钛基纳米银、银镍、银铜电极的制备及其电催化活性的研究
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摘要
水合肼是一种重要的化工原料,在农药工业生产中有着广泛的应用。它也是一种理想的燃料电池的原料,这主要是因为水合肼在反应中不会产生如CO_2的温室气体,反应中它产生的过电位非常低,而且这种电池具有高的理论分解电压1.56V;除此之外,研究表明水合肼在电化学氧化过程中不会遭受毒化作用。但是,水合肼也被认为是一种致癌物质和神经毒素,这些都会给人体的健康造成很大的伤害,特别是对肝脏和大脑会造成伤害。电化学研究方法作为一种可靠、敏感的研究手段,通过它可以对水合肼的氧化的机理和动力学进行研究,也可以对水合肼进行检测。因此,寻找对水合肼电化学氧化具有好的催化活性的催化剂及其载体具有较重要的研究价值。
硼氢化钠是一种稳定,不燃,易于处理的无毒化学品。也是直接硼氢化物燃料电池的原料,直接硼氢化物燃料电池具有较高的理论比容量(5.7Ahg~(-1))、相对比较负的平衡电位(-1.24VvsSHE)以及在许多金属表面上比较快的反应速度,受到了国内外许多研究工作者的高度重视。但是使用直接硼氢化物燃料电池也需要克服硼氢根在催化材料表面自身发生水解反应的问题,这会减少释放出的能量和降低硼氢根的利用率。因此,就需要找到一种合适的阳极材料,要求它既要对硼氢化钠有好的催化活性,又要减少硼氢化钠自身的水解。
本论文的主要工作是:以水合肼、聚乙二醇为还原剂,采用水热法将近似纳米大小的金属颗粒沉积在钛基体上,从而制备出新型的钛基银系列电催化剂(Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti),它们对水合肼和硼氢化钠的氧化反应表现出高度的电催化活性。并通过电化学测试方法对各钛基银系列电极电催化氧化性能进行了对比研究,从而得出催化性能较高、稳定性较好的电极催化剂。
此外,利用电化学沉积技术,直接从无支持电解质的低浓度AgNO_3和Cu(NO_3)_2混合溶液中,在钛片表面上沉积具有树枝状结构的双金属Ag-Cu纳米颗粒,并且对超低浓度肼进行了检测。
论文的主要内容和研究结论如下:
1.对银电极的应用和研究进展进行了概述,阐述了水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的电催化机理,指出催化剂纳米化是当前对催化剂进行研究开发的主要思路。
2.确定了制备钛基银系列电极的具体工艺过程。本研究中以水合肼和聚乙二醇为还原剂,以EDTA为添加剂,利用水热法制备了Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极。这一过程的主要特点是:金属催化剂能够以纳米大小的颗粒直接沉积于基体钛表面上,从而一步完成这类电极材料的制备,不仅过程简单,而且催化剂颗粒稳定。利用电沉积法制备了钛基树枝状银铜颗粒,其主要特点是,制备方法和过程简单,催化剂颗粒结构特殊,而且性能稳定。
3.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)测试技术,对制备的Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极的形貌、结构与成分等进行了表征和分析。主要的研究结论如下:
(1)Ag/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了尺寸均匀的银金属球形小颗粒,大小约200～300nm,并且这些球形小颗粒相互连接,形成立体网状结构,具有巨大的表面积。
(2)AgNi/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了尺寸均匀的银镍金属球形小颗粒,并且这些球形小颗粒相互紧密连接呈多孔网状结构,大小约100～250nm,但是球体连接更加致密,形成多孔结构,具有巨大的活性位点。
(3)AgCu/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了呈类似小圆球形状的颗粒,金属颗粒的直径约为500～800nm。
(4)电沉积AgCu/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面呈现纳米结构的类似树枝形状,长度约100～110nm,枝叶顶端呈花蕊芯结构,这种结构极大地增加了比表面积。
4.采用循环伏安和电位阶跃方法,在氢氧化钠碱性介质中研究了在Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极上水合肼的电催化氧化过程,并对电极过程动力学进行了分析研究,同时还研究了硼氢化钠在Ag/Ti电极上的电催化氧化反应,以及水合肼在电沉积银铜电极上的检测。主要结论如下:
(1)伏安特性研究表明,在碱性溶液中,Ag/Ti电极和多晶银电极对水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的电催化活性具有明显的差异。与多晶银电极相比,Ag/Ti电极对水合肼和硼氢化钠电化学氧化起始电位分别为-0.60V和-0.70V,而前者分别为-0.30V和-0.35V;,Ag/Ti电极上水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的氧化峰电流密度分别为212.8mA/cm~(-2)和230.4mA/cm~(-2),是前者的近8倍和12倍。电位阶跃实验表明,多晶银电极和Ag/Ti电极上阶跃稳态电流都随水合肼和硼氢化钠的浓度增加而增大,并且成良好的线性增长。
(2)将水热法制备的AgNi/Ti电极与同样方法制备的Ag/Ti电极进行比较,电化学测试实验结果表明:掺杂了Ni的Ag_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti电极对水合肼氧化表现出更为优异的催化性能,与Ag/Ti电极相比,Ag_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti电极对水合肼(60mmol/L)氧化的起始电位提前了0.09V,为-0.60V,氧化峰的电流密度257mA/cm~(-2),是Ag/Ti电极的2倍。Ni的加入明显改善了电催化剂对水合肼电化学氧化性能。
