面向对象三维GIS及可视化研究
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摘要
三维地理信息系统是数字城市的核心技术之一。目前,在城市规划方面主要采用二维GIS来进行平面设计和应用,但是现实世界是真实的三维空间,故不能较好的显示真实世界。面向对象三维GIS数据模型及可视化技术处理的是三维空间,能够获得更真实的感受,现已成为当前研究的重要课题。本文对三维GIS面向对象数据模型及其可视化技术两个方面进行了深入研究。
在数据管理方面,由于现有的空间数据模型采用了基于域或对象的数据模型,但不能满足属性数据和空间数据同时管理要求,我们结合面向对象技术提出了一种适用于“数字城市”的面向对象三维数据模型,该模型实现多种三维矢量模型数据的一体化存储管理。最后,我们还设计了三维GIS数据管理平台3DGIS-SDE。
在可视化方面,本文基于该面向对象数据模型,运用层次细节技术(LOD)和多分辨率纹理模型等关键技术解决了三维GIS的可视化问题,加快三维场景的渲染速度;通过人机交互的方式控制场景的三维绘制,实现了三维场景中漫游,改善了三维景观可视化效果;同时,利用层次包围盒技术解决了在三维场景漫游过程中的碰撞检测问题,以增强三维景观的真实性,以更加逼真的方式显示三维空间。
最后,对三维GIS系统的信息查询过程进行分析,并讨论了光照计算空间分析算法,实现了一个功能较强的三维数字地理信息查询与分析系统(3DGIS)。
The three-dimensional GIS is one of key technology of the digital city. Currently, most applications use two-dimension GIS to design, but reality is a real three-demension space, so can not display reality. Object-oriented three-dimensional GIS data model and visualization process for three-dimensional space, and get more reality taste, become now an important research subject. In this paper, three-dimensional GIS data model and visualization technology will be researched.
In the aspect of data management, due to Spatial data models exist can not meet the need of management for spatial data and attribute data together. We provide a new object-oriented data model which is apt to "digital city" based on object-oriented technology. This model implements the store management for multi-demensional vector data. Final, we design a 3DGIS-SDE platform for three-dimensional GIS.
In the aspect of visualization, based on the model and key technology such as LOD and multi-scale model, this paper solves the problem of visualization for three-dimensional GIS, which accelerates the speed of drawing scene and enhances the effect of visualization and reality. At the same time, with the technology of level encircle, this paper solves the problem of colliding in the three-dimensional scene, and displays the real three-dimensional space.
Finally, the query process of three-dimensional GIS system is analyzed, and light illumination arithmetic for spatial analysis is discussed. A three-dimensional GIS query and analysis system (3DGIS) is designed and implemented with completely function.
在数据管理方面,由于现有的空间数据模型采用了基于域或对象的数据模型,但不能满足属性数据和空间数据同时管理要求,我们结合面向对象技术提出了一种适用于“数字城市”的面向对象三维数据模型,该模型实现多种三维矢量模型数据的一体化存储管理。最后,我们还设计了三维GIS数据管理平台3DGIS-SDE。
在可视化方面,本文基于该面向对象数据模型,运用层次细节技术(LOD)和多分辨率纹理模型等关键技术解决了三维GIS的可视化问题,加快三维场景的渲染速度;通过人机交互的方式控制场景的三维绘制,实现了三维场景中漫游,改善了三维景观可视化效果;同时,利用层次包围盒技术解决了在三维场景漫游过程中的碰撞检测问题,以增强三维景观的真实性,以更加逼真的方式显示三维空间。
最后,对三维GIS系统的信息查询过程进行分析,并讨论了光照计算空间分析算法,实现了一个功能较强的三维数字地理信息查询与分析系统(3DGIS)。
The three-dimensional GIS is one of key technology of the digital city. Currently, most applications use two-dimension GIS to design, but reality is a real three-demension space, so can not display reality. Object-oriented three-dimensional GIS data model and visualization process for three-dimensional space, and get more reality taste, become now an important research subject. In this paper, three-dimensional GIS data model and visualization technology will be researched.
In the aspect of data management, due to Spatial data models exist can not meet the need of management for spatial data and attribute data together. We provide a new object-oriented data model which is apt to "digital city" based on object-oriented technology. This model implements the store management for multi-demensional vector data. Final, we design a 3DGIS-SDE platform for three-dimensional GIS.
In the aspect of visualization, based on the model and key technology such as LOD and multi-scale model, this paper solves the problem of visualization for three-dimensional GIS, which accelerates the speed of drawing scene and enhances the effect of visualization and reality. At the same time, with the technology of level encircle, this paper solves the problem of colliding in the three-dimensional scene, and displays the real three-dimensional space.
