基于3D-GIS的分维分层主动式态势图构建技术
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摘要
伴随着地图学、计算机科学、地理信息系统和传播学的发展,态势图正逐步从纸质化走向数字化、信息化。其应用范围也在不断扩大,如今态势图已经被广泛的用于灾害防范、资源勘测、人口规划、经济发展战略部署以及军事战略部署等几乎所有领域。随着二维态势图技术日趋成熟并逐步实用化,加上计算机技术特别是可视化技术的飞跃发展,各国都越来越重视对态势三维可视化构建技术的研究。
态势三维可视化构建技术不仅需要三维可视化技术的支撑,同时需要三维地图及地理信息系统、三维态势标绘技术的支持。本论文对三维地理信息系统及在其基础上建立的三维态势标绘系统的关键技术进行了研究。
首先利用目前比较成熟的三维图形引擎,结合态势图实际应用需求,构建出态势标绘专用的三维地理信息系统,该系统支持主动式态势服务和态势信息的分维分层定制显示功能。
随后在上述系统上借鉴目前相对比较成熟的二维态势图构建技术构建出具有良好交互性的三维态势图标绘系统,并参考二维态势标号系统设计了一套三维态势标号系统接口。
在三维函数标号系统中,结合带约束的三维变形技术的思想,进一步提出了一种三维态势图中态势标号的实时约束变形算法,该算法能够很好的应用于三维函数态势标号的设计中。
最后应用文中介绍的三维地理信息系统及三维态势标绘技术设计了一套三维态势图系统,该系统能够实时的可视化各种态势信息并为用户提供具有良好操作性的三维态势标绘平台。
With the development of cartography, computer science, geographic information system and communication, operational picture is gradually being of information. The application of the operational picture is constantly expanding too. And now it has been widely used for disaster prevention, resource surveying, the planning for population, the planning for economic development, and some other areas. Coupled with the coming of age of the using of two-dimensional operational picture technology, and the development of computer technology, especially the visualization technology, the research of three-dimensional operational picture has been emphasized by many countries.
It is required for three-dimensional operational picture that not only the support of three-dimensional visualization technology, of three-dimensional cartography and geographic information system, as well as the support of the active information dissemination technology in operational picture. In this dissertation, key techniques for three-dimensional geographic information system and three-dimensional plotting system are studied.
First of all, according to the needs of operational picture, we build a three-dimensional geographic information system, which support the active service of operational information and hierarchical displaying.
Secondly, a three-dimensional plotting system with good manipulability is set up. It draws lesson from the current relatively mature technology of two-dimensional operational picture system. Then a set of three-dimensional operational labeling interface is designed according to the two-dimensional operational labeling system.
On the search of three-dimensional function-labeling system, according to the three-dimensional constrained deformation technology, this dissertation presents a new algorithm for real-time constrained deformation of three-dimensional operational labeling, which can be put good use in the design of three-dimensional function -labeling.
Finally, a three-dimensional operational picture system is designed and developed, based on three-dimensional geographic information system and plotting system presented in this dissertation. It can real-time visualize various operational information and provide users with a three-dimensional operational plotting platform with good manipulability.
态势三维可视化构建技术不仅需要三维可视化技术的支撑,同时需要三维地图及地理信息系统、三维态势标绘技术的支持。本论文对三维地理信息系统及在其基础上建立的三维态势标绘系统的关键技术进行了研究。
首先利用目前比较成熟的三维图形引擎,结合态势图实际应用需求,构建出态势标绘专用的三维地理信息系统,该系统支持主动式态势服务和态势信息的分维分层定制显示功能。
随后在上述系统上借鉴目前相对比较成熟的二维态势图构建技术构建出具有良好交互性的三维态势图标绘系统,并参考二维态势标号系统设计了一套三维态势标号系统接口。
在三维函数标号系统中,结合带约束的三维变形技术的思想,进一步提出了一种三维态势图中态势标号的实时约束变形算法,该算法能够很好的应用于三维函数态势标号的设计中。
最后应用文中介绍的三维地理信息系统及三维态势标绘技术设计了一套三维态势图系统,该系统能够实时的可视化各种态势信息并为用户提供具有良好操作性的三维态势标绘平台。
With the development of cartography, computer science, geographic information system and communication, operational picture is gradually being of information. The application of the operational picture is constantly expanding too. And now it has been widely used for disaster prevention, resource surveying, the planning for population, the planning for economic development, and some other areas. Coupled with the coming of age of the using of two-dimensional operational picture technology, and the development of computer technology, especially the visualization technology, the research of three-dimensional operational picture has been emphasized by many countries.
