以声母的不同发音方法作为分类标准,分别探讨了古塞擦音声母(包括精清从母、庄初崇母、章昌船母)、擦音声母(包括非敷奉母、邪生书禅母、晓匣母)、鼻音声
Making full use of extant materials of Chinese dialectal pronunciation, the thesis strives to reveal the pronunciation features of ancient stop initials pronounce non-stop sound and ancient non-stop initials pronounce stop sound in modern dialects. Based on that, the thesis carries out comprehensive analysis and induction on the manifestations, types and territory distributions of every sound change phenomenon, thus explores and summarizes the basic reasons of mutual conversions between stop and non-stop initials in dialects.Mainly relying on the theories of descriptive linguistics, Chinese phonology and Chinese dialectology, and adopting the means of description, induction and comparison, the thesis reveals the pronunciation features, sum up the general characters, compare differences and probe evolution reasons of stop and non-stop initials, which provides a new train of thought for the profound research of Chinese initials and for exploration of phonetic evolution theories including sound change phenomenon of ancient-present sound change, dialect sound change, and pictophonetics, phonetic loan and sound explanation in ancient books. The thesis also provides a frame of reference for us to understand the numerous and complicated pictures of dialects.The present academic circles have not carried out overall and systematic discussion on this topic. This thesis is only a beginning and an attempt for comprehensive study. Nevertheless, this topic is obviously worth discussing, which has great significant for the study of Chinese phonetic history, Chinese dialectology and other relevant linguistic theories.This thesis is divided into four chapters.Chapter One: Introduction. This chapter reviews the existing achievements of study in Chinese dialect initials and introduces the main contents, research methods, topic significance and writing style. It also briefs 40 key dialect points studied in this thesis and explains the dealing methods with four problems including "Xundu" (训读) sound, another sound caused by many "Yinqie" (音切) , frame reference of ancient sound and initial system in Qieyun (《切韵》) .Chapter Two inspects the phenomenon of ancient stop initials read as non-stop at
present. There are four sections in this chapter. Taking Qieyun system as the frame reference of ancient sound, it generally and objectively describes the phenomenon that ancient initials "BANG(ffi) PANG($|) BING(M)", "DUAN(^) TOU(ig) DING(^)", "ZHI(fcn) CHE($1) CHENG(M)", and "JIAN(JSL) XI(M) QUN($$)" is pronounced as non-stop sound in modern Chinese dialects. The chapter also enumerates in detail the sample characters and their pronunciation of sound change in various dialects. Based on that, it summarizes the types of sound change, conditions of sound change and territory distribution, and compares the similarities and differences of conversion between stop and non-stop initials in different dialects. The description part is laid out in tabulation.Chapter Three inspects the phenomenon of ancient non-stop initials read as stop at present. This chapter consists of four sections. Taking initials' different pronunciation means as standard of category, it separately discusses the ancient affricate initials including the initials "JING(ft) QING(ft) CONG(/A)'\ "ZHUANG(Ii) CHU(#J) CHONG(ii)'\ "ZHANG(*) CHANG(^) CHUAN(^S)", fricative initials including the initials "FEI(#) FU(ffc) FENGO)'\"XIE(3B) SHENG(￡) SHU(^) CHAN(#)'\"XIAO($￡) XIA(Il)", nasal initials including "MiNG(0J5) WEI($0'\ "NI(#b)'\ "Yl{W)", lateral initial "LAI(^)" , nasal fricative initial "RI( 0)" , semivowels initial " YUN(S)" , zero-initial " YI(VX)" , pronounced as stop in modern Chinese dialects. The train of thought and methods of writing of this chapter is the same as Chapter Two.Chapter Four discusses the reasons that cause the conversion between stop and non-stop initials in dialects. Building on the research in Chapter Two and Chapter Three and based on dialects facts, this chapter illustrates the factors that cause the conversion of initials by providing examples separately through the following five parts: the inner evolution of pronunciation, phenomenon of initials keeping ancient sound, characters with special pronunciation, literary reading and colloquial pronunciation of initials, different pronunciation of new and old varieties.
