李清照词风的英译研究
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摘要
宋词,一种特殊的文学形式,在中国文学史上占有非常重要的地位。与唐诗相比它的形式更加灵活,因此它所表达的感情更精确,更细致也更微妙。李清照,作为代表性的女词人,国内外对她的作品进行了大量的研究。
李清照的词除了包含词所共有的特征外,还有她独特的风格,使她的作品受到了广泛的关注。然而由于风格本身的模糊性和不连贯性,对于它的研究一向争议颇多,十分复杂。在英文中重现原文风格就更加困难了。刘宓庆的翻译风格论提供了一种较为科学的风格翻译方法。本文的作者通过应用刘宓庆的理论,对李清照词的风格在英文中的传递进行了初步研究。
在文章的开头,了解李清照和宋词的相关知识不仅是必要的,也是十分有益的。因此,文章第一部分对李清照的生平,宋词的地位,发展和特点进行了简洁而全面的介绍。另外,第一部分还介绍了李清照对词的理解以及李词的特点,这些知识对用英文传递李词的风格是大有裨益的。
第二章对刘宓庆的翻译风格论进行了全面详细的介绍。本章包括三部分:认识风格,风格的可译性和翻译风格的手段。本章中着重介绍了风格的内容,即形式标记和非形式标记,这也是本文发展的重要理论基础。
第三章详细介绍了形式标记的翻译。本章开头介绍了李词英译的几种形式,重点介绍了音系标记,语域标记,句法标记,词语标记和修辞标记。在对李清照六十首词分析研究的基础上,作者精选了一些典型的例子来展示风格的传递。例如在词语标记部分,作者对李清照词里出现频率较高的叠词,形容词,闺房用品以及女性的装饰品选摘出来进行讨论。每个例子下,列出了几种英文翻译,通过对他们的比较来说明如何运用不同的方法忠实地传递原风格。由于许渊冲是诗歌翻译的大家,而且他翻译了李清照的所有词作,他的翻译在每一个例子中都有所引用。
第四章讨论了风格传递中的非形式标记。由于非形式标记是非直观的,模糊的,本章就词中包含的感情和美学因素展开了论述。在美学因素部分,讨论了对于意象的处理和异域美的传递。本章还涉及了叶维廉在保留汉语中的美方面所做的创新。
诗词翻译由于作品本身的细微和精致,被认为是文学翻译中最难,要求最高的翻译形式。传递原文风格实属不易,传递某个特定人物的风格更加困难。要翻译李清照的作品,译者需要了解她的生平,想其所想,感其所感。在翻译的过程中,要模仿她的写作技巧。一个好的翻译即使在翻译中有所创新,依然能够使读者清晰地认识到他们是在阅读李清照的作品。
Song Ci, also mentioned as Song lyrics or Ci poems is a special form of literature and occupies a most important position in the history of Chinese classical literature. Compared with Tang poems, it enjoys a more flexible form and can express more refined, more delicate, more subtle feelings. Li Qingzhao, a great female representative of Song lyrics, has been inviting a lot of research both at home and abroad.
Besides the common characteristics of Ci poems, Li’s works also have a very distinct style particular to herself which attracts a lot of attention. However, the study of style has been controversial and complicated for its vagueness and inconsistency. It is even harder to convey it in English. Liu Miqing’s theory of stylistic translation provides a comparatively scientific approach to translate the style. In this thesis, the author conducts a preliminary study on the English translation of the style of Li Qingzhao’s lyrics while applying Liu’s theory.
Because the knowledge of Li Qingzhao and Ci poems is as beneficial as necessary, the thesis first makes a brief and comprehensive introduction of them which includes Li’s life, Ci poems’position, development and characteristics. Besides, the first part also includes Li’s understanding of Ci poems and the characteristics of Li’s Ci poems, the knowledge of which can help to convey her style in English.
