基于FPGA的无线传感器网络MAC层研究
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摘要
随着高速铁路的发展,传统的通过人工检测过往车辆与车站安全信息的方法己不能满足现有铁路安全运行的需要。利用无线传感器网络实现铁路现场车辆状态实时模拟以及无人车辆溜车自动报警等技术,是铁路安全信息传输现代化的重要突破。
在无线传感器网络中,介质访问控制MAC(Medium Access Control)协议决定了网络中数据帧的格式、信道的使用方式、以及在传感器节点间分配有限的通信资源的方式,可以说MAC层构建了传感器网络数据传输的基本结构。MAC层协议对传感器网络的性能有较大的影响,是保障无线传感器网络高效运作的关键协议之一。
本论文以研发新一代铁路溜车检测报警系统数据处理模块的技术解决方案为目的,首先对无线传感器网络的几种拓扑结构和MAC层协议进行了介绍;接着重点研究如何使用可编程逻辑器件替代单片机来实现无线传感器网络中MAC层协议部分,从而解决前一版电路中接收状态下因单片机按时钟信号触发中断而大量占用单片机资源的问题;最后采用ALTERA ACEX 1K器件,利用自顶向下的模块化设计方法实现了高速、稳定、大容量、可靠性好的铁路溜车检测报警系统MAC层的目标。同时给出了仿真结果的波形图,从时序仿真结果可以看出软件程序符合最初的设想,最后绘制了硬件电路,进行了硬件下载验证并达到了预定的要求。
With the development of high-speed railway, the traditional artificial supervision can not meet the existing railway security operation. Using technology of wireless sensor networks to realize the real-time simulation of the railway scene and nobody vehicles slipping auto-alarm, it is important breakthroughs of safe railway modernization.
In wireless sensor networks, the MAC(Medium Access Control)protocol determines the network data frame format, channel usage, and the sensor nodes how to allocate limited resources of communication, it can be said MAC layer built the basic structure of data transmission of a sensor network. MAC layer have a great influence on the performance of sensor networks, it is one of the key protocol to protect wireless sensor networks efficient communications.
In this paper, as developing data-processing module technology in a new generation of train slipping detection alarm system for the purpose, the first of several wireless sensor network topology and MAC layer protocol was introduced, and then give a detailed exposition, which focus on how to use programmable logic devices to achieve wireless sensor networks in the MAC layer part of the protocol, so as to solve a problem in the previous version of the circuit, that MCU interrupted according to the clock signal triggering in the receiving state, the MCU resources massively wasted. so as to achieve high-speed, stable, large capacity, reliability good railway slipped detection alarm system, we proposed the scheme that utilized ALTERA ACEX 1K devices to design MAC layer data communication chip by way of Top-Down, while the waveform of the timing simulation results can be seen, which we can know the program accord with the original idea, at last we draw the final hardware circuits, and also downloaded to verify the scheduled requirements.
在无线传感器网络中,介质访问控制MAC(Medium Access Control)协议决定了网络中数据帧的格式、信道的使用方式、以及在传感器节点间分配有限的通信资源的方式,可以说MAC层构建了传感器网络数据传输的基本结构。MAC层协议对传感器网络的性能有较大的影响,是保障无线传感器网络高效运作的关键协议之一。
本论文以研发新一代铁路溜车检测报警系统数据处理模块的技术解决方案为目的,首先对无线传感器网络的几种拓扑结构和MAC层协议进行了介绍;接着重点研究如何使用可编程逻辑器件替代单片机来实现无线传感器网络中MAC层协议部分,从而解决前一版电路中接收状态下因单片机按时钟信号触发中断而大量占用单片机资源的问题;最后采用ALTERA ACEX 1K器件,利用自顶向下的模块化设计方法实现了高速、稳定、大容量、可靠性好的铁路溜车检测报警系统MAC层的目标。同时给出了仿真结果的波形图,从时序仿真结果可以看出软件程序符合最初的设想,最后绘制了硬件电路,进行了硬件下载验证并达到了预定的要求。
With the development of high-speed railway, the traditional artificial supervision can not meet the existing railway security operation. Using technology of wireless sensor networks to realize the real-time simulation of the railway scene and nobody vehicles slipping auto-alarm, it is important breakthroughs of safe railway modernization.
