当代奇卡纳代表作家研究
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摘要
在近几十年的美国文坛,美国少数族裔文学的声音不绝于耳,而这其中美国黑人女性文学、亚裔女性文学等少数族裔女性文学更以其独特的民族背景和女性视角尤为引人关注。自从二十世纪七八十年代以来,随着拉美裔美国人的崛起,由美国墨西哥裔女性创造的奇卡纳文学成为美国少数族裔女性文学中的新生力量,备受瞩目。
奇卡纳的民族身份和女性身份相交织,生发出一种独具特色的女性文学。本论文就拟以当代最具代表性的奇卡纳作家格洛利亚·安扎杜尔、桑德拉·西斯内罗斯和安娜·卡斯特罗及其经典作品为研究对象,力图挖掘当代墨裔女性作家在奇卡纳文学中建构其文化身份等方面所付诸的努力,并试图探求她们在文学创造中表现出的鲜明主题,与众不同的内容和写作风格,从而呈现它不同于奇卡诺文学和美国其他少数族裔女性文学的特征。
The United States is a multi-ethnic nation. With the multi-cultural development of the globe, the literature of ethnic minorities has become a quite important voice in the American Literature. In addition to the Afro-American literature, Asian-American literature and Native American literature, Latino/a American literature has made a splendid figure in American Literature with the increase of their social position. Latino/a American literature has drawn people’s attention because of its special ethnic cultural element and historical background. Among the Latino/a literature, the Chicana literature is a unique one, which has become a new voice in the ethnic American women literature.
This dissertation is to take the representative Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldua, Sandra Cisneros, Ana Castillo and their works as the objects of the research to present the characteristics of the comtemporary Chicana literature. Set in the background of general American literature Chicana literature is different from the Chicano literature and other ethnic American (women) literature. It is different from others because of its particular elements of racial cultural tradition and Chicana feminist perspective. The feature is made more visible with the use of comparison method in the dissertation.
The dissertation consists of four chapters and the part of literature review at the beginning.
First, it is the literature review. As the introduction part, it is to introduce the international and domestic research situation of Chicana literature and the meaning of my research. It is the general outline of research situation of contemporary Chicana Literature. The uprising of the Latino Amercans provides the rich soil for the birth and development of the Chicana literature. While the borderland life experience and the multiple oppressions the Chicanas undertake are the driving force of Chicana literature production.
Chapter one is to define the Chicana literature. As a new literature phenomenon, it is quite necessary to give a definition to it, especially at the beginning of the dissertation writing, I am always confused about the difference between the Chicana literature and Mexican American literature. Later, I find that the two look quite similar, but different. The Chicana literature is more of a resistant and oppositional literature produced by the Mexican Americans. The Chicano Movement laid a solid foundation for the renaissance and development of Chicana literature and it grows up in the general background of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. Chicana literature not only has distinctive cultural and ethnic characteristics, but also has the clear political position like the Chicano literature. By the way, it is essential to know the traditional Mexican legendary folktales and heroines in order to understand the Chicana literature better. These cultural figures are all women archetypes and are the important parts of Mexican cultural tradition. The introduction of them is also included in this chapter.
Chapter two is about Gloria Anzaldua who is the well-known Chicana feminist and literary critics in the United States. As a Mexican American woman, she is now widely accepted in the American literary circle. The work The Borderland is not only her literary masterpiece but also her Chicana feminist political manifesto. It is also a breakthrough in the critical theory for the Mexican American writers with the mixed blood. The multiple identities of Chicanas in the Mexican-American border are best reflected in the changes of different literary style and code switching in the work. The Borderland not only tells about the development of Chicana feminism in multiple languages, but also creates the theory of“The New Mestiza”, which is considered as the most classic statement about the situation of the Chicanas and Chicana literature. The cultural mestiza, the language mestiza, the gender mestiza, the religion mestiza, it seems people can find the keys to all these problems in the“The New Mestiza”. So it is also regarded as the main line that goes through the whole dissertation.
The comparative study between the Du Bois’s“Double Consciousness”and Gloria’s“The New Mestiza”is an innovative part of chapter two. The two theories look similar but quite different. If we say that the focus of the“Double consciousness”is on the issue of the race and class, then“The New Mestiza”by the Gloria adds the level of sex/gender to the study of the ethnic race and class. The problem of Chicanas is quite complex and it involves the intersection of race, class and gender.
Gloria Anzaldua also transforms the male-centered Aztlan to the female-centered Coatlicue nation and a feminist resistant site through remodeling the female archetypes in the Mexican cultural tradition and dating back to the shamanism in the Mexican religious tradition.
Chaper three is about Sandra Cisneros who is considered as the most widely accepted Mexican American woman writer. Though she is not that theoretical compared with Gloria Anzadula, she depicts the Mexican -American borderland experience with her implicative but fresh literary style. For this chapter, the comparative study between Sandra’s the House on the Mango Street and Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own is a meaningful attempt because it is a mirror to reflect the difference beween the Aglo-American women literature and Chicana literature. The comparison proves that the strong sense of class and collectivism is the most distinctive feature of Chicana literature compared with mainstream women literature due to the different racial and historical background.
