论《黑暗之心》的反殖民主义话语
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摘要
约瑟夫·康拉德以其非凡的创作成就与艺术主张,在20世纪文坛占据了极其重要的一席。他的小说自问世以来不断受到评论界的关注。批评家从作者到文本,从读者到社会,多视角地对康拉德的作品进行了富有成效的阐释和解读,其中最受关注的是《黑暗之心》。评论界从精神分析、种族主义、反殖民主义、女性主义等多个视角对该作品进行了阐释。
本文认为《黑暗之心》是一部充满了人文主义和反殖民主义情怀的小说,表达出作者对殖民主义和帝国主义的强烈不满。尽管后来在萨义德等后殖民主义批评家看来,康拉德并没有完全摆脱出帝国主义的影响,书中流露出许多鲜明的白人种族优越感,以及白人肩负“拯救”土著人的使命而带来的神圣感,但书中对黑人痛苦生活的描述,对白人殖民者的贪婪和残暴的揭露无不看出作者有着强烈的反殖民主义思想。
本文主要从政治、经济和种族意识三个方面,分析书中的反殖民主义话语,指出康拉德通过马洛的叙述在《黑暗之心》中描绘出殖民者给非洲带来的悲惨的生活景象,非洲土著人在殖民者的欺诈和镇压之下,不仅失去了大量的珍贵财富,甚至连基本的话语权都被剥夺,成为哑寂的“动物”。生活在19世纪帝国主义鼎盛时代的康拉德虽然不能完全摆脱帝国主义和殖民主义的影响,但他并没有在自己的作品中为殖民主义高唱赞歌,而是通过细腻深沉的笔调,把殖民主义的罪恶昭然于世,在白人和黑人生活状况的鲜明反差背后是他对帝国主义和殖民主义无声而又猛烈的抨击。
Joseph Conrad won a very important position in the 20th century for his great literary achievement and artistic theories. His writings, especially the novels, have received many attentions from the literary critics and become the hottest issue in literary study. Critics interpret his novels from various perspectives, starting from the author to discourse, and then the reader to the society, under consideration of all his writings, Heart of Darkness has drawn most of their attentions and been read from such perspectives as anti-colonialism, feminism, racialism and psychological analysis.
The thesis holds that Heart of Darkness is filled with rich color of humanism and strong inclination of anti-colonialism, which is a full expression of Conrad’s serious criticism toward colonialism and imperialism. Though some post-colonial critics like Said points out that Conrad is still under the influence of the imperial ideology in his life time and unconsciously exhibits in his novels a sense of racial superiority and the holy responsibility to“save”the interiors, Conrad himself is a firm opponent against colonialism, as is evident in his sympathy to the tragic blacks and his attack on the cruelty and greediness of the white colonizers.
In terms of politics, economy and ethnic ideology, the author of the paper mainly analyzes the anti-colonialism discourses in the novella and concludes that Conrad has, through Marlow’s narration, described the African’s tragic life picture caused by the invasion of colonizers. Under the cruel plunder and deceptive rule by those white colonizers, the native blacks lost not only plenty of treasures and possessions, but also their right of discourse. Although we may admit that Conrad, living in the era of imperialism in the 19th century, cannot avoid the influence of imperialist ideology, it is obvious that the author of Heart of Darkness has revealed clearly the crimes of the colonizers through his magic pen, instead of praising highly the colony policy in his novella. Behind the sharp difference in living environment between the whites and blacks is Conrad’s voiceless but fierce attack to the crimes of imperialism and colonialism.
