陇南金矿区矿山环境遥感监测与GIS评价研究
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摘要
矿产资源是人类赖以生存与发展的重要物质基础。随着社会和经济的快速发展,矿产资源的需求越来越大,导致了矿产资源的过度掘取和不合理开发,也带来了资源的枯竭和生态环境的破坏。如何合理有效地利用地球资源,维护人类的生存环境,已经成为当今世界各国最为关注的焦点之一。遥感和GIS技术是实现资源与环境可持续发展的关键技术,在资源调查、环境监测与评价中起着其它技术无法替代的作用。
本文以甘肃省陇南金矿区为研究区,利用SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据,在充分分析研究区地质背景、矿产资源分布、矿山环境现状以及影像光谱特征的基础上,采用多种遥感图像增强处理技术,提取出矿山开发占地及水体污染信息,然后利用GIS技术对研究区的矿山环境质量进行综合评价研究,取得了以下主要研究成果：
1、对研究区的区域矿产地质特征、矿产资源规划、矿山环境问题及产生原因等方面进行了深入的研究,为后续的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。
2、通过对SPOT5数据基本参数和波段特征的研究分析,提出了SPOT5影像正射纠正和模拟真彩色的处理方法,解决了原始影像几何畸变和缺少蓝色波段等问题,丰富了遥感影像信息,提高了遥感影像精度,为矿山环境信息提取和综合评价提供了良好的前提条件。
3、在充分分析矿山开发占地的影像光谱特征基础上,根据其红外谱段内的吸收与反射特征,建立了遥感信息计算机自动提取模型。采用波段比值等方法去除干扰信息,通过滤波增强、密度分割等处理,提取出了研究区矿山开发占地信息。同时,根据野外验证的结果,对信息提取的精度进行了分析评价,结果表明信息提取精度达到88%。可见,所建立的遥感信息自动提取模型是可行的,弥补了目视解译劳动强度大、周期长、效率低、精度不高等不足。
4、在分析水体光谱特征和SPOT5波段性能的基础上,通过将研究区的坡度信息作为辅助因素,利用决策树分类方法,准确地提取出地表水体及其范围；同时,采用纹理映射技术,把影像数据和矢量数据叠加到DEM上,建立了地形地貌形态的三维遥感影像,这样不仅能形象直观地观察到污染源与水体之间的空间关系,还能有效地区分出山区阴影与水体,从而保证了水体污染信息的提取精度。
5、采用点、线、面相结合的方法,对所提取的矿山开发占地及水体污染信息进行了实地调查验证,并在修改、补充、完善的基础上,利用MapGis软件进行了统计分析,为矿山环境质量综合评价提供了准确可靠的基础数据。
6、以研究区基础地理图、地质矿产图、遥感影像图、DEM、矿山环境遥感监测结果等为主要数据源,建立了一套矿山环境质量综合评价的技术流程；通过自主开发层次分析法的应用程序,实现了评价指标权重值的快速计算；根据指标加权评价法数学模型,基于MapGis软件平台,对影响矿山环境质量的各个因子进行了量化分析,从而得出了陇南金矿区矿山环境质量综合评价等级,为政府部门制定有关矿山环境保护与恢复治理政策提供了科学依据。
Mineral resources are the important material foundation for subsistence and development of the mankind. With the rapid development of society and economy, the increasing demand for mineral resources not only caused the over-exploitation and unreasonable development of mineral resources, but also could melt the resources away and damage the ecological environment. How to use earth resources rationally and efficiently, has become one of the most noticeable issues in the world. The remote sensing and GIS are the key technology to achieve sustainable development of resources and environment. Comparing with other technology, they play an irreplaceable role in resources investigation, monitoring and evaluation of environment.
With the Longnan gold mine area in Gansu province as the reseach area, this paper applied the various image enhancement technology to extract the information of mining occupied land and water pollution, which used the SPOT5 high-resolution remote sensing data on the basis of the analysis of geology background, distribution of mineral deposits, current environmental status and image spectral features. And this article also carried on environmental quality comprehensive assessment through GIS technology in the study area. Major achievements were as follows:
1、Regional geological characteristics of mineral, mineral planning, mine environment and the cause of environmental problem were deeply studied, which established a foundation of the follow-up research.