In addition, in the House on the Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros has dissolved the duality of Mexican tradition value virgia and puta through shaping a new Mexican woman archetype Esperanza. In Woman Hollering Greek, the traditional Mexican woman has transcended the limitations of self-identity through the bordercrossing, which proves that only the return to the Mexican tradition can the women complete the pursuit of freedom.
Chapter Four is for Ana Castillo. Ana Castillo is another highly theoretical Chicana feminist and writer. In her work the Massacre of the Dreamers, she even coins a new word“Xicanisma”. It is not only her political declaration, but also the way to Chicana culture dream. She calls for the union of the Chicanas and other ethnic women to establish a new value system that goes beyond the simple and limited female identity. For her, it is the best way to resist and subvert the traditional patriarchy Mexican values and white society value system.
Chicanas’value of family and religion has always been the most important part of Chicana culture and literature study. Luckily, the works of Ana Castillo is considered as the most efficient sample to demonstrate the Mexican American family tradition and religion value. In So Far from the God, the stories in the Mexican community witness the distinctive family and religion situation of the Chicano/as. The strong sense of familism, strong identity with the role of mother in the household , the extension of the mother role , the cultural and religious meaning of the mother part, the mestiza of the religion etc, are all the the cultural connotation that the Chicana literature presents.
In conclusion, in my opinion, I think the Chicana Literature is a distinctive ethnic women’s writing from the Chicana feminist perspective. Faced with the multiple oppressions of race, class and gender, the mestiza Chicana writers are seeking their way to construct and reconstruct Chicana’s feminine literary traditions through the rediscovery of earlier modes of speaking and by challenging conventional distinctions among forms of expression.
奇卡纳的民族身份和女性身份相交织,生发出一种独具特色的女性文学。本论文就拟以当代最具代表性的奇卡纳作家格洛利亚·安扎杜尔、桑德拉·西斯内罗斯和安娜·卡斯特罗及其经典作品为研究对象,力图挖掘当代墨裔女性作家在奇卡纳文学中建构其文化身份等方面所付诸的努力,并试图探求她们在文学创造中表现出的鲜明主题,与众不同的内容和写作风格,从而呈现它不同于奇卡诺文学和美国其他少数族裔女性文学的特征。
The United States is a multi-ethnic nation. With the multi-cultural development of the globe, the literature of ethnic minorities has become a quite important voice in the American Literature. In addition to the Afro-American literature, Asian-American literature and Native American literature, Latino/a American literature has made a splendid figure in American Literature with the increase of their social position. Latino/a American literature has drawn people’s attention because of its special ethnic cultural element and historical background. Among the Latino/a literature, the Chicana literature is a unique one, which has become a new voice in the ethnic American women literature.
This dissertation is to take the representative Chicana writer Gloria Anzaldua, Sandra Cisneros, Ana Castillo and their works as the objects of the research to present the characteristics of the comtemporary Chicana literature. Set in the background of general American literature Chicana literature is different from the Chicano literature and other ethnic American (women) literature. It is different from others because of its particular elements of racial cultural tradition and Chicana feminist perspective. The feature is made more visible with the use of comparison method in the dissertation.
The dissertation consists of four chapters and the part of literature review at the beginning.
First, it is the literature review. As the introduction part, it is to introduce the international and domestic research situation of Chicana literature and the meaning of my research. It is the general outline of research situation of contemporary Chicana Literature. The uprising of the Latino Amercans provides the rich soil for the birth and development of the Chicana literature. While the borderland life experience and the multiple oppressions the Chicanas undertake are the driving force of Chicana literature production.
Chapter one is to define the Chicana literature. As a new literature phenomenon, it is quite necessary to give a definition to it, especially at the beginning of the dissertation writing, I am always confused about the difference between the Chicana literature and Mexican American literature. Later, I find that the two look quite similar, but different. The Chicana literature is more of a resistant and oppositional literature produced by the Mexican Americans. The Chicano Movement laid a solid foundation for the renaissance and development of Chicana literature and it grows up in the general background of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s and 1970s in the United States. Chicana literature not only has distinctive cultural and ethnic characteristics, but also has the clear political position like the Chicano literature. By the way, it is essential to know the traditional Mexican legendary folktales and heroines in order to understand the Chicana literature better. These cultural figures are all women archetypes and are the important parts of Mexican cultural tradition. The introduction of them is also included in this chapter.
Chapter two is about Gloria Anzaldua who is the well-known Chicana feminist and literary critics in the United States. As a Mexican American woman, she is now widely accepted in the American literary circle. The work The Borderland is not only her literary masterpiece but also her Chicana feminist political manifesto. It is also a breakthrough in the critical theory for the Mexican American writers with the mixed blood. The multiple identities of Chicanas in the Mexican-American border are best reflected in the changes of different literary style and code switching in the work. The Borderland not only tells about the development of Chicana feminism in multiple languages, but also creates the theory of“The New Mestiza”, which is considered as the most classic statement about the situation of the Chicanas and Chicana literature. The cultural mestiza, the language mestiza, the gender mestiza, the religion mestiza, it seems people can find the keys to all these problems in the“The New Mestiza”. So it is also regarded as the main line that goes through the whole dissertation.