The second chapter gives a comprehensive and detailed introduction of Liu Miqing’s theory of stylistic translation which covers three parts, identifying style, translatability of style and the methods to translate style. In this chapter, the content of style which includes formal markers and non-formal markers is highlighted since it is the base to develop the thesis.
The third chapter expounds the translation of formal markers. Beginning with the description of various forms used to translate Li’s lyrics, this chapter focuses on phonological markers, register markers, syntactic markers, lexical markers and markers of figures of speech. Based on the study of the sixty Ci poems written by Li Qingzhao, this part selects some typical examples to demonstrate the style conveyance. For example, under the lexical markers, repeated words, several adjectives, objects in a bower and accessories for women preferred by Li are cited to discuss. For every example, several versions of translation are provided and compared to demonstrate how to be faithful to the original style by applying different methods. Xu Yuanchong has translated all the sixty Ci poems written by Li Qingzhao and his translation is cited in every example.
The fourth chapter dwells on the conveyance of non-formal markers in style transference. Since non-formal markers are indirect and subtle, the treatment of emotions embodied in lyrics and aesthetic factors is discussed. Under the aesthetic consideration, the treatment of imagery and conveyance of exotic beauty are discussed. Wai-lim Yip’s creation in reserving the aesthetic effects in the Chinese language is also presented in this chapter.
Translating lyrics is generally held to be the most demanding, difficult form of literary translation due to the works’subtlety and delicacy. To convey the original style is very demanding. To convey the style of a certain person is far too difficult. To translate Li Qingzhao, a translator has to know her life, think her way and feel her way. During translation, he should imitate her writing skills. Even if some creation is made, a successful translation can still tell the readers clearly that they are reading Li Qingzhao.
李清照的词除了包含词所共有的特征外,还有她独特的风格,使她的作品受到了广泛的关注。然而由于风格本身的模糊性和不连贯性,对于它的研究一向争议颇多,十分复杂。在英文中重现原文风格就更加困难了。刘宓庆的翻译风格论提供了一种较为科学的风格翻译方法。本文的作者通过应用刘宓庆的理论,对李清照词的风格在英文中的传递进行了初步研究。
在文章的开头,了解李清照和宋词的相关知识不仅是必要的,也是十分有益的。因此,文章第一部分对李清照的生平,宋词的地位,发展和特点进行了简洁而全面的介绍。另外,第一部分还介绍了李清照对词的理解以及李词的特点,这些知识对用英文传递李词的风格是大有裨益的。
第二章对刘宓庆的翻译风格论进行了全面详细的介绍。本章包括三部分:认识风格,风格的可译性和翻译风格的手段。本章中着重介绍了风格的内容,即形式标记和非形式标记,这也是本文发展的重要理论基础。
第三章详细介绍了形式标记的翻译。本章开头介绍了李词英译的几种形式,重点介绍了音系标记,语域标记,句法标记,词语标记和修辞标记。在对李清照六十首词分析研究的基础上,作者精选了一些典型的例子来展示风格的传递。例如在词语标记部分,作者对李清照词里出现频率较高的叠词,形容词,闺房用品以及女性的装饰品选摘出来进行讨论。每个例子下,列出了几种英文翻译,通过对他们的比较来说明如何运用不同的方法忠实地传递原风格。由于许渊冲是诗歌翻译的大家,而且他翻译了李清照的所有词作,他的翻译在每一个例子中都有所引用。
第四章讨论了风格传递中的非形式标记。由于非形式标记是非直观的,模糊的,本章就词中包含的感情和美学因素展开了论述。在美学因素部分,讨论了对于意象的处理和异域美的传递。本章还涉及了叶维廉在保留汉语中的美方面所做的创新。
诗词翻译由于作品本身的细微和精致,被认为是文学翻译中最难,要求最高的翻译形式。传递原文风格实属不易,传递某个特定人物的风格更加困难。要翻译李清照的作品,译者需要了解她的生平,想其所想,感其所感。在翻译的过程中,要模仿她的写作技巧。一个好的翻译即使在翻译中有所创新,依然能够使读者清晰地认识到他们是在阅读李清照的作品。
Song Ci, also mentioned as Song lyrics or Ci poems is a special form of literature and occupies a most important position in the history of Chinese classical literature. Compared with Tang poems, it enjoys a more flexible form and can express more refined, more delicate, more subtle feelings. Li Qingzhao, a great female representative of Song lyrics, has been inviting a lot of research both at home and abroad.