本文认为《黑暗之心》是一部充满了人文主义和反殖民主义情怀的小说,表达出作者对殖民主义和帝国主义的强烈不满。尽管后来在萨义德等后殖民主义批评家看来,康拉德并没有完全摆脱出帝国主义的影响,书中流露出许多鲜明的白人种族优越感,以及白人肩负“拯救”土著人的使命而带来的神圣感,但书中对黑人痛苦生活的描述,对白人殖民者的贪婪和残暴的揭露无不看出作者有着强烈的反殖民主义思想。
本文主要从政治、经济和种族意识三个方面,分析书中的反殖民主义话语,指出康拉德通过马洛的叙述在《黑暗之心》中描绘出殖民者给非洲带来的悲惨的生活景象,非洲土著人在殖民者的欺诈和镇压之下,不仅失去了大量的珍贵财富,甚至连基本的话语权都被剥夺,成为哑寂的“动物”。生活在19世纪帝国主义鼎盛时代的康拉德虽然不能完全摆脱帝国主义和殖民主义的影响,但他并没有在自己的作品中为殖民主义高唱赞歌,而是通过细腻深沉的笔调,把殖民主义的罪恶昭然于世,在白人和黑人生活状况的鲜明反差背后是他对帝国主义和殖民主义无声而又猛烈的抨击。
Joseph Conrad won a very important position in the 20th century for his great literary achievement and artistic theories. His writings, especially the novels, have received many attentions from the literary critics and become the hottest issue in literary study. Critics interpret his novels from various perspectives, starting from the author to discourse, and then the reader to the society, under consideration of all his writings, Heart of Darkness has drawn most of their attentions and been read from such perspectives as anti-colonialism, feminism, racialism and psychological analysis.
The thesis holds that Heart of Darkness is filled with rich color of humanism and strong inclination of anti-colonialism, which is a full expression of Conrad’s serious criticism toward colonialism and imperialism. Though some post-colonial critics like Said points out that Conrad is still under the influence of the imperial ideology in his life time and unconsciously exhibits in his novels a sense of racial superiority and the holy responsibility to“save”the interiors, Conrad himself is a firm opponent against colonialism, as is evident in his sympathy to the tragic blacks and his attack on the cruelty and greediness of the white colonizers.
In terms of politics, economy and ethnic ideology, the author of the paper mainly analyzes the anti-colonialism discourses in the novella and concludes that Conrad has, through Marlow’s narration, described the African’s tragic life picture caused by the invasion of colonizers. Under the cruel plunder and deceptive rule by those white colonizers, the native blacks lost not only plenty of treasures and possessions, but also their right of discourse. Although we may admit that Conrad, living in the era of imperialism in the 19th century, cannot avoid the influence of imperialist ideology, it is obvious that the author of Heart of Darkness has revealed clearly the crimes of the colonizers through his magic pen, instead of praising highly the colony policy in his novella. Behind the sharp difference in living environment between the whites and blacks is Conrad’s voiceless but fierce attack to the crimes of imperialism and colonialism.
引文
1 F. R. Leavis, The Great Tradition, London: Chaggo & Windus, 1979, p. 217.
2 Quoted from website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joseph-conrad
3 Ross C. Murfin, ed., Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism, New York: St Martin’s Press, Inc. 1989, p. 4.
4 Quoted from Yang Naiqiao’s translation of An Image of Africa. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002, p. 376.
5 Benita Parry. Conrad and Imperialism. London: Macmillan, 1983, p. 39.
6 E.W.Said, Culture and Imperialism. London: Granta, 1993, p. 48.
7 E.W.Said, Culture and Imperialism, London: Granta, 1993, p. 330-335.
8 The term is used by the author of the paper to refer to a group of scholars who want to conciliate the opposition between anti-colonialism and pro-imperialism.
9 See Marlow’s Embarrassment: A Paradox of the Colonial and anti-colonial Discourse, in Journal of Suzhou College of Education, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2006.
10 Gene M. Moore, Conrad’s influence. in The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. ed., J.H. Stape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 223.
11 Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness. (tran.) Zhang Helong. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. p. 97.
12 Albert Guerard. Conrad: The Novelists, London: Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 39.
13 Zhu Guicheng. On the systematic reading and reception of‘Heart of Darkness’. in Foreign Languages Research,No.5,2003.
14 Yin Qiping. Four Distortions in the Reading of‘Heart of Darkness’. in Foreign Literary Review, No. 2, 2001.
15 Quoted from website: http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm
18 Andrea White. Conrad and Imperialism. In J. H. Stape, Jpseph Conrad. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996,p. 58.