The comparative study between the Du Bois’s“Double Consciousness”and Gloria’s“The New Mestiza”is an innovative part of chapter two. The two theories look similar but quite different. If we say that the focus of the“Double consciousness”is on the issue of the race and class, then“The New Mestiza”by the Gloria adds the level of sex/gender to the study of the ethnic race and class. The problem of Chicanas is quite complex and it involves the intersection of race, class and gender.
Gloria Anzaldua also transforms the male-centered Aztlan to the female-centered Coatlicue nation and a feminist resistant site through remodeling the female archetypes in the Mexican cultural tradition and dating back to the shamanism in the Mexican religious tradition.
Chaper three is about Sandra Cisneros who is considered as the most widely accepted Mexican American woman writer. Though she is not that theoretical compared with Gloria Anzadula, she depicts the Mexican -American borderland experience with her implicative but fresh literary style. For this chapter, the comparative study between Sandra’s the House on the Mango Street and Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own is a meaningful attempt because it is a mirror to reflect the difference beween the Aglo-American women literature and Chicana literature. The comparison proves that the strong sense of class and collectivism is the most distinctive feature of Chicana literature compared with mainstream women literature due to the different racial and historical background.
In addition, in the House on the Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros has dissolved the duality of Mexican tradition value virgia and puta through shaping a new Mexican woman archetype Esperanza. In Woman Hollering Greek, the traditional Mexican woman has transcended the limitations of self-identity through the bordercrossing, which proves that only the return to the Mexican tradition can the women complete the pursuit of freedom.
Chapter Four is for Ana Castillo. Ana Castillo is another highly theoretical Chicana feminist and writer. In her work the Massacre of the Dreamers, she even coins a new word“Xicanisma”. It is not only her political declaration, but also the way to Chicana culture dream. She calls for the union of the Chicanas and other ethnic women to establish a new value system that goes beyond the simple and limited female identity. For her, it is the best way to resist and subvert the traditional patriarchy Mexican values and white society value system.
Chicanas’value of family and religion has always been the most important part of Chicana culture and literature study. Luckily, the works of Ana Castillo is considered as the most efficient sample to demonstrate the Mexican American family tradition and religion value. In So Far from the God, the stories in the Mexican community witness the distinctive family and religion situation of the Chicano/as. The strong sense of familism, strong identity with the role of mother in the household , the extension of the mother role , the cultural and religious meaning of the mother part, the mestiza of the religion etc, are all the the cultural connotation that the Chicana literature presents.
In conclusion, in my opinion, I think the Chicana Literature is a distinctive ethnic women’s writing from the Chicana feminist perspective. Faced with the multiple oppressions of race, class and gender, the mestiza Chicana writers are seeking their way to construct and reconstruct Chicana’s feminine literary traditions through the rediscovery of earlier modes of speaking and by challenging conventional distinctions among forms of expression.
引文
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④关于“奇卡诺”和“奇卡纳”专有名词的详细解读请参见本论文第17-18页和12页论述。
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⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:30. 27
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
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①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:42.
②“新女性混血意识”(the New Mestiza)在西班牙语中的说法是“la conciencia mestiza”它是安扎杜尔从奇卡纳女性体验和经历生发出的一个新词,实际上,这个名词本身就有女性主义色彩,因为Mestiza一词本身就有女性混血之意。这是笔者的字面翻译,以下同。
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 1987:101.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
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①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:3.
②Saldívar, JoséDavid. Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies [M].Berkeley, L.A.and London: UC P, 1997:39.
③前哥伦布时代指1492年哥伦布发现美洲新大陆之前的时代。
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:27.
①Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:32.
②Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:38.
③Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:38.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:43.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:39.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:44.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:106.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:103.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:95.
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④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100.
①Mitchell, Bonnie L, Joe R.Feagin.America’s Racial-Ethnic Cultures: Opposition within a Mythical Melting Pot [J].Toward the Multicultural University, edited by B.Browser, T Jones, and G.A. Young.Westport, CT: Praeger. 1995:69.
②Mitchell, Bonnie L, Joe R.Feagin.America’s Racial-Ethnic Cultures: Opposition within a Mythical Melting Pot [J].Toward the Multicultural University, edited by B.Browser, T Jones, and G.A. Young.Westport, CT: Praeger. 1995:69.
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②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:26.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:39.
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②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:42.
③Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:37.
①Du Bois,W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York:Penguin Books,1903/1995:51
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④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
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②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
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①Diane P. Freedman.Writing in the Borderlands: The Poetic Prose of Gloria Anzaldúa and Susan Griffin [C]. in: Perry, Linda M., Turner, Lynn and Sterk, Helen, ed. Constructing and Reconstructing Gender: The Links Among Communication, Language and Gender. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992:211.
①Parkinson. Introduction: Moveable Boundaries—Public Definitions and Private Lives[C].in: Zamora, Lois Parkinson, ed.Contemporary American Women Writers: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. New York: Longman, 1998:6.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Border Crossings [J]. in:Trivia, Spring 1989.New Amherst,1989:47.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:91.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100:88.
⑤Ikas, Karin Rosa. Gloria Anzaldúa: Writer, Editor, Critic, and Third-World Lesbian Women-of-Color Feminist[C]. in: Ikas, Karin, ed.Chicana Ways: Conversations with Ten Chicana Writers.Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press,2002:6.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Speaking in Tongues: A Letter to 3rd World Women Writers [C].in: Gloria Anzaldúa and Cherrie Moraga Ed. This Bridge Called My Back,1991:173.