(3)水热法制备的AgCu/Ti电极对水合肼的电化学氧化也具有极高的电催化性能。电化学测试结果证明,与Ag/Ti电极相比,AgCu/Ti电极对水合肼具有更高的氧化反应速率和更低的起始氧化电位。当Ag:Cu比例为79:21的电极,AgCu/Ti电极表现出较好的催化活性。
(4)利用电沉积法制备的AgCu/Ti电极对超低浓度的水合肼进行了检测,在约-0.1V下的阳极峰峰电流随肼的浓度增加呈规律性下降,是由于肼在这些电催化剂表面的多层吸附而引起的,并且阳极峰的峰电流密度的倒数(i~(-1))与肼浓度成良好的线性关系,可用于对超低浓度肼的检测。
Hydrazine is an important chemical material and is widely used as a raw material in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals.Hydrazine is an ideal fuel for a direct fuel cell system because it does not exhaust environmentally loading materials such as CO_2 and the thermodynamic reversible potential for the direct hydrazine fuel cell(DHFC) is 1.56V.In addition,studies have shown that the hydrazine electrooxidation process did not suffer from any poisoning effect.Hydrazine is very important in pharmacology because it is recognized as a carcinogen and neurotoxin,which make against liver and brain.Electrochemical techniques offer the opportunity for portable,cheap and rapid methodologies of the hydrazine detection. Thus,development of electrocatalysts with significantly electrocatalytic activities for electrooxidation of hydrazine is considered as the most challenging problem.
Sodium borohydride is a stable,nonflammable,easy-to-handle and non-toxic chemical material.Sodium borohydride is also an ideal fuel for direct borohydride fuel cell.The advantages of the DBFC include very high theoretical capacity(5.7Ahg~(-1)),very negative equilibrium potential and faster anodic kinetics at many metallic surfaces.It has been receiving extensive investigation.But,direct use of borohydride as an anodic fuel has a few problems that need to be overcome.The major problem is the spontaneous hydrolysis of BH_4~-ions during the discharging on a variety of electrocatalysts,causing decreasing coulombic efficiency and poor utilization of BH_4~-.It is,therefore,of primary importance to develop an anodic catalyst,which can only catalyze the electrochemical oxidation but not the hydrolysis of borohydride.
In this thesis,we report the preparation of nano-sized metal particales deposited on the surface of titanium by the hydrothermal process using hydrazine and polyethylene glycol as the reduction agent,the novel titanium-supported silver Ag/Ti,binary AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes are synthesized by the hydrothermal method.Electro-catalytic activities of the prepared electrodes for hydrazine oxidation are investigated by conventional electrochemical techniques like voltammetric responses,chronoamperometric measurements,etc.
