解构《黑暗之心》的话语及叙事线索
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摘要
波兰裔英国作家约瑟夫·康拉德被誉为英国最伟大的作家之一。康拉德自幼失去父母,并于16岁时离开家乡成为一名水手,开始了其后20余年的航海生活。康拉德不仅以大海为生,同时也热爱大海。作为一名多产的作家,康拉德许多作品都源自于他的航海生涯。在前往刚果的灾难性航行中所获得的经历给康拉德留下了极深刻的印象,并构成了他的小说《黑暗之心》(1902)的大背景。
《黑暗之心》记录了船长马洛在一艘停靠于伦敦外的海船上所讲的刚果河的故事。马洛的故事除了涉及马洛自己年轻时的非洲经历之外,主要讲述了他在非洲期间所认识的一个叫库尔兹的白人殖民者的故事。小说自1899年问世以来,就以其丰富的象征和隐喻受到了极高的评价,被列为英语文学经典作品之一。国内外学者从形式主义、女权主义、后殖民主义、种族主义等角度对这部作品进行了研究。
康拉德的叙事也十分引人注目。在《黑暗之心》中,他打破了以往的叙事传统,运用了复杂的叙事角度和技巧。本文力求从解构主义角度对其故事和话语及叙事线索等进行讨论,力求寻找出一些康拉德在小说中叙事特点。文章首先分析了《黑暗之心》中的故事与话语,对霍桑等人“隐含情节”的观点进行了讨论,认为结构主义叙事学家在对故事和话语区分的分析上取得了一定成果,但实际上小说中的故事与话语很难进行清晰区分。关于《黑暗之心》的叙事线索,文章对小说开端、中段及结尾的多重性进行讨论,并将小说的叙事特点与亚里士多德《诗学》中情节论观点进行对比;其次,文章又对小说叙事线索的双重性及多重性进行了讨论,用小说与《地狱》、《天路历程》及《失乐园》的联系阐明《黑暗之心》叙事线索的多重性。
Polish-born English novelist Joseph Conrad was regarded as one of the greatest novelist in the English language. When he was just eleven years old, Conrad became a small Polish orphan. He left his hometown and worked as a seaman at the age of sixteen. In the next twenty years, he traveled around the world. The sea was Conrad’s both career and love. Many of his works drew upon his sea experience. In 1890 Conrad contracted to become captain of a Congo River steamer, but the six months he spent in Africa led only to disillusionment and ill health, giving him the background for his masterpiece, Heart of Darkness.
The story details an incident when Marlow, an Englishman, took a foreign assignment as a ferry-boat captain, employed by a Belgian trading company. Since its publication in 1899, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, is widely regarded as a significant work of English literature and becomes part of the Western canon. Critics at home and abroad make various researches on this novella with the theory of formalism, feminism, post-colonialism, racialism, etc.
Conrad’s narrative style is very striking. In Heart of Darkness, he shatters the classic narration tradition and uses complicated narration techniques. This paper is trying to discuss on the story and discourse, and narrative line of the novella with some deconstruction theories, in order to find out some narration characteristic in it. This paper first analyzes story and discourse of this novella, and discusses Hawthorn and other critics’view of“covert plot”. It believes that Hawthorn’s analyses casts some light on the narrative techniques about story and discourse; in fact, it’s really hard to distinguish one from the other in this novella. Concerning the narrative line of Heart of Darkness, this paper discusses the multiplicity of its beginning, middle and end; and compare them to Aristotle’s the law of causality, the law of temporality, and the law of unity in his famous Poetics. Then, duality and multiplicity of narrative line in Heart of Darkness are discussed in the way of connecting this novella with Inferno, Pilgrim’s Progress and Paradise Lost.