②Keating, Ana Louise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde [M]. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996:10.
③Keating, Ana Louise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde [M].Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996:11-12.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria,ed. Making Face Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1990:“Preface”xxv..
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:43.
②Tereza Kynclová,Constructing Mestiza Consciousness-Gloria Anzaldúa’s Literary Techniques in Borderlands/ Frontera—the New Mestiza , Charles University, Czech Republic, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge, IV, Special Issue, summer 2006:67.
③此处是笔者的翻译
④Mognolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledge, and Border Thinking. Princeton,N.J.: Princeton UP,2000:37
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:8.
③Nelson, Linda. After Reading: Borderlands/La Frontera [C]. in: Trivia. New Amherst: Spring 1989:95.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 2nd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 1999: 20.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:78.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:78.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:76.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:85.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:75.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:75.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
④Torres,Hector A. In Context: Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/ La Frontera: The New Mestiza [C]. in: Braum, Harold Augen and Olmos, Margarite Fernndez, ed. U.S. Latino Literature: A Critical Guide for Students and Teachers. NewYork: Greenwood Press, 2000:125.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:35.
③Tereza Kynclová,Constructing Mestiza Consciousness-Gloria Anzaldúa’s Literary Techniques in Borderlands/ Frontera—the New Mestiza,Charles University, Czech Republic,Human Architecture:Journal of the Sociology of Selfknowledge,IV,Special Issue, 2006:43-44.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria.“Border Crossings”in:Trivia, Spring 1989.New Amherst, 1989:49.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:47
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:106.
③指代1524年之前,拉丁美洲尚未被西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者征服之前的历史。
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
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④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
①Nash, June.The Aztec and Ideology of Male Dominance [C]. Signs, 1978:361-362.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
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①Rebolledo,T.D.ed.Women Singing in the Snow: A Cultural Analysis of Chicana Literature [M].Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1995:52.
②Garcia, Alma.ed. Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings [M].New York: Routledge, 1997:49.
③Trujillo, C. La Virgen de Guadalupe and her Reconstruction in Chicana Lesbian Desire [C].in C.Trujillo ed. Living Chicana Theory, Berkeley,Calif.:Third Women Press ed.,1998:215.
④Trujillo, C. La Virgen de Guadalupe and her Reconstruction in Chicana Lesbian Desire [C].in C.Trujillo ed. Living Chicana Theory, Berkeley,Calif.:Third Women Press ed.,1998:227.
①Mclintock, A., Mufti, A. and Shohat, E. eds. Dangerous Liasons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives [C]. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1997:278.
②Alarcon, Norma. Traddutora, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism [J]. The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division. ed. Donna Przybylowics, Nancy Hartsock, and Pamela McCallum. Cultural Critique 13, 1989:58.
①McBride-Limaye, Ann. Metamorphoses of La Malinche and Mexican Cultural Identity [J].Comparative Civilizations Review, 1988(19):1.
②Todorov, Tzvetan .The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other, trans. Richard Howard, 2nd. edition.University of Oklahoma Press, 1999:100.
③Rebolledo, T.D.ed.Women Singing in the Snow: A Cultural Analysis of Chicana Literature [M].Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1995:63.
①Madsen, Deborah L.Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature [M].South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2000:35
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:57.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
④萨满教一词源自西伯利亚Manchu-Tungus族语的saman,经由俄语而成英语(Shamanism)之萨满教,而shaman指萨满巫师和僧人。所谓萨满教并非指某种特定的宗教或信仰,而是具萨满经验和萨满行为的通称。根据Tungus族语文字的表面意义来说,它有“知者”之意,所谓知者,意指萨满教是一种获得知识的方式。萨满教没有固定的教条或特定的信仰体系,而是一种现象的通称,不同传统的萨满教有不同的形式和特征,而一般对萨满教的定义也都强调其经验与技术。该宗教具有较复杂的灵魂观念,虽然他们没有成文的圣典,特定的创始人,也没有统一的寺庙和规范化的宗教仪礼,但在“万物有灵”的信念支配下,以崇奉氏族部落的祖灵为主,也有强烈的自然崇拜和图腾崇拜。而巫师的职位常在本部落氏族中靠口传身受世代嬗递。虽然随着原始公社的解体和阶级社会的出现,萨满教日益衰落,人们开始逐渐皈依其他宗教,但其浓厚的影响和异质的特征使其影响一直流传至今。出自http://ks.cn.yahoo.com/question/1407112902190.html
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Metaphors in the Tradition of the Shaman [C]. Conversant Essays: Contemporary Poets on Poetry. Detroit: Wayne State University Press,1990:99.此篇论文于《边土》出版后八个月发表,对于安扎杜尔论及的萨满传统还可参见Steele, Cassie Premo. We Heal from Memory: Sexton, Lorde, Anzaldúa, and the Poetry of Witness [M].New York: Palgrave, 2000:86-90.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:59.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:32.