本文主要依据描写语言学、汉语音韵学和汉语方言学的理论,采用描写、归纳、比较等方法来展示语音面貌,总结共性特征,比较差异成分,探索演变原因,这为汉语声母问题的深入研究,为语音演变理论包括古今音变、方言音变及古籍中谐声、假借、声训等有关音变现象的探索和研究提供了一个新思路,为我们认识纷繁复杂的方言景象提供了一个参照系。
当前学术界对该课题还未进行全面系统的探讨,本文也只是综合性研究的开始与尝试,但它显然是一个非常值得探讨的课题,将对汉语语音史、汉语方言学以及其他相关语言理论的研究都有一定参考意义。
全文共分四章。
第一章,绪论。主要回顾汉语方言声母研究的已有成果,介绍本文的主要内容、研究方法、课题意义和行文体例,交代文中重点考察的40个方言点,并对“训读音”、“因多个音切造成的又音”、所用的古音参照系及《切韵》声母系统这四个问题的处理方法作出说明。
第二章,考察汉语各方言古塞音声母今读的变换现象。全章共分四节,以《切韵》系统为古音参照系,分别对古帮滂並母、端透定母、知彻澄母和见溪群母在今汉语方言中读作非塞音的现象进行全面、客观的描写,详细列举各方言每种音变的具体例字及字音读法。并在此基础上,总结归纳音变类型、音变条件及地域分布,比较方言间塞音与非塞音声母相互变换的异同。描写部分全以表格的形式列出。
第三章,考察汉语各方言古非塞音声母今读的变换现象。本章共分四节,以声母的不同发音方法作为分类标准,分别探讨了古塞擦音声母(包括精清从母、庄初崇母、章昌船母)、擦音声母(包括非敷奉母、邪生书禅母、晓匣母)、鼻音声
Making full use of extant materials of Chinese dialectal pronunciation, the thesis strives to reveal the pronunciation features of ancient stop initials pronounce non-stop sound and ancient non-stop initials pronounce stop sound in modern dialects. Based on that, the thesis carries out comprehensive analysis and induction on the manifestations, types and territory distributions of every sound change phenomenon, thus explores and summarizes the basic reasons of mutual conversions between stop and non-stop initials in dialects.Mainly relying on the theories of descriptive linguistics, Chinese phonology and Chinese dialectology, and adopting the means of description, induction and comparison, the thesis reveals the pronunciation features, sum up the general characters, compare differences and probe evolution reasons of stop and non-stop initials, which provides a new train of thought for the profound research of Chinese initials and for exploration of phonetic evolution theories including sound change phenomenon of ancient-present sound change, dialect sound change, and pictophonetics, phonetic loan and sound explanation in ancient books. The thesis also provides a frame of reference for us to understand the numerous and complicated pictures of dialects.The present academic circles have not carried out overall and systematic discussion on this topic. This thesis is only a beginning and an attempt for comprehensive study. Nevertheless, this topic is obviously worth discussing, which has great significant for the study of Chinese phonetic history, Chinese dialectology and other relevant linguistic theories.This thesis is divided into four chapters.Chapter One: Introduction. This chapter reviews the existing achievements of study in Chinese dialect initials and introduces the main contents, research methods, topic significance and writing style. It also briefs 40 key dialect points studied in this thesis and explains the dealing methods with four problems including "Xundu" (训读) sound, another sound caused by many "Yinqie" (音切) , frame reference of ancient sound and initial system in Qieyun (《切韵》) .Chapter Two inspects the phenomenon of ancient stop initials read as non-stop at
present. There are four sections in this chapter. Taking Qieyun system as the frame reference of ancient sound, it generally and objectively describes the phenomenon that ancient initials "BANG(ffi) PANG($|) BING(M)", "DUAN(^) TOU(ig) DING(^)", "ZHI(fcn) CHE($1) CHENG(M)", and "JIAN(JSL) XI(M) QUN($$)" is pronounced as non-stop sound in modern Chinese dialects. The chapter also enumerates in detail the sample characters and their pronunciation of sound change in various dialects. Based on that, it summarizes the types of sound change, conditions of sound change and territory distribution, and compares the similarities and differences of conversion between stop and non-stop initials in different dialects. The description part is laid out in tabulation.Chapter Three inspects the phenomenon of ancient non-stop initials read as stop at present. This chapter consists of four sections. Taking initials' different pronunciation means as standard of category, it separately discusses the ancient affricate initials including the initials "JING(ft) QING(ft) CONG(/A)'\ "ZHUANG(Ii) CHU(#J) CHONG(ii)'\ "ZHANG(*) CHANG(^) CHUAN(^S)", fricative initials including the initials "FEI(#) FU(ffc) FENGO)'\"XIE(3B) SHENG(￡) SHU(^) CHAN(#)'\"XIAO($￡) XIA(Il)", nasal initials including "MiNG(0J5) WEI($0'\ "NI(#b)'\ "Yl{W)", lateral initial "LAI(^)" , nasal fricative initial "RI( 0)" , semivowels initial " YUN(S)" , zero-initial " YI(VX)" , pronounced as stop in modern Chinese dialects. The train of thought and methods of writing of this chapter is the same as Chapter Two.Chapter Four discusses the reasons that cause the conversion between stop and non-stop initials in dialects. Building on the research in Chapter Two and Chapter Three and based on dialects facts, this chapter illustrates the factors that cause the conversion of initials by providing examples separately through the following five parts: the inner evolution of pronunciation, phenomenon of initials keeping ancient sound, characters with special pronunciation, literary reading and colloquial pronunciation of initials, different pronunciation of new and old varieties.