In wireless sensor networks, the MAC(Medium Access Control)protocol determines the network data frame format, channel usage, and the sensor nodes how to allocate limited resources of communication, it can be said MAC layer built the basic structure of data transmission of a sensor network. MAC layer have a great influence on the performance of sensor networks, it is one of the key protocol to protect wireless sensor networks efficient communications.
In this paper, as developing data-processing module technology in a new generation of train slipping detection alarm system for the purpose, the first of several wireless sensor network topology and MAC layer protocol was introduced, and then give a detailed exposition, which focus on how to use programmable logic devices to achieve wireless sensor networks in the MAC layer part of the protocol, so as to solve a problem in the previous version of the circuit, that MCU interrupted according to the clock signal triggering in the receiving state, the MCU resources massively wasted. so as to achieve high-speed, stable, large capacity, reliability good railway slipped detection alarm system, we proposed the scheme that utilized ALTERA ACEX 1K devices to design MAC layer data communication chip by way of Top-Down, while the waveform of the timing simulation results can be seen, which we can know the program accord with the original idea, at last we draw the final hardware circuits, and also downloaded to verify the scheduled requirements.
引文
1孙丽萍,马路周.基于ZigBee的列车运行状态无线网络实时监测系统.自动测量与控制. 2007, 26(3):63~64
2 T. Tau, A. Hsieh. Using sensor networks for highway and traffic applications. Computer Networks. 2004, 23(2):13~16
3徐晓峰,李鹏.可编程逻辑器件的发展及VHDL语言的应用.煤炭科技. 2002, (2):37~41
4郭照南,刘正青.基于CPLD和VHDL的现代数字系统设计.湖南工程学院学报. 2001, 11(1):40~42
5左健存,蒋晓黎.高速列车通信网的技术特点及其在机车车辆上的应用.交通与计算机. 1999, 17(4):41~44
6崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇.无线传感器网络研究进展.计算机研究与发展. 2005, 42(1):163~174
7 I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubraman, E. A. Cayirci. Survey on Sensor Networks. Communication of the ACM, 2002, 43(5): 51~58
8牟连佳,牟连泳.无线传感网络及其在工业领域应用研究.工业控制计算机. 2005, 18(1):3~5
9 G. J. Pottie, W. J. Kaiser. Wireless Integrated Network Sensors. Communications of the ACM, May 2007, 13(5):12~17
10 K. Pramod, N. Ruixin, Q. Cheng. Distributed Detection in a Large Wireless Sensor Network. Information Fusion. 2006, (7): 380~394
11 V. Raghunathan, C.Schurgers, S. Park. Energy-aware Wireless Microsensor Networks. Signal Processing. 2002, 19(2):40~50
12李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报. 2003,14(10):1717~1727
13 S. Kumar, H. Ten, L. Anish. Barrier Coverage with Wireless Sensors. Wireless Networks. 2007, (13):40~50
14 A. A. Ahmed, F. Norsheila. A Real-time Routing Protocol with Load Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications. 2007, 6:14~18
15 J. Kuri, S. K. Kasera. Reliable Mmulticast in Multi-access Wireless LANs. Wireless Networks. 2001,7(3):359~364
16 C. Veigner, J. Wang, H. Cheng. Identity Based Key Agreement and Encryption for Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Ad Hoc networks. 2005, (8):261~267
17徐文龙,李立宏,杨永田.无线传感器网络MAC层协议的对比研究.信息技术. 2005, 9(4):18~22
18 J. Hill, D. Culler. A Wireless Platform for Deeply Embedded Networks. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2002, 22(6):12~34
19 I. Marin, J. Arias, E. Arceredillo, A. Zuloaga. LL-MAC: A low latency MAC protocol for wireless self-organised network. Microprocessors and Microsystems. 2008, 3(2):197~209