②实际上,过去,印第安人一直是墨西哥这片土地上的主人。他们创造了举世闻名的奥尔梅克、玛雅、特奥蒂瓦坎、托尔特克、阿兹特克等古代印第安文化,墨西哥也因此成为印第安古文化的中心。但1519年西班牙殖民者入侵墨西哥后,不断的杀戮和摧残,印第安人才成了墨西哥的少数民族。印第安人相信“万物有灵论”,他们崇敬自然,对自然界的一草一木、一山一石都都充满敬畏。虽然现在的印第安人在相当程度上已经被欧洲基督教信仰同化,但印第安的原始信仰仍然存在,如萨满教。它与基督教相混杂,成为一种奇怪的宗教信仰。宗教信仰在印第安人生活中占据很高地位,最重要的部落首领则是他们的宗教领袖。
③在中美有阿兹特克人、玛雅人、加勒比人等;16世纪前,多半尚处于母系氏族阶段,但有少数象玛雅人、阿兹特克人和印加人等已形成早期奴隶制,成为具有高度文明的国家。16世纪起欧洲殖民者不断入侵、摧残和杀戮,致使人口不断下降,在殖民者占有的殖民地上饱受着统治者的歧视和同化。
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:33.
⑤Keating, AnaLouise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde[M].Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1996:135.
①http://baike.baidu.com/view/1114.html?fromTaglist
②http://baike.baidu.com/view/1114.html?fromTaglist
③http://baike.baidu.com/view/147525.htm
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③Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:45.
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①在笔者进行论文写作的过程中,多次与美国康奈尔大学的奇卡诺/纳研究专家黛布拉·卡斯蒂略(Debra Castillo)进行书信往来与沟通,此论文的部分论据也来自她转发给笔者的名为“Chicana Feminist Criticism”的论文,此论文尚未发表,以下来自此出处论述,均将以A Letter from Debra Castillo,“Chicana Feminist Criticism”为注。
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①这是安娜·卡斯特罗在她的作品中杜撰的新词,此处的翻译沿用了国内唯一对此论述的台湾学者黄新雅的翻译,来自黄新雅,奇哥娜·边界·阶级[J].欧美研究,1994 (2) :306.
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1.陈奕平:《当代美国西班牙裔人口的变动特点及其影响》,世界民族,2002年第5期.
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3.范可:《亨廷顿的忧思》,读书,2005年第5期.
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7.黄新雅:《奇哥娜·边界·阶级》,欧美研究, 1994年2月第2期.
8.姬虹:《假如美国没有了墨西哥裔人》,社会文化闲览,2004年第18期.
9.江宁康:《当代美国小说与族裔文化身份阐释》,解放军外国于学院学报,2005年第28卷第1期.
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22.张子清:《多元文化视野下的美国少数民族诗歌及其研究》,外国文学,2005年11月第6期.
23.赵秋梧:《“文明冲突论”:亨廷顿为美国构建的意识形态策略》,南京政治学院学报,2003年第3期.
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19.芮渝萍著:《美国成长小说研究》,中国社会科学出版社,2005年版.
20.塞缪尔·亨廷顿:《我们是谁》,北京:新华出版社, 2005年版.
21.桑德拉.吉尔伯特&苏珊.古芭著:《阁楼上的疯女人》,耶鲁大学出版社,1979年版.
22. (美)桑德拉·西斯内罗斯,潘帕译:《芒果街上的小屋》,南京:译林出版社,2006年版.
23.寿静心著:《女性文学的革命》,中国社会科学出版社,2007年版.
24.苏珊·兰瑟著:《虚构的权威》,北京大学出版社,2005年版。
25.唐红梅著:《种族、性别与身份认同——美国黑人女作家Alice Walker ToniMorrison小说创作研究》,民族出版社,2006年版.
26.陶丽·莫依著:《性与文本政治——女权主义文学理论》,时代文艺出版社出版,1992年版.
27.翁德修,都岚岚著:《美国黑人女性文学》,吉林大学出版社,2000年版.
28.[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译:《一间自己的屋子》,上海人民出版社,2008年版.
29.王守仁,吴新云:《性别、种族、文化》,北京大学出版社,1999年版.
30.吴小英著:《科学,文化与性别——女性主义的诠释》,中国社会科学出版社,2000年版.
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32.曾繁仁著:《20世纪欧美文学热点问题》,高等教育出版社,2003年版.
33.张静著:《身份认同研究》,上海人民出版社,2006年版.
34.张京媛著:《当代女性主义文学批评》,北京大学出版社,1992年版.
35.张善余:《世界人口地理》,上海:华东师范大学出版社, 2002年版.
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①Madsen, Deborah L.Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature [M].South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2000:6.
②Madsen, Deborah L.Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature [M].South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2000:19.
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②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:30.
②Andres Gonzales Guerrero,Jr.The Significance of Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe and La Raza Cosmica in the Development of a Chicano Theology of Liberation[M].Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms International,1984:122.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:48.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:56.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:30. 27
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:57.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:47-53.
①Paz, Octavio.the Sons of La Malinche [C]. trans.Lysander Kemp, rpt.in Goddess of the Americas: Writings on the Virgin of Guadalupe, ed. Ana Castillo, New York: Riverhead Books, 1996:201.