It is required for three-dimensional operational picture that not only the support of three-dimensional visualization technology, of three-dimensional cartography and geographic information system, as well as the support of the active information dissemination technology in operational picture. In this dissertation, key techniques for three-dimensional geographic information system and three-dimensional plotting system are studied.
First of all, according to the needs of operational picture, we build a three-dimensional geographic information system, which support the active service of operational information and hierarchical displaying.
Secondly, a three-dimensional plotting system with good manipulability is set up. It draws lesson from the current relatively mature technology of two-dimensional operational picture system. Then a set of three-dimensional operational labeling interface is designed according to the two-dimensional operational labeling system.
On the search of three-dimensional function-labeling system, according to the three-dimensional constrained deformation technology, this dissertation presents a new algorithm for real-time constrained deformation of three-dimensional operational labeling, which can be put good use in the design of three-dimensional function -labeling.
Finally, a three-dimensional operational picture system is designed and developed, based on three-dimensional geographic information system and plotting system presented in this dissertation. It can real-time visualize various operational information and provide users with a three-dimensional operational plotting platform with good manipulability.
引文
[1]Wood M.,K.Brodlie.Vise AND GIS:Some Fundamental Considerations.Visualization in Geographical Information System.edited by Hilary M.Hearnshaw & David J.Urwin.1994,3-8
[2]Visvalingam,M.Visualization in GIS,Cartography and Vies.Visualization in Geographical Information System.edited by Hilary M.Hearnshaw & David J.Urwin.1994,18-25
[3]Philbrick,A.K.Toward a unity of cartographic forms and geographical content.Professional Geographer,1953,5(5):11-15
[4]Debbie Borovitcky.Global Combat Support System(GCSS) Operation Architecture,2002:2-18
[5]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[6]潘农菲.GIS的空间数据在关系型数据库的实现理论及应用技术.计算机应用研究,2002(2):92-94
[7]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术.北京:解放军出版社.2001
[8]李永红,郭星华,单国慧.主动式态势图服务关键技术研究.测绘科学,2006,31(2):63-65
[9]Laura G Hinton,James E.Harrington.Real-time Connectivity:A Simulation to C4I System Interface Tool,2004:2-10
[10]Capstone Requirements Document(CRD),Global Information Grid(GIG),22 August 2001
[11]DoD Chief Information Officer Guidance and Policy Memorandum No.6-8510:Department of Defense Global Information Grid Information Assurance June 16,2000
[12]Network Centric Warfare Department of Defense Report to Congress Appendix,2001:109-168
[13]姚龙海,军事标图系统中复杂军标的实现方法,系统工程与电子技术,2000
[14]杨晓华,军事标图技法,解放军出版社,1995
[15]李德仁.数字地球与“3S”技术.中国测绘.2003(2):28-31
[16]A.Keith Turner.2D 2.5D 3D以及4D之间的差异.测绘通报,1998(2):12-14
[17]李国标,庄雅平,王选华.面向对象的GIS数据模型—地理数据库.测绘通报,2001(6): 37-39
[18]王建,杜道生.矢量数据向栅格数据转换的一种改进算法.地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(1):31-34
[19]郭利川,郭建星,代晓波.浅谈地理信息系统中的空间数据模型.地理空间信息,2005,3(1):37-39
[20]韩国建等.矿体信息的八叉树存储和检索技术.测绘学报,1992,21(1):13-17
[21]Donald M.Geometric Modeling Using Octree Encoding.Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1982,19:129-147
[22]Homer H and Thomas S.SURVEY A Survey of Construction and Manipulation of Octrees.CVGIP,1988,43:409-431
[23]龚健雅.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,22(1):7-15