引文
北京大学中国语言文学系语言学教研室 2003 《汉语方音字汇》(第二版),语文出版社。
曹志耘 2002 《南部吴语语音研究》,商务印书馆。
陈章太、李如龙 1991 《闽语研究》,语文出版社。
黄家教等 1997 《汉语方言论集》,北京语言文化大学出版社。
黄侃 1980 《黄侃论学杂著》,上海古籍出版社。
李荣 1965a 《语音演变的例外》《音韵存稿》,商务印书馆。
—— 1965b 《方言语音对应关系的例外》《音韵存稿》,商务印书馆。
—— 1965 《从现代方言论古群母有一二四等》,《中国语文》第5期。
李荣主编 1997 《现代汉语方言大词典》(分地点),江苏教育出版社。
李新魁 1993 《李新魁自选集》,大象出版社。
林连通主编 1993 《泉州市方言志》,社会科学文献出版社。
林焘、王理嘉 1992 《语音学教程》,北京大学出版社。
钱大昕 1983 《十驾斋养新录》,上海书店。
孙宜志 2001 《江西赣方言语音研究》,山东大学博士论文。
唐作藩 2002 《音韵学教程》(第三版),北京大学出版社。
王力 1980 《汉语史稿》(修订本)上册,中华书局。
—— 1985 《汉语语音史》,中国社会科学出版社。
王临惠 2003 《汾河流域方言的语音特点及其流变》,中国社会科学出版社。
徐超 1996 《中国传统语言文字学》,山东大学出版社。
徐通锵 1991 《历史语言学》,商务印书馆。
杨荣祥 1997 《中古音和现代音对应中的变异现象》,《语言学论丛》第十九集,商务印书馆。
游汝杰 2000 《汉语方言学导论》(修订本),上海教育出版社。
袁家骅等 2001 《汉语方言概要》(第二版),语文出版社。
张成材 2000 《汉语方言中[pf][pf]的分布范围》,《语文研究》第2期。
张振兴 1992 《漳平方言研究》,中国社会科学出版社。
赵振铎 1990 《音韵学纲要》,巴蜀书社。
中国社会科学院、澳大利亚人文科学院 1988 《中国语言地图集》,[香港]朗文出版(远东)有限公司。
曹志耘 2002 《南部吴语语音研究》,商务印书馆。
陈章太、李如龙 1991 《闽语研究》,语文出版社。
黄家教等 1997 《汉语方言论集》,北京语言文化大学出版社。
黄侃 1980 《黄侃论学杂著》,上海古籍出版社。
李荣 1965a 《语音演变的例外》《音韵存稿》,商务印书馆。
—— 1965b 《方言语音对应关系的例外》《音韵存稿》,商务印书馆。
—— 1965 《从现代方言论古群母有一二四等》,《中国语文》第5期。
李荣主编 1997 《现代汉语方言大词典》(分地点),江苏教育出版社。
李新魁 1993 《李新魁自选集》,大象出版社。
林连通主编 1993 《泉州市方言志》,社会科学文献出版社。
林焘、王理嘉 1992 《语音学教程》,北京大学出版社。
钱大昕 1983 《十驾斋养新录》,上海书店。
孙宜志 2001 《江西赣方言语音研究》,山东大学博士论文。
唐作藩 2002 《音韵学教程》(第三版),北京大学出版社。
王力 1980 《汉语史稿》(修订本)上册,中华书局。
—— 1985 《汉语语音史》,中国社会科学出版社。
王临惠 2003 《汾河流域方言的语音特点及其流变》,中国社会科学出版社。
徐超 1996 《中国传统语言文字学》,山东大学出版社。
徐通锵 1991 《历史语言学》,商务印书馆。
杨荣祥 1997 《中古音和现代音对应中的变异现象》,《语言学论丛》第十九集,商务印书馆。
游汝杰 2000 《汉语方言学导论》(修订本),上海教育出版社。
袁家骅等 2001 《汉语方言概要》(第二版),语文出版社。
张成材 2000 《汉语方言中[pf][pf]的分布范围》,《语文研究》第2期。
张振兴 1992 《漳平方言研究》,中国社会科学出版社。
赵振铎 1990 《音韵学纲要》,巴蜀书社。
中国社会科学院、澳大利亚人文科学院 1988 《中国语言地图集》,[香港]朗文出版(远东)有限公司。