我国食品安全政府规制研究
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摘要
目前,食品安全问题日益成为公众关注的焦点。食品作为公众生活消费的必需品,不仅影响到人们的身体健康和生命安全,而且影响到经济、社会的稳定和发展,以及公众对社会和政府的信心。因此,必须依靠政府的规制来弥补由市场失灵造成的食品安全问题。食品安全规制是政府依照法律授权,通过制定规章制度、设定许可审批、制定食品安全标准等路径,对食品原料及食品的生产、加工、流通、销售等环节的企业和个体行为进行控制。政府食品安全规制的主要目的是为消费者提供安全、放心的食品,保护消费者利益。
第一部分,本文首先介绍国内外研究现状,界定基本概念和阐述相关理论,为整篇文章的研究奠定基础。
第二部分,本文选择了一个典型个案进行实证研究,回顾了三鹿奶粉事件及其反映的问题,并从规制主体、规制客体、规制手段和工具、规制第三方协作、规制环境等方面深入分析了我国食品安全政府规制的现状和存在问题。
第三部分,用比较分析的方法横向梳理美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家的食品安全规制体制和优势。在总结其经验的基础上,结合我国的实际情况从理论层面和实践的角度提出我国解决食品安全政府规制问题的改革建议。包括规制主体的整合重构、引进问责机制,积极引导客体、提倡激励性规制,建立和完善食品安全法律、标准、检验检测等手段。创新之处在于提出行业协会、媒体和公民的第三方协作规制,以及食品安全信用体系建设和安全教育。研究结论对完善食品质量安全政府规制具有重要的理论和实践意义。
Currently, food security has become increasingly the focus of attention by public. As the consumptive necessary of people living, the quality and security not only endanger people's health and lives ,but also have a bearing on economic and social stability and development, and even affect the social and public confidence in the Government. So must rely on government regulation to compensate the food security issues caused by market failure. Food security regulation is defined as an activity,which all levels of government regulate food raw materials and action of enterprises and individuals,such as food production,processing, circulation,sales and so on, through formulating rules and regulations,setting licensing approval and determining food security standards. The main purpose of government regulation for the food security is to provide consumers with assured food,to protect the interests of consumers.
In the first part of this paper, I describe research situation at home and abroad, defining the basic concepts and related theories, it is the foundation for the whole study. In the second part, this article has chosen a classic case of the milk powder’s problem of Sanlu, and described the performance of government regulations. Deeply analysis the present situation and problem on China government regulation of food security form the regulation of the main, the object of regulation, regulate instruments and tools, regulate third-party collaboration, and regulate environment. There are some problems existing in multiple regulation, imperfect of the law and regulations system, the backwardness of examination technology, imperfect of the regulation standard system and immature of the regulate environment and so on.
In the third part, comparative analysis of horizontal combing United States,European Union, Japan and other developed countries food safety regulation system and superiority. In conclusion on the basis of their experience and unifies our country, actual situation,from the theoretical and practical view,I proposal that how to reform government regulation of the food safety. Including integrate and reconstruct the regulation of the main, introduction of accountability mechanisms, and actively guide the object to promote incentive regulation, establish and improve the food safety laws, standards, inspection and other means. Innovations are to find trade associations, the media and citizens of third-party collaboration regulation, and food safety credit system construction, and safety education. The results have important significances of theory and Practice in the aspects of perfecting the government regulation to quality and safety of food.
第一部分,本文首先介绍国内外研究现状,界定基本概念和阐述相关理论,为整篇文章的研究奠定基础。
第二部分,本文选择了一个典型个案进行实证研究,回顾了三鹿奶粉事件及其反映的问题,并从规制主体、规制客体、规制手段和工具、规制第三方协作、规制环境等方面深入分析了我国食品安全政府规制的现状和存在问题。
第三部分,用比较分析的方法横向梳理美国、欧盟、日本等发达国家的食品安全规制体制和优势。在总结其经验的基础上,结合我国的实际情况从理论层面和实践的角度提出我国解决食品安全政府规制问题的改革建议。包括规制主体的整合重构、引进问责机制,积极引导客体、提倡激励性规制,建立和完善食品安全法律、标准、检验检测等手段。创新之处在于提出行业协会、媒体和公民的第三方协作规制,以及食品安全信用体系建设和安全教育。研究结论对完善食品质量安全政府规制具有重要的理论和实践意义。
Currently, food security has become increasingly the focus of attention by public. As the consumptive necessary of people living, the quality and security not only endanger people's health and lives ,but also have a bearing on economic and social stability and development, and even affect the social and public confidence in the Government. So must rely on government regulation to compensate the food security issues caused by market failure. Food security regulation is defined as an activity,which all levels of government regulate food raw materials and action of enterprises and individuals,such as food production,processing, circulation,sales and so on, through formulating rules and regulations,setting licensing approval and determining food security standards. The main purpose of government regulation for the food security is to provide consumers with assured food,to protect the interests of consumers.