19王佐良等,英国二十世纪文学史。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。1994:209
20 J. Brannigan, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998, p. 137.
21 Anthony Fothergill, Heart of Darkness. Berks: Open University Press, 1989, p. 24.
22 Ian Watt, Impressionism and Symbolism in Heart of Darkness, In Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 97.
23 David H. Lynn, The Hero’s Tale: Narrators in the Early Modern Novel. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989, p. 22.
24 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.89.
25 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 90.
26王松林,康拉德小说伦理观研究(D),华中师范大学博士论文,2008,第98页。
27 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.91.
28赵海平,康拉德《黑暗的中心》与种族主义之争,外国文学评论, 2003年第一期。
29 Quoted from Chen Lisha’s Master Thesis, Heart of Darkness --- a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives. Hunan Normal University, 2003.5. p. 36.
30 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 86-87.
31 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 86.
32毕风珊,析《黑暗之心》中的殖民话语.淮阴师范学院学报, 2003.5.
33 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 88.
34 Quoted from Chen Lisha’s Master Thesis, Heart of Darkness --- a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives. Hunan Normal University, 2003.5. p. 42.
35 Andrea White Conrad and Imperialism [A]. In J. H. Stape Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996. p. 190.
36 Linda Dryden, Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999, p. 197.
[1] Adlman, Gary. Heart of Darkness: Search for Conscious [M]. Boston: Twayne Press, 1987.
[2] Chen Lisha. Heart of Darkness--a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives [D]. Hunan Normal University 2002.4
[3] Chen Zhiqin. Racism in Heart of Darkness [D] Nanjing Normal University, 2006.5
[4] Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness [M]. (tran.) Zhang Helong. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[5] Dryden, Linda. Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance [M]. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
[6] Garnett, Edward. Academy and Literature [M]. London: Duckworth & Co., 1902.
[7] Guerard, Albert. Conrad: The Novelists [M]. London: Oxford University Press,1958.
[8] Hou Lu. A Spiritual Journey of Discovery: The Exploration of Marlow in Heart of Darkness [D]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University, 2005.4.
[9] Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition [M]. London: Chaggo & Windus, 1979.
[10] Lynn, David H. The Hero’s Tale: Narrators in the Early Modern Novel [M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989
[11] Moore, G. M. Conrad’s Influence, in The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad [M]. ed., J.H. Stape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[12] Murfin, Ross. Introduction: The Biographical and Historical Background [A]. In Elizabeth M. Schaaf. A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism [C]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
[13] Parry, Benita. Conrad and Imperialism [M]. London: Macmillan, 1983.
[14] Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism [M]. London: Granta, 1993.
[15] Watt, Ian. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the critics. In Essays on Conrad [C]. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
[16] Watts, Cedric. Heart of Darkness [A]. In J. H. Stape (eds). Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
[17] Wei Qionghua. Representations of Conrad’s Imperialist Complex In Heart of Darkness [D] Shangdong Normal University, 2006.4
[18] White, Andrea. Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
[19] White, Andrea. Conrad and Imperialism [A]. In J. H. Stape Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996.
[20] Yang Naiqiao (trans.) An Image of Africa. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002.
[21] Zeng Xia. Colonialism of Joseph Conrad in Heart of Darkness --- A Reading from the Perspective of New Historicism [D] Henan University 2003.4
[22] Zhu Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[23]毕凤珊.析《黑暗之心》中的殖民话语[J].淮阴师范学院学报哲学社会科学版, 2003. 5.
[24]高红霞.《黑暗的心》对殖民话语的颠覆与包容[J].宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2006.5.
[25]李京平,蒋学清,胡志先.《黑暗之心》中的殖民主义及殖民主义象征[J].北京交通大学学报(社会科学版) 2006.4.