20 J. Li, G. Y. Lazarou. A Bit-map-assisted Energy-efficient MAC Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications. 2004, (1):55~61
21 I. Gragopoulos, I Tsetsinas, E Karapistoli, F. N. Pavlidou, J Heidemann. FP-MAC: A Distributed MAC Algorithm for 802.15.4-like Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc networks. 2007, (6):953~959
22 K.Tang, M.Gerla. MAC Reliable Broadcast in Ad hoc Networks. Computer Communication. 2001, (12):100~101
23 H. Ammari, S. Das. A Trade-off Between Energy and Delay in Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Transmission Range Slicing. Computer Communications. 2008, (31):1687~1704
24 M. L. Weinan, W. S. Vincent. Wong. E-Span and LPT for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications, 2006, (29):2506~2520
25朱明程. FPGA原理及应用设计,电子工业出版社, 1994:12~25
26李如春,秦苗.基于FPGA的小型片上系统的设计.浙江业大学学报, 2001, 2(9):312~315
27何伟,唐仁圣,张玲. FPGA/CPLD可编程逻辑器件的在系统配置方法.重庆大学学报, 2003, 26(5):125~129
28 ACEX 1K FPGA Family Data Sheet, Altera Corporation, 2000:18~21
29 Config-handbook. Altera Corporation. 2004:23~112
30 MAX+PLUSⅡProgrammable Logic Development System & Software. Altera Corporation. 1998:12~25
31吴新峰,杨瑞峰.基于MSP430与CC2420的无线传感器网络的硬件节点设计.芯片应用. 2007, 7(6):117~118
32 MSP430x1xx Family user guide. Texas Instruments. 2004:1~15
33陈利虎,叶湘滨.基于MSP430F149的无线传感器网络节点设计.技术与应用. 2004,
10(3):27~30
34 CC1020 Data Sheet. Texas Instruments. 2001:4~21
35 Y. T. Hwang, C. H. Wu. FPGA Realization of an Frame Synchronization Design for Dispersive Channels. Circuits and Systems, 2003, (2):25~28
36樊京,郭俊杰.单片机+CPLD结构体系在电子设计中的应用.单片机与嵌入式系统应用. 2002, (6): 57~59
37 J. Strosnider, E. Dorothy, K. U. Setliff. Supporting Embedded System Design Capture. Analysis and Navigation. 2003, (7):15~23
38 C. Timothy. R. Kelly. Techniques and Technologies in Debugging and Optimizing Embedded Applications. Embedded Systems. 2001, (4):124~145
39 L. F. Friedrich. A Survey of Configurable, Component-Based Operating System for Embedded Applications. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2001, (5):51~60
40夏芸. CC1020芯片在无线传感器网络节点设计中的应用.电子工程师. 2005, 31(5):66~68
41 A Karaki, U. Mustafa, R. Kamal. Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks-exact and Approximate Algorithms. High Performance Switching and Routing. 2004, 5(11):241~245
42 K. Sohrabi. Protocols for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Pers. Commun. 2000, 1(3):16~27
43 K. Janardhan, A. Singaraju, S. Chandy. FPGA Based String Matching for Network Processing Applications, Microprocessors and Microsystems. 2007, (11):210~212
44 W. Y. Heidemann, J. Estrin. Medium Access Control with Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks. Networking and Transactions. 2004, 12(3):493~506
45 J. Douglas, S. Smith. A Practical Guide for Designing, Synthesizing and Simulating ASIC and FPGA using VHDL or Verilog. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2003:43~56
46刘好杰,卞树檀,王志鹏.单片机与FPGA串/并行通信设计.仪器仪表用户. 2007, 14(5):102~103
47麦胤,柳沁.基于FPGA和MSP430的SPI接口设计与实现.仪器仪表用户. 2007,14(5):100~102
48 Configuration Element Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 1998:1~6
49 Configuration Devices for SRAM-Based LUT Devices Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 2001:8~14
50 ByteBlasterMV Parallel Port Download Cable Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 2001:1~10
51李刚强,田斌,易克初. FPGA设计中关键问题的研究.电子技术应用. 2003, (6):68~70
2 T. Tau, A. Hsieh. Using sensor networks for highway and traffic applications. Computer Networks. 2004, 23(2):13~16