《黑暗之心》记录了船长马洛在一艘停靠于伦敦外的海船上所讲的刚果河的故事。马洛的故事除了涉及马洛自己年轻时的非洲经历之外,主要讲述了他在非洲期间所认识的一个叫库尔兹的白人殖民者的故事。小说自1899年问世以来,就以其丰富的象征和隐喻受到了极高的评价,被列为英语文学经典作品之一。国内外学者从形式主义、女权主义、后殖民主义、种族主义等角度对这部作品进行了研究。
康拉德的叙事也十分引人注目。在《黑暗之心》中,他打破了以往的叙事传统,运用了复杂的叙事角度和技巧。本文力求从解构主义角度对其故事和话语及叙事线索等进行讨论,力求寻找出一些康拉德在小说中叙事特点。文章首先分析了《黑暗之心》中的故事与话语,对霍桑等人“隐含情节”的观点进行了讨论,认为结构主义叙事学家在对故事和话语区分的分析上取得了一定成果,但实际上小说中的故事与话语很难进行清晰区分。关于《黑暗之心》的叙事线索,文章对小说开端、中段及结尾的多重性进行讨论,并将小说的叙事特点与亚里士多德《诗学》中情节论观点进行对比;其次,文章又对小说叙事线索的双重性及多重性进行了讨论,用小说与《地狱》、《天路历程》及《失乐园》的联系阐明《黑暗之心》叙事线索的多重性。
Polish-born English novelist Joseph Conrad was regarded as one of the greatest novelist in the English language. When he was just eleven years old, Conrad became a small Polish orphan. He left his hometown and worked as a seaman at the age of sixteen. In the next twenty years, he traveled around the world. The sea was Conrad’s both career and love. Many of his works drew upon his sea experience. In 1890 Conrad contracted to become captain of a Congo River steamer, but the six months he spent in Africa led only to disillusionment and ill health, giving him the background for his masterpiece, Heart of Darkness.
The story details an incident when Marlow, an Englishman, took a foreign assignment as a ferry-boat captain, employed by a Belgian trading company. Since its publication in 1899, Joseph Conrad’s novella, Heart of Darkness, is widely regarded as a significant work of English literature and becomes part of the Western canon. Critics at home and abroad make various researches on this novella with the theory of formalism, feminism, post-colonialism, racialism, etc.
Conrad’s narrative style is very striking. In Heart of Darkness, he shatters the classic narration tradition and uses complicated narration techniques. This paper is trying to discuss on the story and discourse, and narrative line of the novella with some deconstruction theories, in order to find out some narration characteristic in it. This paper first analyzes story and discourse of this novella, and discusses Hawthorn and other critics’view of“covert plot”. It believes that Hawthorn’s analyses casts some light on the narrative techniques about story and discourse; in fact, it’s really hard to distinguish one from the other in this novella. Concerning the narrative line of Heart of Darkness, this paper discusses the multiplicity of its beginning, middle and end; and compare them to Aristotle’s the law of causality, the law of temporality, and the law of unity in his famous Poetics. Then, duality and multiplicity of narrative line in Heart of Darkness are discussed in the way of connecting this novella with Inferno, Pilgrim’s Progress and Paradise Lost.
引文
Achebe,Chinua.“An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”Massachusetts Review 18 (1977): 782-94.
Agbaw, S Ekema.“The Dog in Breeches: Conrad and an African Pedagogy.”Research in African Literatures 29.1 (1998): 185-196.
Ben-Merre, Diana Arbin.“Conrad’s Marlow and Britain’s Franklin Redoubling the Narrative in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.3 (2002): 211-226.
Bowers, Terence N.“Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Dante’s Inferno.”The Explicator 62.2 (2004):91-94.
Bressler, E.Charles, Literary Criticism-an Introduction to Theory and Practive, Higher Education Press.(2004):94-113.
Brundney, Daniel.“Marlow’s Morality.”Philosophy and Literature 27.2 (2003): 318-340.
Chen, lisha. Heart of Darkness--a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialism Perspectives. Changsha: Hunan Normal University, April, 2002
Cleary, Thomas; Sherwood, Terry.“Conrad’s Ironical Epic: Virgil, Dante and Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana. Fall (1984):183-194.
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness and Other Stories. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1999.
------ The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad. Volume One:1861- 1897. eds. Davis, Laurence & Karl, Frederick.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Cruickshank, Edward. Joseph Conrad: Some Aspects of the Art of the Novel. New York: Russel and Russel. 1936.