The novel titanium-supported binary AgCu/Ti electrodes are fabricated by a electrochemical deposition technique using AgNO_3 and Cu(NO_3)_2 solutions as raw materials. Results show that dendritic metal particales are deposited on the surface of titanium.It can be used for amperometric detection of hydrazine in lower concentration range.
The main contents and conclusions in the thesis are as follows:
1.Application of silver electrodes and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride are reviewed briefly.The electro-catalytic mechanisms of the oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride are elaborated according to corresponding reports of literatures.The thesis points out that development of nano-sized catalysts would be the investigation trend of anodic materials used in fuel cells.
2.Ag/Ti,AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes are synthesized by the hydrothermal process using hydrazine hydrate and PEG as the reduction agent.Dendritic metal particales are deposited on the surface of titanium by electrochemical deposition technique.The main features of the process are:nano-metal catalysts particles are directly deposited on the surface of titanium substrate,and the preparation of the electrodes is simple and have high stability.
3.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS),are employed to investigate the morphology and element compositions of Ag/Ti,AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti.The main results are as follows:
(1) For the Ag/Ti electrode,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is partly covered by silver particles which were present as small balls with the almost uniform size of around 200-300nm.These particles connect with each other to form alveolate structures.
(2) For the AgNi/Ti electrodes,SEM and EDS images show a good coverage of catalyst particles on the surface of Ti substrate.The particle sizes are 100～250mm.These nano-scale particles are connected with each other to form a three-dimensional texture.This porous structure provides stable immobilization of the AgNi particles on the Ti surface.
(3) For the AgCu/Ti electrodes,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is partially covered by particles with the sizes of 500～800nm.
(4) For the electrodeposition fabrication of AgCu/Ti electrode,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is totally covered by metal particales.These particles form a dendritic structure and the length of the branches are 100～110nm.These particles form structure-tipped stamens at the top of branches.
4.Electro-catalytic oxidation of hydraine in sodium hydroxide solution on Ag/Ti, AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes,electro-oxidation of sodium borohydride on Ag/Ti electrode and amperometric detection of hydrazine in lower concentration range on electrodeposited AgCu/Ti electrodes are studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.The results are as follows:
(1)It is show from cyclic voltammograms in alkaline solutions that the oxidation current of hydrazine and sodium borohydride on the Ag/Ti electrode is much higher than that on a polycrystalline silver electrode,and that the onset potentials of hydrazine and sodium borohydride oxidation on Ag/Ti shift to -0.60V and -0.70V respectively,which are less than those on the polycrystalline silver electrode.It is also observed that the oxidation peak current densities of hydrazine and sodium borohydride on the Ag/Ti are 212.8 mA/cm~(-2) and 230.4mA/cm~(-2) respectively,which are 8 and 12 times higher than those on polycrystalline silver electrode.It is further observed from chronoamperometric measurements that the steady-state current(I_(ss)) on the Ag/Ti is also significantly higher than on the polycrystalline silver electrode,and the I_(ss) is well linearly proportional to hydrazine and sodium borohydride concentration.
(2) The electroactivity of the prepared titanium-supported nano-scale Ag/Ti and AgNi/Ti towards the hydrazine oxidation in alkaline solutions is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.Results show that the electrodes present a low onset potential of ca. -0.6V and considerably high and stable anodic current density for the hydrazine oxidation. Among them,nanoAg_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti electrode exhibits highest anodic current density towards the hydrazine oxidation,showing an increment of electro-active sites on the nanoAg_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti due to the addition of Ni to the Ag particles.
(3) The AgCu/Ti electrodes are examined as an electrocatalyst for the electro- oxidation of hydrazine in alkaline solutions.The Ag_(79)Cu_(21)/Ti electrode exhibits signi-ficantly high current density of hydrazine oxidation and low onset potential of ca.-0.70V.
