科普英语标题中的陌生化现象
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摘要
陌生化理论是俄国形式主义的一个核心理论。该理论指出,文学的一个重要任务就是打破人们对自己周围事物感知的自动化状态,唤醒人们对生活的美的感受。这个目标主要是通过陌生化日常生活中的语言来实现的。陌生化理论被广泛应用于对各种文学体裁文学性的分析。科普文章虽然不是一种文学文体,但它在语言和写作手法方面却有着许多与文学文体相同的特点。这些特点在这些文章的标题中也有所体现。
本研究是对英文科普文章标题中陌生化现象的一项实证研究。笔者从美国著名科普杂志《科学美国人》中随机选取了407个文章标题,并通过对陌生化理论和科普英语文体特点的分析,对科普英语文章标题的陌生化现象进行了定义。根据这个定义,研究对象中的113个标题是具有陌生化现象的。对这些陌生化标题的进一步研究显示,在这些标题中实现陌生化的技巧主要可以分为三类:使用修辞格,使用含混语言,和使用有悖于常识的表达。本文列举了大量的实例对这三类技巧进行了说明和分析,讨论了每一类中实现陌生化效果的具体手段,并通过对具体实例的论述指出,标题中运用的手法不同,其产生陌生化的审美效果也有所不同。本研究结果证明了当代科普英语标题的文学性特点,反映了科普英语文章的文体特点,对科普英语的阅读,写作和翻译具有一定的指导意义。
The theory of defamiliarization is one of the key theories of Russian formalism, which suggests that one of the major tasks of literature is to break people’s state of automatization to things around them by means of defamiliarizing the everyday language, so as to waken people’s aesthetic perception to life. This theory is used widely to analyze the literariness of different forms of literature works. Popular science article, although not a form of literature, does share some common features in language and writing skills with literature works. These features are also reflected in their titles. Therefore, devices of defamiliarization can also be found in the titles of popular science articles.
This research is an empirical study on the defamiliarization in popular science article titles. 407 titles picked at random from the popular science journal Scientific American are studied in this research. In order to make the research more specific, a working definition of defamiliarization in popular science article titles is made on the basis of the theory of defamiliarization and the stylistic features of popular science articles. According to the working definition, 113 of the titles are found defamiliarized. The further study on these defamiliarized titles shows that three categories of techniques are used in the titles to achieve the effect of defamiliarization, namely, the use of figures of speech, the use of ambiguous language and the use of expressions deviating from general knowledge. There are also some specific techniques under each category, which have different effects of defamiliarization in terms of aesthetics. The result of this research reflects the stylistic features of popular science articles, which would be helpful to the reading, writing and translation of this kind of articles.
本研究是对英文科普文章标题中陌生化现象的一项实证研究。笔者从美国著名科普杂志《科学美国人》中随机选取了407个文章标题,并通过对陌生化理论和科普英语文体特点的分析,对科普英语文章标题的陌生化现象进行了定义。根据这个定义,研究对象中的113个标题是具有陌生化现象的。对这些陌生化标题的进一步研究显示,在这些标题中实现陌生化的技巧主要可以分为三类:使用修辞格,使用含混语言,和使用有悖于常识的表达。本文列举了大量的实例对这三类技巧进行了说明和分析,讨论了每一类中实现陌生化效果的具体手段,并通过对具体实例的论述指出,标题中运用的手法不同,其产生陌生化的审美效果也有所不同。本研究结果证明了当代科普英语标题的文学性特点,反映了科普英语文章的文体特点,对科普英语的阅读,写作和翻译具有一定的指导意义。
The theory of defamiliarization is one of the key theories of Russian formalism, which suggests that one of the major tasks of literature is to break people’s state of automatization to things around them by means of defamiliarizing the everyday language, so as to waken people’s aesthetic perception to life. This theory is used widely to analyze the literariness of different forms of literature works. Popular science article, although not a form of literature, does share some common features in language and writing skills with literature works. These features are also reflected in their titles. Therefore, devices of defamiliarization can also be found in the titles of popular science articles.
This research is an empirical study on the defamiliarization in popular science article titles. 407 titles picked at random from the popular science journal Scientific American are studied in this research. In order to make the research more specific, a working definition of defamiliarization in popular science article titles is made on the basis of the theory of defamiliarization and the stylistic features of popular science articles. According to the working definition, 113 of the titles are found defamiliarized. The further study on these defamiliarized titles shows that three categories of techniques are used in the titles to achieve the effect of defamiliarization, namely, the use of figures of speech, the use of ambiguous language and the use of expressions deviating from general knowledge. There are also some specific techniques under each category, which have different effects of defamiliarization in terms of aesthetics. The result of this research reflects the stylistic features of popular science articles, which would be helpful to the reading, writing and translation of this kind of articles.
引文
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[3] Carter, R. & W Nash. Seeing through Language [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd. 1990.
[4] Chen, Jingjin et al. Lexical devices in the text of common science and technology [J]. Journal of Nanchang Institute of Aeronautical Technology (Social Science), 2005, 4, 85-87.(陈蜻蜻等。2005。浅谈英语科普语篇的词汇衔接手段[J]。《南昌航空工业学院学报》(社会科学版),第4期,85-87。)
[5] Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987.