Culler, Jonathan. On Deconstruction ---Theory and Criticism after Structuralism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Temper. Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1976.
Farn, Regelind. Colonial and Post-colonial Rewriting of Heart of Darkness A Century Dialogue with Joseph Conrad. Roca Raton Florida, 2005
Greaney, Micheal. Conrad, Language, and Narrative. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the novelist. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1958.
Harrington, Ellen Burton.“Imperial Desire: Dissident Sexualities and Colonial Literature.”Conradiana 36. 3 (2004): 251-261.
Hawthorn, Jeremy. Joseph Conrad Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment. London, New York: Edward Arnold, 1992.
Henricksen, Bruce. Normadic Voice: Conrad and the Subject of Narrative. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992 201pp.
Icoz, Nursei.“Conrad and Ambiguity --Social Commitment and Ideology in Heart of Darkness and Nostromo.”Conradiana 37.3(2005): 245-274.
Jackel, Brad.“Repaiting the Hell.”Conradiana. 33.1 (2001): 107-126.
Johnson, Bruce. Conrad’s Model of Mind. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971.
Kaplan, Carola M.“Colonizers, Cannibals, and the Horror of Good Intentions in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.”Studies in Short Fiction 34.3 (1997): 323-333.
Kershner, R Brandon.“The Reader, The Frame, and Impressionism in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 35.1/2 ( 2003): 41-47.
Kim, Sung Ryol.“Witness to death: Marlow in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.1 ( 2001): 59-78.
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Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition. New York; New York University Press, 1963.
Lodge, David. The Modes of Modern writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Typology of Modern Literature. London:Edward Arnold, 1977.
Lothe, Jacobe. Conrad’s Narrative Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989.
Maier-Katkin,Birgit.“At the Heart of Darkness: Crimes Against Humanity and the Banality of Evil.”Human Rights Quarterly 26.3 (2004): 584604.
Miller, J. Hillis. Fiction and Repetition: Seven English Novels. Harvard University Press, 1986, p. 108.
Mongia, Padmini.“The Rescue: Conrad, Achebe, and the Critics.”Conradian 33.2 ( 2001): 153-163.
Morgan, James.“Harlequin in Hell: Marlow and the Russian Sailor in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.1 (2001): 40-48.
Murfin, Ross C. Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
Najder, Zdzislaw. Conrad in Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Ning, Yizhong. Carnivalization and Joseph Conrad’s Fictional World. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. 2005.
Paccaud-Huguet, Josiane.“The Remains of Kurtz’s Day: Joseph Conrad and Historical Correctness.”Conradiana 36.3 (2004): 167-184.
Perel, Zivah“Transforming the Hero: Joseph Conrad's Reconfiguring of Masculine Identity in The Secret Sharer.”Conradiana 36.(1/2) (2004): 111-130.
Rudrum, David.“Living Alone: Solipsism in Heart of Darkness.”Philosophy and Literature 29.2 (2005): 409-427.
Rumbarger, Lee.“The Gibberish Threat: Unrestrained Narrative in Heart of Darkness”Conradiana 34.3 ( 2002):195-210.
Said, Edward W.“Conrad: The presentation of Narrative.”The World, the Text, and the Critic. London: Faber and Faber, 1984.
Sara, P K.“Conrad’s Heart of Darkness”. The Explicator 50.3 (1992): 155-159.
Schneider, Lissa. Conrad’s Narrative of Difference. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Schwarz, Daniel R. Rereading Conrad. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press,2001.
Stape, J. H. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Teng, Hong-Shu.“‘An Air of Plotting’: Conspiracy and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”EurAmerica Vol. 30, No. 4 (December 2000), pp. 47-123.
Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Peking: Peking University Press, 2005.------ Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Critical and Contextual Discussion. Milan: Mursia International, 1977. pp. 83-92.
Wheatley, Alison E.“‘A World of Their Own’: Subversion of Gender Expectations in Conrad’s Play.”Papers on Language and Literature 37.1 (2001):25-51.