(4) AgCu/Ti electrodes are fabricated by a electrochemical deposition technique. Ultra-low concentration hydrazine is detected on the AgCu/Ti electrodes.Results show that anodic peak current density at -0.10V regularly declines with the concentration of hydrazine, and the plot of the reciprocal of the anodic peak current density I~(-1) vs hydrazine concentration showes a good linear relationship.These electrodes can be used for the detection of ultralow concentration hydrazine.
硼氢化钠是一种稳定,不燃,易于处理的无毒化学品。也是直接硼氢化物燃料电池的原料,直接硼氢化物燃料电池具有较高的理论比容量(5.7Ahg~(-1))、相对比较负的平衡电位(-1.24VvsSHE)以及在许多金属表面上比较快的反应速度,受到了国内外许多研究工作者的高度重视。但是使用直接硼氢化物燃料电池也需要克服硼氢根在催化材料表面自身发生水解反应的问题,这会减少释放出的能量和降低硼氢根的利用率。因此,就需要找到一种合适的阳极材料,要求它既要对硼氢化钠有好的催化活性,又要减少硼氢化钠自身的水解。
本论文的主要工作是:以水合肼、聚乙二醇为还原剂,采用水热法将近似纳米大小的金属颗粒沉积在钛基体上,从而制备出新型的钛基银系列电催化剂(Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti),它们对水合肼和硼氢化钠的氧化反应表现出高度的电催化活性。并通过电化学测试方法对各钛基银系列电极电催化氧化性能进行了对比研究,从而得出催化性能较高、稳定性较好的电极催化剂。
此外,利用电化学沉积技术,直接从无支持电解质的低浓度AgNO_3和Cu(NO_3)_2混合溶液中,在钛片表面上沉积具有树枝状结构的双金属Ag-Cu纳米颗粒,并且对超低浓度肼进行了检测。
论文的主要内容和研究结论如下:
1.对银电极的应用和研究进展进行了概述,阐述了水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的电催化机理,指出催化剂纳米化是当前对催化剂进行研究开发的主要思路。
2.确定了制备钛基银系列电极的具体工艺过程。本研究中以水合肼和聚乙二醇为还原剂,以EDTA为添加剂,利用水热法制备了Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极。这一过程的主要特点是:金属催化剂能够以纳米大小的颗粒直接沉积于基体钛表面上,从而一步完成这类电极材料的制备,不仅过程简单,而且催化剂颗粒稳定。利用电沉积法制备了钛基树枝状银铜颗粒,其主要特点是,制备方法和过程简单,催化剂颗粒结构特殊,而且性能稳定。
3.利用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)测试技术,对制备的Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极的形貌、结构与成分等进行了表征和分析。主要的研究结论如下:
(1)Ag/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了尺寸均匀的银金属球形小颗粒,大小约200～300nm,并且这些球形小颗粒相互连接,形成立体网状结构,具有巨大的表面积。
(2)AgNi/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了尺寸均匀的银镍金属球形小颗粒,并且这些球形小颗粒相互紧密连接呈多孔网状结构,大小约100～250nm,但是球体连接更加致密,形成多孔结构,具有巨大的活性位点。
(3)AgCu/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面沉积了呈类似小圆球形状的颗粒,金属颗粒的直径约为500～800nm。
(4)电沉积AgCu/Ti电极的SEM和EDS图像显示,在钛基表面呈现纳米结构的类似树枝形状,长度约100～110nm,枝叶顶端呈花蕊芯结构,这种结构极大地增加了比表面积。
4.采用循环伏安和电位阶跃方法,在氢氧化钠碱性介质中研究了在Ag/Ti、AgNi/Ti、AgCu/Ti电极上水合肼的电催化氧化过程,并对电极过程动力学进行了分析研究,同时还研究了硼氢化钠在Ag/Ti电极上的电催化氧化反应,以及水合肼在电沉积银铜电极上的检测。主要结论如下:
(1)伏安特性研究表明,在碱性溶液中,Ag/Ti电极和多晶银电极对水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的电催化活性具有明显的差异。与多晶银电极相比,Ag/Ti电极对水合肼和硼氢化钠电化学氧化起始电位分别为-0.60V和-0.70V,而前者分别为-0.30V和-0.35V;,Ag/Ti电极上水合肼和硼氢化钠氧化的氧化峰电流密度分别为212.8mA/cm~(-2)和230.4mA/cm~(-2),是前者的近8倍和12倍。电位阶跃实验表明,多晶银电极和Ag/Ti电极上阶跃稳态电流都随水合肼和硼氢化钠的浓度增加而增大,并且成良好的线性增长。
(2)将水热法制备的AgNi/Ti电极与同样方法制备的Ag/Ti电极进行比较,电化学测试实验结果表明:掺杂了Ni的Ag_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti电极对水合肼氧化表现出更为优异的催化性能,与Ag/Ti电极相比,Ag_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti电极对水合肼(60mmol/L)氧化的起始电位提前了0.09V,为-0.60V,氧化峰的电流密度257mA/cm~(-2),是Ag/Ti电极的2倍。Ni的加入明显改善了电催化剂对水合肼电化学氧化性能。