Finally, the query process of three-dimensional GIS system is analyzed, and light illumination arithmetic for spatial analysis is discussed. A three-dimensional GIS query and analysis system (3DGIS) is designed and implemented with completely function.
引文
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[2]Kofler,M.,Rehatschek,H,Gruber,M.Proceedings of the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.A database for a 3D GIS for urban environments supporting photo-realistic visualization[J].1996,198-202.
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[6]王永明.中国图像图形学报[J/OL],地形可视化.2000,5(6).449-456.
[7]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京科学出版社,1999,371-398.
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[11]《数字城市导论》编委会.数字城市导论.中国建筑业出版社,2001.
[12]万剑华.基于VRML的虚拟城市的建立.测绘通报.2002,5.
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[14]李红.“数字地球”与我国信息化发展战略[J],微机发展.2000,(05).
[15]郑顺义,万幼川,谭德宝等.河道三维可视化技术研究[J].长江科学院院报.2004,(03).
[16]缪海岚.面向地学应用的三维GIS可视化技术研究[D].福州大学.2003.
[17]张瑾玉.三维地质可视化关键技术研究[D].华中科技大学.2005.
[18]冉磊.3D GIS中三维模型的建立及可视化研究[D].中国优秀博硕士学位论 文全文数据库(硕士).2006,(10).
[19]http://www.esri.com/products/index.html.
[20]谢传节,肖乐斌,万洪涛.面向对象的GIS时空数据模型[J].地理研究.1998,17(增刊),124-130.
[21]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三位GIS数据模型和空间分析研究[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学,1998.
[22]马蔼乃.论地理科学.地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1).1-4.
[23]朱庆.三位地理信息系统技术综述.地理信息世界,2004,2(3).8-13.
[24]危拥军.三维模型理论与方法的研究,硕士论文郑州信息工程大学.2000.
[25]徐青.地形三维可视化技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000,109.
[26]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[27]杨必胜.三维城市模型的可视化研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998,2.
[28]龚健稚,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,1,3-4.
[29]万剑华.三维城市GIS的可视化研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文.2001.
[30]赵永军,李汉林,王海起等.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成.石油大学学报.2001,25(5).24-28.
[31]边馥苓,傅仲良,胡自锋.面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.2000,25(4).294-297.
[32]向世明.OpenGL编程与实例.北京:电子工业出版社,1999.
[33]李德仁,刘强,朱庆等.数码城市GIS中建筑物室外与室内三维一体化表示与漫游.武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2003,6.
[34]李军,景宁,吴秋云等.基于面向对象数据库的三维GIS实验系统.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003,7.
[35]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider等.OpenGL编程权威指南.中国电力出版社,2001.
[36]J.Schroder,K.M.Martin,W.E.Lorensen.TheVisualization Tool Kit-an Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics.Second Edition.Prentice Hall RTR Upper Saddle River,New Jersey,1998.
[37]Edward Verbree,Gert Van Maren,Rick Germs.Interaction in virtual woral views-lingking 3D GIS with VR.Intemational Journal of Gerographical Information Sceience.1999.
[38]Luebke D.Level of Details for 3D Graphics.Morgan Kanfmannn Publishers.San Francisco:2003,390.
[39]Shiode N.3D urban models recent developments in the digital modeling of urban environments in three-dimensions.GeoJournal,2001,263-269.
[40]ZhengXin,WuEn-hua.Model Transformation and Simplification from VRML to MultiGen.Journal of System Simulation,2001,(13).440-442.
[41]Zltanova,S.A.A.Rahman and W.Z.Shi.Yopological models and frameworks for 3D spatial objects.Computers&Geosciences.2004,30(4).419-428.
[42]顾朝林,段学军.论“数字城市”及其三维再现关键技术.地理研究.2002,(2).60-65.
[43]李春光.城市景观三维重建与可视化表达.湖北:武汉大学地图学与地理信息统.2004.
[44]朱文军.数字城市三维模型的可视化技术.湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版).2005,3(3).280-284.
[45]秦汉林等.三维地形场景的真实感绘制.计算机工程与设计.2004,5.
[2]Kofler,M.,Rehatschek,H,Gruber,M.Proceedings of the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.A database for a 3D GIS for urban environments supporting photo-realistic visualization[J].1996,198-202.
[3]Alan M,MacEachren.Virtual Environments for Geographic Visualization.Potential and Challenges.Penn State University Center for Academic Computing[J].2002,3-4.
[4]Shida,Understanding Digital Cities,Technologies and Future Perspectives[J].1997,176.
[5]李捷唐,泽圣.计算机学报[J/OL].三维复杂模型的实时连续多分辨率.1998,21(6).481-491.
[6]王永明.中国图像图形学报[J/OL],地形可视化.2000,5(6).449-456.