2、The method of ortho-rectification and true-color transform of SPOT5 image was carried out on the basis of the full analysis of SPOT5 basic parameter and band performance, which solved the problems of geometrical distortion and shortage of blue band of the raw data, enriched the remote-sensing data, improved the accuracy of the data, and provide good precondition for extracting mineral environment information and comprehensive evaluation of mineral environment.
3、The remote sensing information computer automatic extraction model was established on the basis of full analysis of image spectral characteristics of mining occupied land. The disturbance information was removed by using the ratio method. The information of mining occupied land was extracted by using filering enhancement method and density separation and other methods. And this article also analyzed and evaluated the precision of extracting information according to field verification, the results showed that the precision touched 88%. From the above analysis, the remote sensing information automatic extraction model was feasible, made up for the lack of visual interpretation, which had heavy labor intensity, long period, low productivity, and low accuracy for getting information.
4、Based on the analysis of water spectrum characteristic and the SPOT5 band performance, the surface water and its range were extracted accurately by using slope as the auxiliary factor, as well as the decision tree category method. The 3D remote sensing image of topography was established through using texture mapping technology by placing the image data and vector data on the digital elevation modeling. This way not only provide the intuitionistic and visual obserbation of the spatial relationship between pollution source and water body, also distinguish the mountainous shadow and water body, and thus ensuring the extracting accuracy of water pollution information.
5、Field checking of mining occupied land and water pollution information adopted a method combined with point,line and region. The statistical analysis of extracted information through MapGis software on the basis of amended, supplement and improvement, which provided accurate and reliable base data for comprehensive evaluation of mineral environment quality.
6、The comprehensive evaluation technical process of mineral environment quality was established by adopting the base geography map, geological mineral map, remote-sensing image, DEM, the result of environmental monitoring for mine environment as the main information sources. The application program of analytic hierarchy process was developed so as to achieve the rapid calculation of index weight. The factors which affect mine environmental quality are quantitative analyzed inaccordance with weighted average method of index mathematical model based on MapGis software. And thus the comprehensive evaluation grade of mineral environment quality in Longnan gold mining area was obtained, which supplied government office with scientific basis to formulate mine environmental protection, recovery and treatment policy.
本文以甘肃省陇南金矿区为研究区,利用SPOT5高分辨率遥感数据,在充分分析研究区地质背景、矿产资源分布、矿山环境现状以及影像光谱特征的基础上,采用多种遥感图像增强处理技术,提取出矿山开发占地及水体污染信息,然后利用GIS技术对研究区的矿山环境质量进行综合评价研究,取得了以下主要研究成果：
1、对研究区的区域矿产地质特征、矿产资源规划、矿山环境问题及产生原因等方面进行了深入的研究,为后续的研究工作奠定了良好的基础。
2、通过对SPOT5数据基本参数和波段特征的研究分析,提出了SPOT5影像正射纠正和模拟真彩色的处理方法,解决了原始影像几何畸变和缺少蓝色波段等问题,丰富了遥感影像信息,提高了遥感影像精度,为矿山环境信息提取和综合评价提供了良好的前提条件。
3、在充分分析矿山开发占地的影像光谱特征基础上,根据其红外谱段内的吸收与反射特征,建立了遥感信息计算机自动提取模型。采用波段比值等方法去除干扰信息,通过滤波增强、密度分割等处理,提取出了研究区矿山开发占地信息。同时,根据野外验证的结果,对信息提取的精度进行了分析评价,结果表明信息提取精度达到88%。可见,所建立的遥感信息自动提取模型是可行的,弥补了目视解译劳动强度大、周期长、效率低、精度不高等不足。
4、在分析水体光谱特征和SPOT5波段性能的基础上,通过将研究区的坡度信息作为辅助因素,利用决策树分类方法,准确地提取出地表水体及其范围；同时,采用纹理映射技术,把影像数据和矢量数据叠加到DEM上,建立了地形地貌形态的三维遥感影像,这样不仅能形象直观地观察到污染源与水体之间的空间关系,还能有效地区分出山区阴影与水体,从而保证了水体污染信息的提取精度。
5、采用点、线、面相结合的方法,对所提取的矿山开发占地及水体污染信息进行了实地调查验证,并在修改、补充、完善的基础上,利用MapGis软件进行了统计分析,为矿山环境质量综合评价提供了准确可靠的基础数据。
6、以研究区基础地理图、地质矿产图、遥感影像图、DEM、矿山环境遥感监测结果等为主要数据源,建立了一套矿山环境质量综合评价的技术流程；通过自主开发层次分析法的应用程序,实现了评价指标权重值的快速计算；根据指标加权评价法数学模型,基于MapGis软件平台,对影响矿山环境质量的各个因子进行了量化分析,从而得出了陇南金矿区矿山环境质量综合评价等级,为政府部门制定有关矿山环境保护与恢复治理政策提供了科学依据。