[26]吴迪龙,罗鑫.后殖民,还是反殖民?—《黑暗的心》的后殖民批评解读探讨[J].译林, 2007.4. [27王冬燕.约瑟夫·康拉德《黑暗的心》中的反殖民主义思想[J].绥化学院学报, 2006.3.
[28]王松林.康拉德小说伦理观研究[D].华中师范大学博士学位论文, 2008.6.
[29]王佐良等.英国二十世纪文学史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.
[30]徐平.论《黑暗的心》中的反殖民主义主题[J].青岛大学师范学院学报, 2003.3.
[31]殷企平.《黑暗的心脏》解读中的四个误区[[J].外国文学评论, 2001.2.
[32]约瑟夫康拉德著[M],薛诗绮译,黑暗的心,武汉:长江文艺出版社2009.7.
[33]赵海平.康拉德《黑暗的中心》与种族主义之争[J].外国文学评论, 2003.1.
[34] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joseph-conrad网络参考时间2009年4月15日
[35] http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm网络参考时间2009年4月15日
2 Quoted from website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joseph-conrad
3 Ross C. Murfin, ed., Heart of Darkness: A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism, New York: St Martin’s Press, Inc. 1989, p. 4.
4 Quoted from Yang Naiqiao’s translation of An Image of Africa. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002, p. 376.
5 Benita Parry. Conrad and Imperialism. London: Macmillan, 1983, p. 39.
6 E.W.Said, Culture and Imperialism. London: Granta, 1993, p. 48.
7 E.W.Said, Culture and Imperialism, London: Granta, 1993, p. 330-335.
8 The term is used by the author of the paper to refer to a group of scholars who want to conciliate the opposition between anti-colonialism and pro-imperialism.
9 See Marlow’s Embarrassment: A Paradox of the Colonial and anti-colonial Discourse, in Journal of Suzhou College of Education, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2006.
10 Gene M. Moore, Conrad’s influence. in The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. ed., J.H. Stape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 223.
11 Joseph Conrad. Heart of Darkness. (tran.) Zhang Helong. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001. p. 97.
12 Albert Guerard. Conrad: The Novelists, London: Oxford University Press, 1958, p. 39.
13 Zhu Guicheng. On the systematic reading and reception of‘Heart of Darkness’. in Foreign Languages Research,No.5,2003.
14 Yin Qiping. Four Distortions in the Reading of‘Heart of Darkness’. in Foreign Literary Review, No. 2, 2001.
15 Quoted from website: http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm
18 Andrea White. Conrad and Imperialism. In J. H. Stape, Jpseph Conrad. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996,p. 58.
19王佐良等,英国二十世纪文学史。北京:外语教学与研究出版社。1994:209
20 J. Brannigan, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism. London: Macmillan Press Ltd, 1998, p. 137.
21 Anthony Fothergill, Heart of Darkness. Berks: Open University Press, 1989, p. 24.
22 Ian Watt, Impressionism and Symbolism in Heart of Darkness, In Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 97.
23 David H. Lynn, The Hero’s Tale: Narrators in the Early Modern Novel. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989, p. 22.
24 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.89.
25 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 90.
26王松林,康拉德小说伦理观研究(D),华中师范大学博士论文,2008,第98页。
27 Ian Watt. Essays on Conrad, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p.91.
28赵海平,康拉德《黑暗的中心》与种族主义之争,外国文学评论, 2003年第一期。
29 Quoted from Chen Lisha’s Master Thesis, Heart of Darkness --- a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives. Hunan Normal University, 2003.5. p. 36.
30 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 86-87.
31 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 86.
32毕风珊,析《黑暗之心》中的殖民话语.淮阴师范学院学报, 2003.5.
33 Ian Watt, Essays on Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p 88.
34 Quoted from Chen Lisha’s Master Thesis, Heart of Darkness --- a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives. Hunan Normal University, 2003.5. p. 42.
35 Andrea White Conrad and Imperialism [A]. In J. H. Stape Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996. p. 190.