[6] Cui, Mei. A study on defamiliarization in modern novel titles [J]. Modern Literature Magazine, 2006, 3, 79-80(.崔梅。2006。探索当代小说标题语言形式的陌生化[J]。《当代文坛》,第3期,79-80。)
[7] Cui, Suhua. Active rhetorical devices in English for science and technology and their translation [J]. Taiyuan Sci-tech, 2006, 2, 76-77.(崔素花。2006。科技英语中的积极修辞及其翻译[J]。《太原科技》第2期, 76-77,79。)
[8] Dudley-Evans, T. A preliminary investigation of the writing of dissertation titles [A]. The ESP Classroom. Hartmann, R.R.K.(eds). Exeter: A .Wheaton & Co.Ltd. 1984, 40-46.
[9] Dunn, A & A. Singer. Literary Aesthetics: A Reader [M]. Boston: Blackwell Publishing. 2000.
[10] Falkowski, P.G. The ocean’s invisible forest [J]. Scientific American, 2002, 8, 54-63.
[11] Fang, Mengzhi. Art in sci-tech translation [J]. Shanghai Journal of Translators forScience and Technology, 1999, 4, 32-36.(方梦之。1999。科技翻译:科学与艺术同存[J]。《上海科技翻译》,第4期,32-36。)
[12] Fang, Qinghua. Use and translation of rhetorical devices in English titles [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (Social Science), 2005, 3, 91-93, 105.(方庆华。2005。论修辞在英语文章标题中的使用及翻译[J]。《武汉科技大学学报》(社会科学版),第3期,91-93,105。)
[13] Fang, Shan. Literary Theory of Formalism [M]. Jinan: Shandong Education Press. 1999.(方珊。1999。《形式主义文论》[M]。济南:山东教育出版社。)
[14] Fields, R. D. The other half of the brain [J]. Scientific American, 2004, 4, 54-61.
[15] Fischetti, M. Drowning New Orleans [J]. Scientific American, 2001, 10, 76-87.
[16] Gao, Guilian et al. A study on rhetoric and translation of English articles [J]. Journal of the Second Northwest University for Nationalities, 2005, 2, 116-120.(高桂莲等。2005。浅谈英语文章标题的修辞格与翻译[J]。《西北第二民族学院学报》,第2期,116-120。)
[17] Gao, Yun. On the writing style and translation into Chinese of English scientific paper titles [J]. Shandong Foreign Language Teaching Journal, 2004, 1, 92-94.(高云。2004。英语科技文章标题的文体与翻译[J]。《山东外语教学》,第1期,92-94。)
[18] Guo, Qian & Zhang Xiuyuan. A study on language patterns of English magazine headings [J]. Foreign Languages and Their Teachings, 2003, 8, 59-63.(郭茜,张秀媛。2003。英语杂志标题语言模式探讨[J]。《外语与外语教学》,第8期,59-63。)
[19] Haggan, M. Research paper titles in literature, linguistics and science: dimensions of attraction [J]. Journal of Pragmatics, 2004, 36, 293–317.
[20] Han, Xu & Ye, Yunping. The transitivity analysis of popular science article [J]. Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology (Social Science Edition), 2004, 12, 134-136.(韩旭,叶云屏。2004。科普语类的及物性分析[J]。《北京理工大学学报》(社会科学版),第12期,134-136。)
[21] He, Hengxing. Same clause, different translations: functional linguistic analysis onthe translation of English titles [J]. Foreign Language Education, 2001, 1, 64-66(.何恒幸。2001。相同小句不同翻译——标题翻译的功能语言学解释[J]。《外语教学》,第1期,64-66。)
[22] Jiang, Yujiao. The abstract imago in Dickenson’s poetry: analysis on the aesthetic significance of abstract imago [J]. Journal of Hengyang Medical College (Social Science Edition), 2000, 4, 34-37.(江玉娇。2000。狄金森诗歌中的抽象意义-----从文学理论“陌生化”视角探讨抽象意象的美学意义[J]。《衡阳医学院学报》(社会科学版),第4期,34-37。)
[23] Lemon, T. L. & M. J. Reis. Russian Formalist Criticism: Four Essays [M]. Lincoln, London: University of Nebraska Press. 1965.
[24] Li, Ming & Zhang Liqioang. Historical errors in the translation of article titles [J]. Journal of Beijing International Studies University, 2004, 4, 36-39.(李明,张丽琼。2004。文章标题翻译中的历史知识误译[J]。《北京第二外国语学院学报》,第4期,36-39。)
[25] Li, Ming. How to translate Chinese titles with dashes [J]. Shanghai Journal of Translators for Science and Technology, 2000, 3, 20-23.(李明。2000。文章标题翻译中破折号的处理[J]。《上海科技翻译》,第3期,20-23。)
[26] Li, Zhengshuan. Metaphysical thoughts and the art of defamiliarization: appreciation of John Donne’s Flea [J]. Appreciation of Famous Literature Works, 2005, 15, 62-65. (李正栓。2005。玄学思维与陌生化艺术——约翰·邓恩《跳蚤》赏析[J]。《名作欣赏》,第15期,62-65。)
[27] Liu, Miqing. Genre and Translation [M]. Beijing: China Translation and Publishing Corporation. 1985.(刘宓庆。1985。《文体与翻译》[M]。北京:中国对外翻译出版公司。)
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