②Castillo, Debra. Border Theory and the Canon [C]. in Post-colonial Literatures: Expanding the Canon, ed. Deborah L. Madsen, London: Pluto Press,1999:193.
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③Limón,Jose E. La Llorona, the Third Legend of Greater Mexico: Cultural Symbols, Women, and Political Unconscious [C]. Paper presented in the Renato Rosaldo Lecture Series, University of Arizona, 1985:20.
④Limón, Jose E. La Llorona, the Third Legend of Greater Mexico: Cultural Symbols, Women, and Political Unconscious [C]. Paper presented in the Renato Rosaldo Lecture Series, University of Arizona, 1985:20. 30
①Viramontes, María Helena.The Cariboo Cafe [M]. New York: Penguin, 1985:72-73.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:31.
③Moraga, Cherrie.Loving in the War Years [M].Boston: South End Press, 1983:100.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:42.
②“新女性混血意识”(the New Mestiza)在西班牙语中的说法是“la conciencia mestiza”它是安扎杜尔从奇卡纳女性体验和经历生发出的一个新词,实际上,这个名词本身就有女性主义色彩,因为Mestiza一词本身就有女性混血之意。这是笔者的字面翻译,以下同。
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 1987:101.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:26.
③Leal, Luis.Mexican American Literature: A Historical Perspective [J]. In Modern Chicano Writers, ed. Joseph Sommers and Tomas Ybarra-Frausto, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1979:21-22.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:3.
②Saldívar, JoséDavid. Border Matters: Remapping American Cultural Studies [M].Berkeley, L.A.and London: UC P, 1997:39.
③前哥伦布时代指1492年哥伦布发现美洲新大陆之前的时代。
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:27.
①Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:32.
②Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:38.
③Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:38.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:43.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:39.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:44.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:106.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:103.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:95.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:104-105.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:59.
①Tanya Yukling Kam.Women on the Edge: Autobiographical Selves and the Lure of the Boundary in the Twentieth-Century U.S.Literature [D]. Santa Cruz: University of California, 2003:85.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100.
①Mitchell, Bonnie L, Joe R.Feagin.America’s Racial-Ethnic Cultures: Opposition within a Mythical Melting Pot [J].Toward the Multicultural University, edited by B.Browser, T Jones, and G.A. Young.Westport, CT: Praeger. 1995:69.
②Mitchell, Bonnie L, Joe R.Feagin.America’s Racial-Ethnic Cultures: Opposition within a Mythical Melting Pot [J].Toward the Multicultural University, edited by B.Browser, T Jones, and G.A. Young.Westport, CT: Praeger. 1995:69.
①Du Bois, W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York: Penguin Books, 1903/1995:44.
②Du Bois, W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York: Penguin Books, 1903/1995:44.
①Du Bois, W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York: Penguin Books, 1903/1995:44.
②Du Bois, W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York: Penguin Books, 1903/1995:44.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:30.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:26.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:39.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
⑥Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:38.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:42.
③Reuman, Ann E, Anzaldúa Gloria E. Coming into Play: An Interview with Gloria Anzaldúa [J].MELUS, Vol. 25, No. 2, Latino/a Identities, 2000:37.
①Du Bois,W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York:Penguin Books,1903/1995:51
②Du Bois, W.E.B.The Souls of Black Folk [M].New York: Penguin Books, 1903/1995:49-50.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:156.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:40.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:42.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:41.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:102-103.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:78-79.
⑥Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:101.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:101.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100.
①Diane P. Freedman.Writing in the Borderlands: The Poetic Prose of Gloria Anzaldúa and Susan Griffin [C]. in: Perry, Linda M., Turner, Lynn and Sterk, Helen, ed. Constructing and Reconstructing Gender: The Links Among Communication, Language and Gender. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992:211.
①Parkinson. Introduction: Moveable Boundaries—Public Definitions and Private Lives[C].in: Zamora, Lois Parkinson, ed.Contemporary American Women Writers: Gender, Class, Ethnicity. New York: Longman, 1998:6.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Border Crossings [J]. in:Trivia, Spring 1989.New Amherst,1989:47.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:91.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:100:88.
⑤Ikas, Karin Rosa. Gloria Anzaldúa: Writer, Editor, Critic, and Third-World Lesbian Women-of-Color Feminist[C]. in: Ikas, Karin, ed.Chicana Ways: Conversations with Ten Chicana Writers.Las Vegas: University of Nevada Press,2002:6.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Speaking in Tongues: A Letter to 3rd World Women Writers [C].in: Gloria Anzaldúa and Cherrie Moraga Ed. This Bridge Called My Back,1991:173.
②Keating, Ana Louise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde [M]. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996:10.
③Keating, Ana Louise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde [M].Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996:11-12.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria,ed. Making Face Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative and Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color. San Francisco: Aunt Lute Books, 1990:“Preface”xxv..
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:43.
②Tereza Kynclová,Constructing Mestiza Consciousness-Gloria Anzaldúa’s Literary Techniques in Borderlands/ Frontera—the New Mestiza , Charles University, Czech Republic, Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-knowledge, IV, Special Issue, summer 2006:67.
③此处是笔者的翻译
④Mognolo, Walter. Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledge, and Border Thinking. Princeton,N.J.: Princeton UP,2000:37
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:8.