(3)水热法制备的AgCu/Ti电极对水合肼的电化学氧化也具有极高的电催化性能。电化学测试结果证明,与Ag/Ti电极相比,AgCu/Ti电极对水合肼具有更高的氧化反应速率和更低的起始氧化电位。当Ag:Cu比例为79:21的电极,AgCu/Ti电极表现出较好的催化活性。
(4)利用电沉积法制备的AgCu/Ti电极对超低浓度的水合肼进行了检测,在约-0.1V下的阳极峰峰电流随肼的浓度增加呈规律性下降,是由于肼在这些电催化剂表面的多层吸附而引起的,并且阳极峰的峰电流密度的倒数(i~(-1))与肼浓度成良好的线性关系,可用于对超低浓度肼的检测。
Hydrazine is an important chemical material and is widely used as a raw material in the manufacture of agricultural chemicals.Hydrazine is an ideal fuel for a direct fuel cell system because it does not exhaust environmentally loading materials such as CO_2 and the thermodynamic reversible potential for the direct hydrazine fuel cell(DHFC) is 1.56V.In addition,studies have shown that the hydrazine electrooxidation process did not suffer from any poisoning effect.Hydrazine is very important in pharmacology because it is recognized as a carcinogen and neurotoxin,which make against liver and brain.Electrochemical techniques offer the opportunity for portable,cheap and rapid methodologies of the hydrazine detection. Thus,development of electrocatalysts with significantly electrocatalytic activities for electrooxidation of hydrazine is considered as the most challenging problem.
Sodium borohydride is a stable,nonflammable,easy-to-handle and non-toxic chemical material.Sodium borohydride is also an ideal fuel for direct borohydride fuel cell.The advantages of the DBFC include very high theoretical capacity(5.7Ahg~(-1)),very negative equilibrium potential and faster anodic kinetics at many metallic surfaces.It has been receiving extensive investigation.But,direct use of borohydride as an anodic fuel has a few problems that need to be overcome.The major problem is the spontaneous hydrolysis of BH_4~-ions during the discharging on a variety of electrocatalysts,causing decreasing coulombic efficiency and poor utilization of BH_4~-.It is,therefore,of primary importance to develop an anodic catalyst,which can only catalyze the electrochemical oxidation but not the hydrolysis of borohydride.
In this thesis,we report the preparation of nano-sized metal particales deposited on the surface of titanium by the hydrothermal process using hydrazine and polyethylene glycol as the reduction agent,the novel titanium-supported silver Ag/Ti,binary AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes are synthesized by the hydrothermal method.Electro-catalytic activities of the prepared electrodes for hydrazine oxidation are investigated by conventional electrochemical techniques like voltammetric responses,chronoamperometric measurements,etc.
The novel titanium-supported binary AgCu/Ti electrodes are fabricated by a electrochemical deposition technique using AgNO_3 and Cu(NO_3)_2 solutions as raw materials. Results show that dendritic metal particales are deposited on the surface of titanium.It can be used for amperometric detection of hydrazine in lower concentration range.