[7]彭群生,鲍虎军,金小刚.计算机真实感图形的算法基础[M].北京科学出版社,1999,371-398.
[8]中国图像图形学报[J/OL].三维地形生成及实时显示技术研究进展.2000(4),269.
[9]彭侠夫,郭莲英.虚拟现实技术在城市建设中的应用[J].电脑与信息术.2003,(3).11-14.
[10]肖乐斌,钟耳顺.三维GIS基本问题探讨.北京:中国图像图形出版社,2001,(9).842-848.
[11]《数字城市导论》编委会.数字城市导论.中国建筑业出版社,2001.
[12]万剑华.基于VRML的虚拟城市的建立.测绘通报.2002,5.
[13]李晓燕.三维地形实时动态显示的核心技术研究[J].电脑编程技巧与维护.2004,(01).
[14]李红.“数字地球”与我国信息化发展战略[J],微机发展.2000,(05).
[15]郑顺义,万幼川,谭德宝等.河道三维可视化技术研究[J].长江科学院院报.2004,(03).
[16]缪海岚.面向地学应用的三维GIS可视化技术研究[D].福州大学.2003.
[17]张瑾玉.三维地质可视化关键技术研究[D].华中科技大学.2005.
[18]冉磊.3D GIS中三维模型的建立及可视化研究[D].中国优秀博硕士学位论 文全文数据库(硕士).2006,(10).
[19]http://www.esri.com/products/index.html.
[20]谢传节,肖乐斌,万洪涛.面向对象的GIS时空数据模型[J].地理研究.1998,17(增刊),124-130.
[21]李清泉.基于混合数据结构的三位GIS数据模型和空间分析研究[博士学位论文].武汉:武汉测绘科技大学,1998.
[22]马蔼乃.论地理科学.地理与地理信息科学,2003,19(1).1-4.
[23]朱庆.三位地理信息系统技术综述.地理信息世界,2004,2(3).8-13.
[24]危拥军.三维模型理论与方法的研究,硕士论文郑州信息工程大学.2000.
[25]徐青.地形三维可视化技术[M].北京:测绘出版社,2000,109.
[26]唐泽圣.三维数据场可视化[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.
[27]杨必胜.三维城市模型的可视化研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士论文,1998,2.
[28]龚健稚,夏宗国.矢量与栅格集成的三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.1997,1,3-4.
[29]万剑华.三维城市GIS的可视化研究.武汉测绘科技大学博士学位论文.2001.
[30]赵永军,李汉林,王海起等.GIS三维空间数据模型的发展与集成.石油大学学报.2001,25(5).24-28.
[31]边馥苓,傅仲良,胡自锋.面向目标的栅格矢量一体化三维数据模型.武汉测绘科技大学学报.2000,25(4).294-297.
[32]向世明.OpenGL编程与实例.北京:电子工业出版社,1999.
[33]李德仁,刘强,朱庆等.数码城市GIS中建筑物室外与室内三维一体化表示与漫游.武汉大学学报(信息科学版).2003,6.
[34]李军,景宁,吴秋云等.基于面向对象数据库的三维GIS实验系统.计算机辅助设计与图形学学报.2003,7.
[35]Mason Woo,Jackie Neider等.OpenGL编程权威指南.中国电力出版社,2001.
[36]J.Schroder,K.M.Martin,W.E.Lorensen.TheVisualization Tool Kit-an Object-Oriented Approach to 3D Graphics.Second Edition.Prentice Hall RTR Upper Saddle River,New Jersey,1998.
[37]Edward Verbree,Gert Van Maren,Rick Germs.Interaction in virtual woral views-lingking 3D GIS with VR.Intemational Journal of Gerographical Information Sceience.1999.
[38]Luebke D.Level of Details for 3D Graphics.Morgan Kanfmannn Publishers.San Francisco:2003,390.
[39]Shiode N.3D urban models recent developments in the digital modeling of urban environments in three-dimensions.GeoJournal,2001,263-269.
[40]ZhengXin,WuEn-hua.Model Transformation and Simplification from VRML to MultiGen.Journal of System Simulation,2001,(13).440-442.
[41]Zltanova,S.A.A.Rahman and W.Z.Shi.Yopological models and frameworks for 3D spatial objects.Computers&Geosciences.2004,30(4).419-428.
[42]顾朝林,段学军.论“数字城市”及其三维再现关键技术.地理研究.2002,(2).60-65.
[43]李春光.城市景观三维重建与可视化表达.湖北:武汉大学地图学与地理信息统.2004.
[44]朱文军.数字城市三维模型的可视化技术.湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版).2005,3(3).280-284.
[45]秦汉林等.三维地形场景的真实感绘制.计算机工程与设计.2004,5.