③Nelson, Linda. After Reading: Borderlands/La Frontera [C]. in: Trivia. New Amherst: Spring 1989:95.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 2nd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 1999: 20.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:77.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:78.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:78.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:80.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:76.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:85.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:75.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:75.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:81.
④Torres,Hector A. In Context: Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/ La Frontera: The New Mestiza [C]. in: Braum, Harold Augen and Olmos, Margarite Fernndez, ed. U.S. Latino Literature: A Critical Guide for Students and Teachers. NewYork: Greenwood Press, 2000:125.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:25.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:35.
③Tereza Kynclová,Constructing Mestiza Consciousness-Gloria Anzaldúa’s Literary Techniques in Borderlands/ Frontera—the New Mestiza,Charles University, Czech Republic,Human Architecture:Journal of the Sociology of Selfknowledge,IV,Special Issue, 2006:43-44.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria.“Border Crossings”in:Trivia, Spring 1989.New Amherst, 1989:49.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:47
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:106.
③指代1524年之前,拉丁美洲尚未被西班牙和葡萄牙殖民者征服之前的历史。
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:54.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
⑤Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:55.
①Nash, June.The Aztec and Ideology of Male Dominance [C]. Signs, 1978:361-362.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:31.
①Rebolledo,T.D.ed.Women Singing in the Snow: A Cultural Analysis of Chicana Literature [M].Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1995:52.
②Garcia, Alma.ed. Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings [M].New York: Routledge, 1997:49.
③Trujillo, C. La Virgen de Guadalupe and her Reconstruction in Chicana Lesbian Desire [C].in C.Trujillo ed. Living Chicana Theory, Berkeley,Calif.:Third Women Press ed.,1998:215.
④Trujillo, C. La Virgen de Guadalupe and her Reconstruction in Chicana Lesbian Desire [C].in C.Trujillo ed. Living Chicana Theory, Berkeley,Calif.:Third Women Press ed.,1998:227.
①Mclintock, A., Mufti, A. and Shohat, E. eds. Dangerous Liasons: Gender, Nation and Postcolonial Perspectives [C]. Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press, 1997:278.
②Alarcon, Norma. Traddutora, Traditora: A Paradigmatic Figure of Chicana Feminism [J]. The Construction of Gender and Modes of Social Division. ed. Donna Przybylowics, Nancy Hartsock, and Pamela McCallum. Cultural Critique 13, 1989:58.
①McBride-Limaye, Ann. Metamorphoses of La Malinche and Mexican Cultural Identity [J].Comparative Civilizations Review, 1988(19):1.
②Todorov, Tzvetan .The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other, trans. Richard Howard, 2nd. edition.University of Oklahoma Press, 1999:100.
③Rebolledo, T.D.ed.Women Singing in the Snow: A Cultural Analysis of Chicana Literature [M].Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 1995:63.
①Madsen, Deborah L.Understanding Contemporary Chicana Literature [M].South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 2000:35
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:57.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:52.
④萨满教一词源自西伯利亚Manchu-Tungus族语的saman,经由俄语而成英语(Shamanism)之萨满教,而shaman指萨满巫师和僧人。所谓萨满教并非指某种特定的宗教或信仰,而是具萨满经验和萨满行为的通称。根据Tungus族语文字的表面意义来说,它有“知者”之意,所谓知者,意指萨满教是一种获得知识的方式。萨满教没有固定的教条或特定的信仰体系,而是一种现象的通称,不同传统的萨满教有不同的形式和特征,而一般对萨满教的定义也都强调其经验与技术。该宗教具有较复杂的灵魂观念,虽然他们没有成文的圣典,特定的创始人,也没有统一的寺庙和规范化的宗教仪礼,但在“万物有灵”的信念支配下,以崇奉氏族部落的祖灵为主,也有强烈的自然崇拜和图腾崇拜。而巫师的职位常在本部落氏族中靠口传身受世代嬗递。虽然随着原始公社的解体和阶级社会的出现,萨满教日益衰落,人们开始逐渐皈依其他宗教,但其浓厚的影响和异质的特征使其影响一直流传至今。出自http://ks.cn.yahoo.com/question/1407112902190.html
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Metaphors in the Tradition of the Shaman [C]. Conversant Essays: Contemporary Poets on Poetry. Detroit: Wayne State University Press,1990:99.此篇论文于《边土》出版后八个月发表,对于安扎杜尔论及的萨满传统还可参见Steele, Cassie Premo. We Heal from Memory: Sexton, Lorde, Anzaldúa, and the Poetry of Witness [M].New York: Palgrave, 2000:86-90.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:59.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:32.