The main contents and conclusions in the thesis are as follows:
1.Application of silver electrodes and electrocatalytic oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride are reviewed briefly.The electro-catalytic mechanisms of the oxidation of hydrazine and sodium borohydride are elaborated according to corresponding reports of literatures.The thesis points out that development of nano-sized catalysts would be the investigation trend of anodic materials used in fuel cells.
2.Ag/Ti,AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes are synthesized by the hydrothermal process using hydrazine hydrate and PEG as the reduction agent.Dendritic metal particales are deposited on the surface of titanium by electrochemical deposition technique.The main features of the process are:nano-metal catalysts particles are directly deposited on the surface of titanium substrate,and the preparation of the electrodes is simple and have high stability.
3.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM),energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS),are employed to investigate the morphology and element compositions of Ag/Ti,AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti.The main results are as follows:
(1) For the Ag/Ti electrode,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is partly covered by silver particles which were present as small balls with the almost uniform size of around 200-300nm.These particles connect with each other to form alveolate structures.
(2) For the AgNi/Ti electrodes,SEM and EDS images show a good coverage of catalyst particles on the surface of Ti substrate.The particle sizes are 100～250mm.These nano-scale particles are connected with each other to form a three-dimensional texture.This porous structure provides stable immobilization of the AgNi particles on the Ti surface.
(3) For the AgCu/Ti electrodes,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is partially covered by particles with the sizes of 500～800nm.
(4) For the electrodeposition fabrication of AgCu/Ti electrode,SEM and EDS images show that the surface of Ti substrate is totally covered by metal particales.These particles form a dendritic structure and the length of the branches are 100～110nm.These particles form structure-tipped stamens at the top of branches.
4.Electro-catalytic oxidation of hydraine in sodium hydroxide solution on Ag/Ti, AgNi/Ti and AgCu/Ti electrodes,electro-oxidation of sodium borohydride on Ag/Ti electrode and amperometric detection of hydrazine in lower concentration range on electrodeposited AgCu/Ti electrodes are studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.The results are as follows:
(1)It is show from cyclic voltammograms in alkaline solutions that the oxidation current of hydrazine and sodium borohydride on the Ag/Ti electrode is much higher than that on a polycrystalline silver electrode,and that the onset potentials of hydrazine and sodium borohydride oxidation on Ag/Ti shift to -0.60V and -0.70V respectively,which are less than those on the polycrystalline silver electrode.It is also observed that the oxidation peak current densities of hydrazine and sodium borohydride on the Ag/Ti are 212.8 mA/cm~(-2) and 230.4mA/cm~(-2) respectively,which are 8 and 12 times higher than those on polycrystalline silver electrode.It is further observed from chronoamperometric measurements that the steady-state current(I_(ss)) on the Ag/Ti is also significantly higher than on the polycrystalline silver electrode,and the I_(ss) is well linearly proportional to hydrazine and sodium borohydride concentration.
(2) The electroactivity of the prepared titanium-supported nano-scale Ag/Ti and AgNi/Ti towards the hydrazine oxidation in alkaline solutions is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry.Results show that the electrodes present a low onset potential of ca. -0.6V and considerably high and stable anodic current density for the hydrazine oxidation. Among them,nanoAg_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti electrode exhibits highest anodic current density towards the hydrazine oxidation,showing an increment of electro-active sites on the nanoAg_(86)Ni_(14)/Ti due to the addition of Ni to the Ag particles.
(3) The AgCu/Ti electrodes are examined as an electrocatalyst for the electro- oxidation of hydrazine in alkaline solutions.The Ag_(79)Cu_(21)/Ti electrode exhibits signi-ficantly high current density of hydrazine oxidation and low onset potential of ca.-0.70V.
(4) AgCu/Ti electrodes are fabricated by a electrochemical deposition technique. Ultra-low concentration hydrazine is detected on the AgCu/Ti electrodes.Results show that anodic peak current density at -0.10V regularly declines with the concentration of hydrazine, and the plot of the reciprocal of the anodic peak current density I~(-1) vs hydrazine concentration showes a good linear relationship.These electrodes can be used for the detection of ultralow concentration hydrazine.
引文
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