36 Linda Dryden, Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999, p. 197.
[1] Adlman, Gary. Heart of Darkness: Search for Conscious [M]. Boston: Twayne Press, 1987.
[2] Chen Lisha. Heart of Darkness--a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialist Perspectives [D]. Hunan Normal University 2002.4
[3] Chen Zhiqin. Racism in Heart of Darkness [D] Nanjing Normal University, 2006.5
[4] Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness [M]. (tran.) Zhang Helong. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[5] Dryden, Linda. Joseph Conrad and the Imperial Romance [M]. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
[6] Garnett, Edward. Academy and Literature [M]. London: Duckworth & Co., 1902.
[7] Guerard, Albert. Conrad: The Novelists [M]. London: Oxford University Press,1958.
[8] Hou Lu. A Spiritual Journey of Discovery: The Exploration of Marlow in Heart of Darkness [D]. Changsha: Hunan Normal University, 2005.4.
[9] Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition [M]. London: Chaggo & Windus, 1979.
[10] Lynn, David H. The Hero’s Tale: Narrators in the Early Modern Novel [M]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989
[11] Moore, G. M. Conrad’s Influence, in The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad [M]. ed., J.H. Stape, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
[12] Murfin, Ross. Introduction: The Biographical and Historical Background [A]. In Elizabeth M. Schaaf. A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism [C]. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
[13] Parry, Benita. Conrad and Imperialism [M]. London: Macmillan, 1983.
[14] Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism [M]. London: Granta, 1993.
[15] Watt, Ian. Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and the critics. In Essays on Conrad [C]. Cambridge University Press, 2000.
[16] Watts, Cedric. Heart of Darkness [A]. In J. H. Stape (eds). Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.
[17] Wei Qionghua. Representations of Conrad’s Imperialist Complex In Heart of Darkness [D] Shangdong Normal University, 2006.4
[18] White, Andrea. Joseph Conrad and the Adventure Tradition: Constructing and Deconstructing the Imperial Subject [M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
[19] White, Andrea. Conrad and Imperialism [A]. In J. H. Stape Joseph Conrad[C]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1996.
[20] Yang Naiqiao (trans.) An Image of Africa. Beijing: Beijing University Press, 2002.
[21] Zeng Xia. Colonialism of Joseph Conrad in Heart of Darkness --- A Reading from the Perspective of New Historicism [D] Henan University 2003.4
[22] Zhu Gang. Twentieth Century Western Critical Theories [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
[23]毕凤珊.析《黑暗之心》中的殖民话语[J].淮阴师范学院学报哲学社会科学版, 2003. 5.
[24]高红霞.《黑暗的心》对殖民话语的颠覆与包容[J].宁夏大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2006.5.
[25]李京平,蒋学清,胡志先.《黑暗之心》中的殖民主义及殖民主义象征[J].北京交通大学学报(社会科学版) 2006.4.
[26]吴迪龙,罗鑫.后殖民,还是反殖民?—《黑暗的心》的后殖民批评解读探讨[J].译林, 2007.4. [27王冬燕.约瑟夫·康拉德《黑暗的心》中的反殖民主义思想[J].绥化学院学报, 2006.3.
[28]王松林.康拉德小说伦理观研究[D].华中师范大学博士学位论文, 2008.6.
[29]王佐良等.英国二十世纪文学史[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1994.
[30]徐平.论《黑暗的心》中的反殖民主义主题[J].青岛大学师范学院学报, 2003.3.
[31]殷企平.《黑暗的心脏》解读中的四个误区[[J].外国文学评论, 2001.2.
[32]约瑟夫康拉德著[M],薛诗绮译,黑暗的心,武汉:长江文艺出版社2009.7.
[33]赵海平.康拉德《黑暗的中心》与种族主义之争[J].外国文学评论, 2003.1.
[34] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/joseph-conrad网络参考时间2009年4月15日
[35] http://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~palmquis/courses/discourse.htm网络参考时间2009年4月15日