Besides the common characteristics of Ci poems, Li’s works also have a very distinct style particular to herself which attracts a lot of attention. However, the study of style has been controversial and complicated for its vagueness and inconsistency. It is even harder to convey it in English. Liu Miqing’s theory of stylistic translation provides a comparatively scientific approach to translate the style. In this thesis, the author conducts a preliminary study on the English translation of the style of Li Qingzhao’s lyrics while applying Liu’s theory.
Because the knowledge of Li Qingzhao and Ci poems is as beneficial as necessary, the thesis first makes a brief and comprehensive introduction of them which includes Li’s life, Ci poems’position, development and characteristics. Besides, the first part also includes Li’s understanding of Ci poems and the characteristics of Li’s Ci poems, the knowledge of which can help to convey her style in English.
The second chapter gives a comprehensive and detailed introduction of Liu Miqing’s theory of stylistic translation which covers three parts, identifying style, translatability of style and the methods to translate style. In this chapter, the content of style which includes formal markers and non-formal markers is highlighted since it is the base to develop the thesis.
The third chapter expounds the translation of formal markers. Beginning with the description of various forms used to translate Li’s lyrics, this chapter focuses on phonological markers, register markers, syntactic markers, lexical markers and markers of figures of speech. Based on the study of the sixty Ci poems written by Li Qingzhao, this part selects some typical examples to demonstrate the style conveyance. For example, under the lexical markers, repeated words, several adjectives, objects in a bower and accessories for women preferred by Li are cited to discuss. For every example, several versions of translation are provided and compared to demonstrate how to be faithful to the original style by applying different methods. Xu Yuanchong has translated all the sixty Ci poems written by Li Qingzhao and his translation is cited in every example.
The fourth chapter dwells on the conveyance of non-formal markers in style transference. Since non-formal markers are indirect and subtle, the treatment of emotions embodied in lyrics and aesthetic factors is discussed. Under the aesthetic consideration, the treatment of imagery and conveyance of exotic beauty are discussed. Wai-lim Yip’s creation in reserving the aesthetic effects in the Chinese language is also presented in this chapter.
Translating lyrics is generally held to be the most demanding, difficult form of literary translation due to the works’subtlety and delicacy. To convey the original style is very demanding. To convey the style of a certain person is far too difficult. To translate Li Qingzhao, a translator has to know her life, think her way and feel her way. During translation, he should imitate her writing skills. Even if some creation is made, a successful translation can still tell the readers clearly that they are reading Li Qingzhao.
引文
Bai, Jingyu. Culture and Transaltion. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2000. (白靖宇.文化与翻译.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.)
Baker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Bao, Huinan. Cultural Context and Language Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2001. ( 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001.)
Bao, Huinan. Chinese Culture and Chinese-English Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2004. (包惠南,包昂. 中国文化与汉英翻译. 北京:外文出版社,2004.)
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Bassnett. Susan& Lefevere, Andre. Constructing Cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Birch, Cyril (Ed.). Studies in Chinese Literature genres. California: University of California Press, 1974.
Bonnefoy, Yves. “Translation Poetry”. The Act and the Place of Poetry: Selected Essays. Trans. John Alexander and Clive Wilmer. The University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Catford, John C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Chen, Zumei. Critical Biography of Li Qingzhao. Naning: Nanjing University Press, 2002. (陈祖美. 李清照评传.南京:南京大学出版社,2002.)
Chen, Zumei. Selection and Comment of Li Qingzhao’s Lyrics. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002. (陈祖美. 李清照诗词文评选.上海:上海古籍出版社,2002.)
Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002.
Feng, Qinghua. Stylistic Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. (冯庆华. 文体翻译论. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.)
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. New York: Routledge Inc., 1993.
Gu, Zhengkun. China and West: Comparative Poetics and Translation. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2003. (辜正坤. 中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.)
Guo, Jianzhong. Culture and Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2000. (郭建中. 文化与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.)
Hu, Shuzhong. English Rhetoric. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. (胡曙中.英语修辞学. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.)
Kramsch, Claire. Language and Culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Legge, James. The Book of Poetry: Chinese Text with English Translation. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1967.
Li, Meijie. “The Red Languish and the Green Must Grow”. Free Talk on Literature, 6 (2005): 42-44. (李美皆. “绿肥红瘦”.文学自由谈, 6 (2005): 42-44.)
Li, Qing. A Contrastive Study on the Translation of Tz’u Poems by Li Qingzhao. Doctor Dissertation, Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2005. (郦青.李清照词英译对比研究. 博士学位论文,上海:华东师范大学, 2005)
Liu, James J. Y. The Art of Chinese Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Liu, Miqing. Contemporary Translation Theory. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1999. (刘宓庆. 当代翻译理论. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.)
Liu, Miqing. Introduction to Translation Aesthetics. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2005. (刘宓庆. 翻译美学导论. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.)
Liu, Miqing. Style and Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1999. (刘宓庆. 文体与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998.)
Liu , Wu-chi. An Introduction to Chinese Literature. Indiana University Press, 1966.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Owen, Stephen. Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics. London: The University of Winsconsin Press, 1985.
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: the potentials & limitations. Manchester: Saint Jerome Publications, 2000.
Selver, Paul. The Art of Translating Poetry. Boston: The Writer, Inc. Publishers, 1966.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation studies-----An Introduction Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Xu, Yuanchong. Arts of Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1984. (许渊冲. 翻译的艺术. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1984.)
Xu, Yuanchong. Culture and Translation. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2003. (许渊冲. 文学与翻译. 北京:北京大学出版社,2003.) Xu, Yuanchong. Ingenious Translation. Zhengzhou: Wen Xin Press, 2005. (许渊冲. 译笔生花. 郑州:文心出版社,2005)
Xu, Zhongjie. English Translation of 100 Ci Poems. Beijing: Beijing College of Languages Press, 1986. (徐忠杰.词百首英译.北京:北京语言学院出版社,1986.)
Yang, Dongmei. “Flowers: External Manifestations of Li Qingzhao’s Internal Emotions”. Academic Exchange, 3 (2006):140-142. (杨冬梅. “花:李清照自我情感的外在表现”,学术交流, 3(2006): 140-142.)
Yang, Jian. On the English Translation of Ci Poems by Li Qingzhao. Master Thesis, Nanning: Guangxi University, 2000. (杨健. 李清照词英译研究. 硕士学位论文, 南宁:广西大学, 2000.)
Zong, Baihua. A Walk in Aesthetics. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2001. (宗白华. 美学散步.上海:上海人民出版社,2001.)
Baker, Mona. Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.
Bao, Huinan. Cultural Context and Language Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2001. ( 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司, 2001.)
Bao, Huinan. Chinese Culture and Chinese-English Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 2004. (包惠南,包昂. 中国文化与汉英翻译. 北京:外文出版社,2004.)
Bassnett, Susan. Translation Studies. London and New York: Routledge, 1991.
Bassnett. Susan& Lefevere, Andre. Constructing Cultures. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Bell, Roger T. Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Birch, Cyril (Ed.). Studies in Chinese Literature genres. California: University of California Press, 1974.
Bonnefoy, Yves. “Translation Poetry”. The Act and the Place of Poetry: Selected Essays. Trans. John Alexander and Clive Wilmer. The University of Chicago Press, 1989.
Catford, John C. A Linguistic Theory of Translation: An Essay on Applied Linguistics. London: Oxford University Press, 1965.