②实际上,过去,印第安人一直是墨西哥这片土地上的主人。他们创造了举世闻名的奥尔梅克、玛雅、特奥蒂瓦坎、托尔特克、阿兹特克等古代印第安文化,墨西哥也因此成为印第安古文化的中心。但1519年西班牙殖民者入侵墨西哥后,不断的杀戮和摧残,印第安人才成了墨西哥的少数民族。印第安人相信“万物有灵论”,他们崇敬自然,对自然界的一草一木、一山一石都都充满敬畏。虽然现在的印第安人在相当程度上已经被欧洲基督教信仰同化,但印第安的原始信仰仍然存在,如萨满教。它与基督教相混杂,成为一种奇怪的宗教信仰。宗教信仰在印第安人生活中占据很高地位,最重要的部落首领则是他们的宗教领袖。
③在中美有阿兹特克人、玛雅人、加勒比人等;16世纪前,多半尚处于母系氏族阶段,但有少数象玛雅人、阿兹特克人和印加人等已形成早期奴隶制,成为具有高度文明的国家。16世纪起欧洲殖民者不断入侵、摧残和杀戮,致使人口不断下降,在殖民者占有的殖民地上饱受着统治者的歧视和同化。
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:33.
⑤Keating, AnaLouise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde[M].Philadelphia:Temple University Press,1996:135.
①http://baike.baidu.com/view/1114.html?fromTaglist
②http://baike.baidu.com/view/1114.html?fromTaglist
③http://baike.baidu.com/view/147525.htm
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:94.
①Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:95.
②Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:93.
③Anzaldúa, Gloria. Speaking in Tongues: A Letter to Third World Women Writers [C].in: Gloria Anzaldúa and Cherrie Moraga Ed. This Bridge Called My Back,1991:173.
④Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, 3rd edition [M].San Francisco, Calif.: Aunt Lute Books, 2007:97.
⑤Keating, AnaLouise.Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa and Audre Lorde [M].Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996:118.
①Ganz,Robin and Cisneros, Sandra. Border Crossings and Beyond[J].MELUS, Vol. 19, No. 1, Varieties of Ethnic Criticism, 1994: 23.
②Binder, Wolfgang, ed. Sandra Cisneros [C].Partial Autobiographies: Interviews with Twenty Chicano Poets. Erlangen: Verlag, Palm & Enke, 1985:57.
①Vitale, Tom. Interview with Sandra Cisneros. Morning Edition. National Public Radio.KUNM, Albuquerque.19 Sept.1991.
②Bridget Kevane and Juanita Heredia. Ed. A Home in the Heart: An Interview with Sandra cisneros [C].in Latina Self-portraits: Interviews with Contemporary Women Writers. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000: 48.
③Aranda, Pilar E. Rodriguez. On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female, Wicked and Thirty-three: An Interview with Writer Sandra Cisneros [J].The Americas Review 18.1, 1990: 71-72.
①[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:52.
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③[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:51.
④[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:88.
⑤[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:50.
⑥[英]弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫著,王还译,《一间自己的屋子》[M].上海:上海人民出版社,2008:2. 81
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③Cisneros, Sandra. Living as A Writer: Choice and Circumstance [J]. Revista Mujeres, III: l-2, Santa Barbara, 1986: 69.
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①Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne. Chicana Literature from a Chicana Feminist Perspective. [J].The Americas Review 15, 1987:141.
②出自《阿兹特兰精神计划》,1969.
③Griswold del Castillo, Richard. La Familia: Chicano Families in the Urban Southwest in 1948 to the Present [M].Notre Dame: U of Notre Dame P, 1984:3.
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②Yarbro-Bejarano, Yvonne. Chicana Literature from a Chicana Feminist Perspective [J].the Americas Review 15 ,1987: 140.
③Jacqueline Doyle,More Room of Her Own: Sandra Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street, [J].MELUS, Vol. 19, No. 4, Ethnic Women Writers VI ,1994:6.
①(美)桑德拉·西斯内罗斯,潘帕译,《芒果街上的小屋》[M].南京:译林出版社,2006:117.
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①Aranda, Pilar E. Rodriguez. On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female, Wicked and Thirty-three: An Interview with Writer Sandra Cisneros [J].The Americas Review 18, 1990: 64-80.
①Rodriguez-Aranda, Pilar E. On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female,Wicked and Thirty-three: an Interview with the Writer Sandra Cisneros[J].The Americas Review 18.1,1990: 64-80.
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③Rodriguez-Aranda, Pilar E. On the Solitary Fate of Being Mexican, Female,Wicked and Thirty-three: an Interview with the Writer Sandra Cisneros[J].The Americas Review 18.1 ,1990: 65.
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②Cisneros, Sandra. Ghosts and Voices: Writing from Obsession [J]. The Americas Review 15:l, 1987: 73.
③Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:45.
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③Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:51.
④Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:1.
①Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:50.
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④Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories[M]. New York : Vintage Books, 1992:54.
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④Limon, Jose E.the Third Legend of Greater Mexico: Cultural Symbols, Women, and Political Unconscious. Paper presented in the Renato Rosaldo Lecture Series, University of Arizona, June 26,1985:20.
⑤Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000:121.
①Saldívar-Hull, Sonia. Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature [M]. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000:121.
②Doyle, Jacqueline. Haunting the Borderlands: La Llorona in Sandra Cisneros's“Woman Hollering Creek”[J]. Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1. 1996:65.
①在笔者进行论文写作的过程中,多次与美国康奈尔大学的奇卡诺/纳研究专家黛布拉·卡斯蒂略(Debra Castillo)进行书信往来与沟通,此论文的部分论据也来自她转发给笔者的名为“Chicana Feminist Criticism”的论文,此论文尚未发表,以下来自此出处论述,均将以A Letter from Debra Castillo,“Chicana Feminist Criticism”为注。
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