[24]Li Qingquan,Li Deren.Hybrid Data Structure Based on Octree and Tetrahedron in 3D GIS.In:International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1996,31(B4):503-507
[25]Pilout M,Tempfli K,and Molenaar M.A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation.In:Advanced Geographic Data Modelling.Netherlands Geodedc Commision,Publications on Geodesy,1994(40):129-140
[26]Victor J D,and Alan P.Delaunay Tetrahedral Data Modelling for 3-D GIS Applications,GIS/LIS'93,1993.671-678
[27]Li R.Data Structure,and Application Issues in 3-D Geographic Information Systems.GEOMATIC,1994,48(3):209-224
[28]Molenaar M.A Topology for 3D Vector Maps.ITC Journal,1992(1):25-33
[29]Victor J D.Delaunay Triangulations in TIN Creation:An Overview and A Linear-Time Algorithm.Int.J.Geographical Information Systems,1993,7(6):501-524
[30]LiuYB,LiuDY.Arc view on spatial reasoning and geographic information system.Journal of SORFTWARE,2000,11(12):1598-1606
[31]李连营,李清泉,李汉武,等.基于MapX的GIS应用开发.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
[32]陈军,赵仁亮.GIS空间关系的基本问题与研究进展.测绘学报,1999,5(2):95-102
[33]岳国森.基于Oracle Spatial的空间拓扑关系查询:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2003
[34]Gregory Junker,Pro Ogre 3D Programming
[35]http://www.ogre3d.org/docs/api/html/index.html,OGRE API Reference
[36]http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms810811.aspx,MSDN for ADO
[37]Edwin Earl Catmull.A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces.The University of Utah.1974
[38]James F.Blinn,Martin E.Newell.Texture and reflection in computer generated images.Communications of the ACM.1976,19(10):542-547
[39]Dollner J.Dynamic 3D maps and their texture-based design.CGI'00.2000.19-24
[40]军队符号规定,解放军总参谋部,1998.12
[41]孙家广,计算机图形学(第三版),北京清华大学出版社,1998
[42]SEDERBERG TW,PARRY SR.Free-Form deformation of solid geometric models.Computer graphics,1986,20(4):151-160
[43]冯结青,赵豫红,万华根等.基于曲线和曲面控制的多边形物体变形反走样.计算机学报,2005,28(1):60-67
[44]BORREL P,RAPPOPORT A.Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design.ACM Trans on graphics,1994,13(2):137-155
[45]JIN Xiao Gang,LI Y F,PENG Qun Sheng.General constrained deformations based on generalized meatballs.Computers & graphics,2000,24(3):219-231
[46]张慧,孙家广.一种面片约束的变形技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,15(4):389-392
[47]ZHOU Yan,JIN Xiao Gang,FENG Jie Qing.Constrained deformations based on convolution surfaces.Journal of computational information systems,2006,2(2):513-520
[48]FOWLER B,BARTELS R.Constraint-Based curve manipulation.IEEE Computer graphics and applications,1993,13(5):43-49
[49]周艳,刘圣军,金小刚等.基于测地距离的多边形网格模型约束变形.Journal of software,Vol.18,No.6,June 2007,pp.1543-1552
[50]张宛方,苏鸿根,3D模型LOD算法的研究及其OpneGL实现,计算机工程与设计,2004,Vol.25(10):1790-1791
[2]Visvalingam,M.Visualization in GIS,Cartography and Vies.Visualization in Geographical Information System.edited by Hilary M.Hearnshaw & David J.Urwin.1994,18-25
[3]Philbrick,A.K.Toward a unity of cartographic forms and geographical content.Professional Geographer,1953,5(5):11-15
[4]Debbie Borovitcky.Global Combat Support System(GCSS) Operation Architecture,2002:2-18
[5]边馥苓.地理信息系统原理和方法.北京:测绘出版社,1996
[6]潘农菲.GIS的空间数据在关系型数据库的实现理论及应用技术.计算机应用研究,2002(2):92-94
[7]华一新,吴升,赵军喜.地理信息系统原理与技术.北京:解放军出版社.2001
[8]李永红,郭星华,单国慧.主动式态势图服务关键技术研究.测绘科学,2006,31(2):63-65
[9]Laura G Hinton,James E.Harrington.Real-time Connectivity:A Simulation to C4I System Interface Tool,2004:2-10
[10]Capstone Requirements Document(CRD),Global Information Grid(GIG),22 August 2001