Chen, Zumei. Critical Biography of Li Qingzhao. Naning: Nanjing University Press, 2002. (陈祖美. 李清照评传.南京:南京大学出版社,2002.)
Chen, Zumei. Selection and Comment of Li Qingzhao’s Lyrics. Shanghai: Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2002. (陈祖美. 李清照诗词文评选.上海:上海古籍出版社,2002.)
Denzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln, eds. Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2002.
Feng, Qinghua. Stylistic Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. (冯庆华. 文体翻译论. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.)
Gentzler, Edwin. Contemporary Translation Theories. New York: Routledge Inc., 1993.
Gu, Zhengkun. China and West: Comparative Poetics and Translation. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2003. (辜正坤. 中西诗比较鉴赏与翻译理论. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.)
Guo, Jianzhong. Culture and Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2000. (郭建中. 文化与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.)
Hu, Shuzhong. English Rhetoric. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2002. (胡曙中.英语修辞学. 上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.)
Kramsch, Claire. Language and Culture. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
Legge, James. The Book of Poetry: Chinese Text with English Translation. New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corporation, 1967.
Li, Meijie. “The Red Languish and the Green Must Grow”. Free Talk on Literature, 6 (2005): 42-44. (李美皆. “绿肥红瘦”.文学自由谈, 6 (2005): 42-44.)
Li, Qing. A Contrastive Study on the Translation of Tz’u Poems by Li Qingzhao. Doctor Dissertation, Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2005. (郦青.李清照词英译对比研究. 博士学位论文,上海:华东师范大学, 2005)
Liu, James J. Y. The Art of Chinese Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Liu, Miqing. Contemporary Translation Theory. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1999. (刘宓庆. 当代翻译理论. 北京: 中国对外翻译出版公司, 1999.)
Liu, Miqing. Introduction to Translation Aesthetics. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 2005. (刘宓庆. 翻译美学导论. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.)
Liu, Miqing. Style and Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1999. (刘宓庆. 文体与翻译. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1998.)
Liu , Wu-chi. An Introduction to Chinese Literature. Indiana University Press, 1966.
Newmark, Peter. Approaches to Translation. Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Nida, Eugene A. Language, Culture and Translating. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1993.
Owen, Stephen. Traditional Chinese Poetry and Poetics. London: The University of Winsconsin Press, 1985.
Reiss, Katharina. Translation Criticism: the potentials & limitations. Manchester: Saint Jerome Publications, 2000.
Selver, Paul. The Art of Translating Poetry. Boston: The Writer, Inc. Publishers, 1966.
Snell-Hornby, Mary. Translation studies-----An Introduction Approach. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
Xu, Yuanchong. Arts of Translation. Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1984. (许渊冲. 翻译的艺术. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1984.)
Xu, Yuanchong. Culture and Translation. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2003. (许渊冲. 文学与翻译. 北京:北京大学出版社,2003.) Xu, Yuanchong. Ingenious Translation. Zhengzhou: Wen Xin Press, 2005. (许渊冲. 译笔生花. 郑州:文心出版社,2005)
Xu, Zhongjie. English Translation of 100 Ci Poems. Beijing: Beijing College of Languages Press, 1986. (徐忠杰.词百首英译.北京:北京语言学院出版社,1986.)
Yang, Dongmei. “Flowers: External Manifestations of Li Qingzhao’s Internal Emotions”. Academic Exchange, 3 (2006):140-142. (杨冬梅. “花:李清照自我情感的外在表现”,学术交流, 3(2006): 140-142.)
Yang, Jian. On the English Translation of Ci Poems by Li Qingzhao. Master Thesis, Nanning: Guangxi University, 2000. (杨健. 李清照词英译研究. 硕士学位论文, 南宁:广西大学, 2000.)
Zong, Baihua. A Walk in Aesthetics. Shanghai: Shanghai People’s Publishing House, 2001. (宗白华. 美学散步.上海:上海人民出版社,2001.)