Mineral resources are the important material foundation for subsistence and development of the mankind. With the rapid development of society and economy, the increasing demand for mineral resources not only caused the over-exploitation and unreasonable development of mineral resources, but also could melt the resources away and damage the ecological environment. How to use earth resources rationally and efficiently, has become one of the most noticeable issues in the world. The remote sensing and GIS are the key technology to achieve sustainable development of resources and environment. Comparing with other technology, they play an irreplaceable role in resources investigation, monitoring and evaluation of environment.
With the Longnan gold mine area in Gansu province as the reseach area, this paper applied the various image enhancement technology to extract the information of mining occupied land and water pollution, which used the SPOT5 high-resolution remote sensing data on the basis of the analysis of geology background, distribution of mineral deposits, current environmental status and image spectral features. And this article also carried on environmental quality comprehensive assessment through GIS technology in the study area. Major achievements were as follows:
1、Regional geological characteristics of mineral, mineral planning, mine environment and the cause of environmental problem were deeply studied, which established a foundation of the follow-up research.
2、The method of ortho-rectification and true-color transform of SPOT5 image was carried out on the basis of the full analysis of SPOT5 basic parameter and band performance, which solved the problems of geometrical distortion and shortage of blue band of the raw data, enriched the remote-sensing data, improved the accuracy of the data, and provide good precondition for extracting mineral environment information and comprehensive evaluation of mineral environment.
3、The remote sensing information computer automatic extraction model was established on the basis of full analysis of image spectral characteristics of mining occupied land. The disturbance information was removed by using the ratio method. The information of mining occupied land was extracted by using filering enhancement method and density separation and other methods. And this article also analyzed and evaluated the precision of extracting information according to field verification, the results showed that the precision touched 88%. From the above analysis, the remote sensing information automatic extraction model was feasible, made up for the lack of visual interpretation, which had heavy labor intensity, long period, low productivity, and low accuracy for getting information.
4、Based on the analysis of water spectrum characteristic and the SPOT5 band performance, the surface water and its range were extracted accurately by using slope as the auxiliary factor, as well as the decision tree category method. The 3D remote sensing image of topography was established through using texture mapping technology by placing the image data and vector data on the digital elevation modeling. This way not only provide the intuitionistic and visual obserbation of the spatial relationship between pollution source and water body, also distinguish the mountainous shadow and water body, and thus ensuring the extracting accuracy of water pollution information.
5、Field checking of mining occupied land and water pollution information adopted a method combined with point,line and region. The statistical analysis of extracted information through MapGis software on the basis of amended, supplement and improvement, which provided accurate and reliable base data for comprehensive evaluation of mineral environment quality.
6、The comprehensive evaluation technical process of mineral environment quality was established by adopting the base geography map, geological mineral map, remote-sensing image, DEM, the result of environmental monitoring for mine environment as the main information sources. The application program of analytic hierarchy process was developed so as to achieve the rapid calculation of index weight. The factors which affect mine environmental quality are quantitative analyzed inaccordance with weighted average method of index mathematical model based on MapGis software. And thus the comprehensive evaluation grade of mineral environment quality in Longnan gold mining area was obtained, which supplied government office with scientific basis to formulate mine environmental protection, recovery and treatment policy.
引文
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