[11]DoD Chief Information Officer Guidance and Policy Memorandum No.6-8510:Department of Defense Global Information Grid Information Assurance June 16,2000
[12]Network Centric Warfare Department of Defense Report to Congress Appendix,2001:109-168
[13]姚龙海,军事标图系统中复杂军标的实现方法,系统工程与电子技术,2000
[14]杨晓华,军事标图技法,解放军出版社,1995
[15]李德仁.数字地球与“3S”技术.中国测绘.2003(2):28-31
[16]A.Keith Turner.2D 2.5D 3D以及4D之间的差异.测绘通报,1998(2):12-14
[17]李国标,庄雅平,王选华.面向对象的GIS数据模型—地理数据库.测绘通报,2001(6): 37-39
[18]王建,杜道生.矢量数据向栅格数据转换的一种改进算法.地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(1):31-34
[19]郭利川,郭建星,代晓波.浅谈地理信息系统中的空间数据模型.地理空间信息,2005,3(1):37-39
[20]韩国建等.矿体信息的八叉树存储和检索技术.测绘学报,1992,21(1):13-17
[21]Donald M.Geometric Modeling Using Octree Encoding.Computer Graphics and Image Processing,1982,19:129-147
[22]Homer H and Thomas S.SURVEY A Survey of Construction and Manipulation of Octrees.CVGIP,1988,43:409-431
[23]龚健雅.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,22(1):7-15
[24]Li Qingquan,Li Deren.Hybrid Data Structure Based on Octree and Tetrahedron in 3D GIS.In:International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing,1996,31(B4):503-507
[25]Pilout M,Tempfli K,and Molenaar M.A Tetrahedron-Based 3D Vector Data Model for Geoinformation.In:Advanced Geographic Data Modelling.Netherlands Geodedc Commision,Publications on Geodesy,1994(40):129-140
[26]Victor J D,and Alan P.Delaunay Tetrahedral Data Modelling for 3-D GIS Applications,GIS/LIS'93,1993.671-678
[27]Li R.Data Structure,and Application Issues in 3-D Geographic Information Systems.GEOMATIC,1994,48(3):209-224
[28]Molenaar M.A Topology for 3D Vector Maps.ITC Journal,1992(1):25-33
[29]Victor J D.Delaunay Triangulations in TIN Creation:An Overview and A Linear-Time Algorithm.Int.J.Geographical Information Systems,1993,7(6):501-524
[30]LiuYB,LiuDY.Arc view on spatial reasoning and geographic information system.Journal of SORFTWARE,2000,11(12):1598-1606
[31]李连营,李清泉,李汉武,等.基于MapX的GIS应用开发.武汉:武汉大学出版社,2003
[32]陈军,赵仁亮.GIS空间关系的基本问题与研究进展.测绘学报,1999,5(2):95-102
[33]岳国森.基于Oracle Spatial的空间拓扑关系查询:[硕士学位论文].长沙:中南大学,2003
[34]Gregory Junker,Pro Ogre 3D Programming
[35]http://www.ogre3d.org/docs/api/html/index.html,OGRE API Reference
[36]http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms810811.aspx,MSDN for ADO
[37]Edwin Earl Catmull.A subdivision algorithm for computer display of curved surfaces.The University of Utah.1974
[38]James F.Blinn,Martin E.Newell.Texture and reflection in computer generated images.Communications of the ACM.1976,19(10):542-547
[39]Dollner J.Dynamic 3D maps and their texture-based design.CGI'00.2000.19-24
[40]军队符号规定,解放军总参谋部,1998.12
[41]孙家广,计算机图形学(第三版),北京清华大学出版社,1998
[42]SEDERBERG TW,PARRY SR.Free-Form deformation of solid geometric models.Computer graphics,1986,20(4):151-160
[43]冯结青,赵豫红,万华根等.基于曲线和曲面控制的多边形物体变形反走样.计算机学报,2005,28(1):60-67
[44]BORREL P,RAPPOPORT A.Simple constrained deformations for geometric modeling and interactive design.ACM Trans on graphics,1994,13(2):137-155
[45]JIN Xiao Gang,LI Y F,PENG Qun Sheng.General constrained deformations based on generalized meatballs.Computers & graphics,2000,24(3):219-231
[46]张慧,孙家广.一种面片约束的变形技术.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2003,15(4):389-392
[47]ZHOU Yan,JIN Xiao Gang,FENG Jie Qing.Constrained deformations based on convolution surfaces.Journal of computational information systems,2006,2(2):513-520
[48]FOWLER B,BARTELS R.Constraint-Based curve manipulation.IEEE Computer graphics and applications,1993,13(5):43-49
[49]周艳,刘圣军,金小刚等.基于测地距离的多边形网格模型约束变形.Journal of software,Vol.18,No.6,June 2007,pp.1543-1552
[50]张宛方,苏鸿根,3D模型LOD算法的研究及其OpneGL实现,计算机工程与设计,2004,Vol.25(10):1790-1791