Youngbirg, Norma.“Heart of Darknees and Secret Sharer.”Cliffs Notes. Lincoln Nebraska: Cliffs Notes Incorporation, 1965.
陈法春(Chen Fachun):“叙述人在《黑暗的心脏》中的尴尬”,《天津外国语学院学报》,1996年第1期,第53-60页。
程锡麟(Cheng Xilin):“希利斯·米勒的解构主义小说批评理论”,《当代外国文学》,2000年第4期,第115-123页。
德里达,雅克(Derrida, Jacque):《文字学》,汪堂家译,上海:上海译文出版社,2005。
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高伟利、殷企平(Gao Weili,Yin Qiping):“论《黑暗的心脏》的叙事结构及其审美价值”,《杭州师范学院学报》,1997年第2期,第52-55页。
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------《重申解构主义》,郭英剑等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998.
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申丹(Shen Dan):《叙述学与小说文体学研究》,北京:北京大学出版社,1998。
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张中载编(Zhang Zhongzai):《西方古典文论选读》,北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002。
Agbaw, S Ekema.“The Dog in Breeches: Conrad and an African Pedagogy.”Research in African Literatures 29.1 (1998): 185-196.
Ben-Merre, Diana Arbin.“Conrad’s Marlow and Britain’s Franklin Redoubling the Narrative in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.3 (2002): 211-226.
Bowers, Terence N.“Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Dante’s Inferno.”The Explicator 62.2 (2004):91-94.
Bressler, E.Charles, Literary Criticism-an Introduction to Theory and Practive, Higher Education Press.(2004):94-113.
Brundney, Daniel.“Marlow’s Morality.”Philosophy and Literature 27.2 (2003): 318-340.
Chen, lisha. Heart of Darkness--a Mixture of Racist and Anti-imperialism Perspectives. Changsha: Hunan Normal University, April, 2002
Cleary, Thomas; Sherwood, Terry.“Conrad’s Ironical Epic: Virgil, Dante and Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana. Fall (1984):183-194.
Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness and Other Stories. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 1999.
------ The Collected Letters of Joseph Conrad. Volume One:1861- 1897. eds. Davis, Laurence & Karl, Frederick.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983.
Cruickshank, Edward. Joseph Conrad: Some Aspects of the Art of the Novel. New York: Russel and Russel. 1936.
Culler, Jonathan. On Deconstruction ---Theory and Criticism after Structuralism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982.
Eagleton, Terry. Criticism and Ideology: A Study in Marxist Literary Temper. Oxford: Clarenden Press, 1976.
Farn, Regelind. Colonial and Post-colonial Rewriting of Heart of Darkness A Century Dialogue with Joseph Conrad. Roca Raton Florida, 2005
Greaney, Micheal. Conrad, Language, and Narrative. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
Guerard, Albert J. Conrad the novelist. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1958.
Harrington, Ellen Burton.“Imperial Desire: Dissident Sexualities and Colonial Literature.”Conradiana 36. 3 (2004): 251-261.
Hawthorn, Jeremy. Joseph Conrad Narrative Technique and Ideological Commitment. London, New York: Edward Arnold, 1992.
Henricksen, Bruce. Normadic Voice: Conrad and the Subject of Narrative. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992 201pp.
Icoz, Nursei.“Conrad and Ambiguity --Social Commitment and Ideology in Heart of Darkness and Nostromo.”Conradiana 37.3(2005): 245-274.
Jackel, Brad.“Repaiting the Hell.”Conradiana. 33.1 (2001): 107-126.
Johnson, Bruce. Conrad’s Model of Mind. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1971.
Kaplan, Carola M.“Colonizers, Cannibals, and the Horror of Good Intentions in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness.”Studies in Short Fiction 34.3 (1997): 323-333.
Kershner, R Brandon.“The Reader, The Frame, and Impressionism in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 35.1/2 ( 2003): 41-47.
Kim, Sung Ryol.“Witness to death: Marlow in Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.1 ( 2001): 59-78.