In the first part of this paper, I describe research situation at home and abroad, defining the basic concepts and related theories, it is the foundation for the whole study. In the second part, this article has chosen a classic case of the milk powder’s problem of Sanlu, and described the performance of government regulations. Deeply analysis the present situation and problem on China government regulation of food security form the regulation of the main, the object of regulation, regulate instruments and tools, regulate third-party collaboration, and regulate environment. There are some problems existing in multiple regulation, imperfect of the law and regulations system, the backwardness of examination technology, imperfect of the regulation standard system and immature of the regulate environment and so on.
In the third part, comparative analysis of horizontal combing United States,European Union, Japan and other developed countries food safety regulation system and superiority. In conclusion on the basis of their experience and unifies our country, actual situation,from the theoretical and practical view,I proposal that how to reform government regulation of the food safety. Including integrate and reconstruct the regulation of the main, introduction of accountability mechanisms, and actively guide the object to promote incentive regulation, establish and improve the food safety laws, standards, inspection and other means. Innovations are to find trade associations, the media and citizens of third-party collaboration regulation, and food safety credit system construction, and safety education. The results have important significances of theory and Practice in the aspects of perfecting the government regulation to quality and safety of food.
引文
[1]邱礼平.食品安全概论.北京:化学工业出版社,2008
[2]赵义.食品安全考验执政能力.南风窗,2005(7)
[3]食品监督管理法规实用手册.北京:中国工人出版社,2009
[4]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,18
[5]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,19
[6]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,2
[7]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,2
[8]植草益.微观规制经济学(朱绍文译).北京:中国发展出版社,1992,28
[9] [美]丹尼尔?F?史普博.规制与市场(余晖等译).上海:上海三联书店,1999,45
[10]丹尼尔?史普博.管制与市场.上海:上海人民出版社1999,59
[11]陈富良.放松规制与强化规制.上海:上海三联书店,2001,4
[12]樊纲.市场机制与经济效率.上海:上海三联书店,1995,175
[13]余晖.政府与企业:从宏观管理到微观规制.福建:福建人民出版社,1997,20
[14]陈富良.放松规制与强化规制.上海:上海三联书店,2001,5
[15]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,6
[16]植草益.微观规制经济学(朱绍文译).北京:中国发展出版社,1992,6
[17]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,21
[18]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,21
[19] [美]查尔斯?沃尔沃.市场与政府.北京:中国发展出版社,1994,24
[20]陈国权.论责任政府及其实现过程中的监督作用.浙江大学学报,2001(2)
[21] [美]珍妮特·V·登哈特,罗伯特·B·登哈特.新公共服务——服务,而不是掌舵,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,4
[22]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008
[23]陈媛媛.三鹿婴幼儿奶粉受污染有关部门紧急调查[EB/OL].http://www.xfaq.cn/ news.do?cmd=show&id=34102.2008.9.16
[24]联合早报网:http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/09/080913-09.shtml.[OL]
[25]联合早报网http://www.zaobao.com/spe-cial/newspapers/2008/09/hongkong080913h.shtml [OL]
[26]周玉琴,季任天,曹谷.我国食品安全标准存在的问题及应对策略,法制与社会,2009,11(上)
[27]鲍长生.食品安全管理的政府规制创新探讨,特区经济,2008,5
[28]顾秀英,李辉.企业诚信治理研究----以食品行业为例,现代商业,2009,10
[29]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008,178
[30]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,84
[31]徐梓荣.确保食品安全须加强标准化建设绍兴日报.2007 .8 .26.第003版
[32]秦挺鑫.国内外食品安全卫生标准比较.世界标准信息,2007(4):24-26.
[33]周应恒,耿献辉.我国食品安全认证的现状分析及发展设想,中国农学会论文集.2003
[34]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,130
[35]门玉峰.我国食品安全信息披露体系的问题与对策.2008,9
[36]中国食品质量报,2006,5,11
[37]李正矩.通往廉洁之路—中外反腐败的经验与教训研究.北京:中央编译出版社,2005
[38]关于加快食品安全信用体系建设的若干指导意见http://www.agri.gov.cn/zcfg/ t20040430_200929.htm
[39]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008 ,242
[40]由美国众议院制定并公布的《美国法典》共50卷,与食品有关的主要是第7卷(农业)和第21卷(食品与药品),其中第21卷第9章为《联邦食品、药物和化妆品法(FDCA)》,美国大部分食品法的精髓来自FDCA。美国联邦法典(CFR)是联邦政府发布的综合的永久性法规,共分50卷,与食品有关的主要是第7卷(农业)、第9卷(动物与动物产品)和第21卷(食品和药品).
[41]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,138
[42]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,44
[43]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008 ,235
[44] Commission of European Communities. White paper on food safety. Brussels,2000.P29
[45]李凯年.国外食品卫生安全管理动态与发展趋势.世界农业,2004(12)
[46]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,130
[47]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,195
[48] http://news.sohu.com/20090315/n262800654.shtml
[49]李伟.我国食品安全的政府监管研究: [硕士学位论].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2005.
[2]赵义.食品安全考验执政能力.南风窗,2005(7)
[3]食品监督管理法规实用手册.北京:中国工人出版社,2009
[4]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,18
[5]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,19
[6]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,2
[7]魏益民等.食品安全控制研究.北京:科学出版社,2008,2
[8]植草益.微观规制经济学(朱绍文译).北京:中国发展出版社,1992,28
[9] [美]丹尼尔?F?史普博.规制与市场(余晖等译).上海:上海三联书店,1999,45
[10]丹尼尔?史普博.管制与市场.上海:上海人民出版社1999,59
[11]陈富良.放松规制与强化规制.上海:上海三联书店,2001,4
[12]樊纲.市场机制与经济效率.上海:上海三联书店,1995,175
[13]余晖.政府与企业:从宏观管理到微观规制.福建:福建人民出版社,1997,20
[14]陈富良.放松规制与强化规制.上海:上海三联书店,2001,5
[15]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,6
[16]植草益.微观规制经济学(朱绍文译).北京:中国发展出版社,1992,6
[17]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,21
[18]王建.中国政府规制理论与政策.北京:经济科学出版社,2008,21
[19] [美]查尔斯?沃尔沃.市场与政府.北京:中国发展出版社,1994,24
[20]陈国权.论责任政府及其实现过程中的监督作用.浙江大学学报,2001(2)
[21] [美]珍妮特·V·登哈特,罗伯特·B·登哈特.新公共服务——服务,而不是掌舵,北京:中国人民大学出版社,2004,4
[22]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008
[23]陈媛媛.三鹿婴幼儿奶粉受污染有关部门紧急调查[EB/OL].http://www.xfaq.cn/ news.do?cmd=show&id=34102.2008.9.16
[24]联合早报网:http://realtime.zaobao.com/2008/09/080913-09.shtml.[OL]
[25]联合早报网http://www.zaobao.com/spe-cial/newspapers/2008/09/hongkong080913h.shtml [OL]
[26]周玉琴,季任天,曹谷.我国食品安全标准存在的问题及应对策略,法制与社会,2009,11(上)
[27]鲍长生.食品安全管理的政府规制创新探讨,特区经济,2008,5
[28]顾秀英,李辉.企业诚信治理研究----以食品行业为例,现代商业,2009,10
[29]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008,178
[30]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,84
[31]徐梓荣.确保食品安全须加强标准化建设绍兴日报.2007 .8 .26.第003版
[32]秦挺鑫.国内外食品安全卫生标准比较.世界标准信息,2007(4):24-26.
[33]周应恒,耿献辉.我国食品安全认证的现状分析及发展设想,中国农学会论文集.2003
[34]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,130
[35]门玉峰.我国食品安全信息披露体系的问题与对策.2008,9
[36]中国食品质量报,2006,5,11
[37]李正矩.通往廉洁之路—中外反腐败的经验与教训研究.北京:中央编译出版社,2005
[38]关于加快食品安全信用体系建设的若干指导意见http://www.agri.gov.cn/zcfg/ t20040430_200929.htm
[39]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008 ,242
[40]由美国众议院制定并公布的《美国法典》共50卷,与食品有关的主要是第7卷(农业)和第21卷(食品与药品),其中第21卷第9章为《联邦食品、药物和化妆品法(FDCA)》,美国大部分食品法的精髓来自FDCA。美国联邦法典(CFR)是联邦政府发布的综合的永久性法规,共分50卷,与食品有关的主要是第7卷(农业)、第9卷(动物与动物产品)和第21卷(食品和药品).
[41]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,138
[42]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,44
[43]张志健.食品安全导论.北京:北京化学工业出版社,2008 ,235
[44] Commission of European Communities. White paper on food safety. Brussels,2000.P29
[45]李凯年.国外食品卫生安全管理动态与发展趋势.世界农业,2004(12)
[46]魏益民.食品安全学导论.北京:科学出版社,2009,130
[47]周应恒.现代食品安全与管理.北京:经济管理出版社,2008,195
[48] http://news.sohu.com/20090315/n262800654.shtml
[49]李伟.我国食品安全的政府监管研究: [硕士学位论].北京:首都经济贸易大学,2005.