Lackey, Michael.“The Moral Condition for Genocide in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”College Literature 32. 1 ( 2005): 20-41.
Leavis, F. R. The Great Tradition. New York; New York University Press, 1963.
Lodge, David. The Modes of Modern writing: Metaphor, Metonymy, and Typology of Modern Literature. London:Edward Arnold, 1977.
Lothe, Jacobe. Conrad’s Narrative Method. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1989.
Maier-Katkin,Birgit.“At the Heart of Darkness: Crimes Against Humanity and the Banality of Evil.”Human Rights Quarterly 26.3 (2004): 584604.
Miller, J. Hillis. Fiction and Repetition: Seven English Novels. Harvard University Press, 1986, p. 108.
Mongia, Padmini.“The Rescue: Conrad, Achebe, and the Critics.”Conradian 33.2 ( 2001): 153-163.
Morgan, James.“Harlequin in Hell: Marlow and the Russian Sailor in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”Conradiana 33.1 (2001): 40-48.
Murfin, Ross C. Heart of Darkness A Case Study in Contemporary Criticism. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1989.
Najder, Zdzislaw. Conrad in Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Ning, Yizhong. Carnivalization and Joseph Conrad’s Fictional World. Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press. 2005.
Paccaud-Huguet, Josiane.“The Remains of Kurtz’s Day: Joseph Conrad and Historical Correctness.”Conradiana 36.3 (2004): 167-184.
Perel, Zivah“Transforming the Hero: Joseph Conrad's Reconfiguring of Masculine Identity in The Secret Sharer.”Conradiana 36.(1/2) (2004): 111-130.
Rudrum, David.“Living Alone: Solipsism in Heart of Darkness.”Philosophy and Literature 29.2 (2005): 409-427.
Rumbarger, Lee.“The Gibberish Threat: Unrestrained Narrative in Heart of Darkness”Conradiana 34.3 ( 2002):195-210.
Said, Edward W.“Conrad: The presentation of Narrative.”The World, the Text, and the Critic. London: Faber and Faber, 1984.
Sara, P K.“Conrad’s Heart of Darkness”. The Explicator 50.3 (1992): 155-159.
Schneider, Lissa. Conrad’s Narrative of Difference. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Schwarz, Daniel R. Rereading Conrad. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press,2001.
Stape, J. H. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Teng, Hong-Shu.“‘An Air of Plotting’: Conspiracy and Imperialism in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness.”EurAmerica Vol. 30, No. 4 (December 2000), pp. 47-123.
Watt, Ian. Conrad in the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.
Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Peking: Peking University Press, 2005.------ Conrad’s Heart of Darkness: A Critical and Contextual Discussion. Milan: Mursia International, 1977. pp. 83-92.
Wheatley, Alison E.“‘A World of Their Own’: Subversion of Gender Expectations in Conrad’s Play.”Papers on Language and Literature 37.1 (2001):25-51.
Youngbirg, Norma.“Heart of Darknees and Secret Sharer.”Cliffs Notes. Lincoln Nebraska: Cliffs Notes Incorporation, 1965.
陈法春(Chen Fachun):“叙述人在《黑暗的心脏》中的尴尬”,《天津外国语学院学报》,1996年第1期,第53-60页。
程锡麟(Cheng Xilin):“希利斯·米勒的解构主义小说批评理论”,《当代外国文学》,2000年第4期,第115-123页。
德里达,雅克(Derrida, Jacque):《文字学》,汪堂家译,上海:上海译文出版社,2005。
-------《文学行动》,赵兴国等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998。
德曼,保罗(De Man, Paul):《解构之图》,李自修等译,北京:中国社会科学出版社,1998。
费伦,詹姆斯(Phelan,James):《作为修辞的叙事》,北京:北京大学出版社,2003。
高伟利、殷企平(Gao Weili,Yin Qiping):“论《黑暗的心脏》的叙事结构及其审美价值”,《杭州师范学院学报》,1997年第2期,第52-55页。
赫尔曼,戴卫(Herman, David):《新叙事学》,北京:北京大学出版社,2004。
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