3徐晓峰,李鹏.可编程逻辑器件的发展及VHDL语言的应用.煤炭科技. 2002, (2):37~41
4郭照南,刘正青.基于CPLD和VHDL的现代数字系统设计.湖南工程学院学报. 2001, 11(1):40~42
5左健存,蒋晓黎.高速列车通信网的技术特点及其在机车车辆上的应用.交通与计算机. 1999, 17(4):41~44
6崔莉,鞠海玲,苗勇.无线传感器网络研究进展.计算机研究与发展. 2005, 42(1):163~174
7 I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubraman, E. A. Cayirci. Survey on Sensor Networks. Communication of the ACM, 2002, 43(5): 51~58
8牟连佳,牟连泳.无线传感网络及其在工业领域应用研究.工业控制计算机. 2005, 18(1):3~5
9 G. J. Pottie, W. J. Kaiser. Wireless Integrated Network Sensors. Communications of the ACM, May 2007, 13(5):12~17
10 K. Pramod, N. Ruixin, Q. Cheng. Distributed Detection in a Large Wireless Sensor Network. Information Fusion. 2006, (7): 380~394
11 V. Raghunathan, C.Schurgers, S. Park. Energy-aware Wireless Microsensor Networks. Signal Processing. 2002, 19(2):40~50
12李建中,李金宝,石胜飞.传感器网络及其数据管理的概念、问题与进展.软件学报. 2003,14(10):1717~1727
13 S. Kumar, H. Ten, L. Anish. Barrier Coverage with Wireless Sensors. Wireless Networks. 2007, (13):40~50
14 A. A. Ahmed, F. Norsheila. A Real-time Routing Protocol with Load Distribution in Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications. 2007, 6:14~18
15 J. Kuri, S. K. Kasera. Reliable Mmulticast in Multi-access Wireless LANs. Wireless Networks. 2001,7(3):359~364
16 C. Veigner, J. Wang, H. Cheng. Identity Based Key Agreement and Encryption for Wireless Sensor Networks. Mobile Ad Hoc networks. 2005, (8):261~267
17徐文龙,李立宏,杨永田.无线传感器网络MAC层协议的对比研究.信息技术. 2005, 9(4):18~22
18 J. Hill, D. Culler. A Wireless Platform for Deeply Embedded Networks. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2002, 22(6):12~34
19 I. Marin, J. Arias, E. Arceredillo, A. Zuloaga. LL-MAC: A low latency MAC protocol for wireless self-organised network. Microprocessors and Microsystems. 2008, 3(2):197~209
20 J. Li, G. Y. Lazarou. A Bit-map-assisted Energy-efficient MAC Scheme for Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications. 2004, (1):55~61
21 I. Gragopoulos, I Tsetsinas, E Karapistoli, F. N. Pavlidou, J Heidemann. FP-MAC: A Distributed MAC Algorithm for 802.15.4-like Wireless Sensor Networks. Ad Hoc networks. 2007, (6):953~959
22 K.Tang, M.Gerla. MAC Reliable Broadcast in Ad hoc Networks. Computer Communication. 2001, (12):100~101
23 H. Ammari, S. Das. A Trade-off Between Energy and Delay in Data Dissemination for Wireless Sensor Networks Using Transmission Range Slicing. Computer Communications. 2008, (31):1687~1704
24 M. L. Weinan, W. S. Vincent. Wong. E-Span and LPT for Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Communications, 2006, (29):2506~2520
25朱明程. FPGA原理及应用设计,电子工业出版社, 1994:12~25
26李如春,秦苗.基于FPGA的小型片上系统的设计.浙江业大学学报, 2001, 2(9):312~315
27何伟,唐仁圣,张玲. FPGA/CPLD可编程逻辑器件的在系统配置方法.重庆大学学报, 2003, 26(5):125~129
28 ACEX 1K FPGA Family Data Sheet, Altera Corporation, 2000:18~21
29 Config-handbook. Altera Corporation. 2004:23~112
30 MAX+PLUSⅡProgrammable Logic Development System & Software. Altera Corporation. 1998:12~25
31吴新峰,杨瑞峰.基于MSP430与CC2420的无线传感器网络的硬件节点设计.芯片应用. 2007, 7(6):117~118
32 MSP430x1xx Family user guide. Texas Instruments. 2004:1~15
33陈利虎,叶湘滨.基于MSP430F149的无线传感器网络节点设计.技术与应用. 2004,
10(3):27~30
34 CC1020 Data Sheet. Texas Instruments. 2001:4~21
35 Y. T. Hwang, C. H. Wu. FPGA Realization of an Frame Synchronization Design for Dispersive Channels. Circuits and Systems, 2003, (2):25~28
36樊京,郭俊杰.单片机+CPLD结构体系在电子设计中的应用.单片机与嵌入式系统应用. 2002, (6): 57~59
37 J. Strosnider, E. Dorothy, K. U. Setliff. Supporting Embedded System Design Capture. Analysis and Navigation. 2003, (7):15~23
38 C. Timothy. R. Kelly. Techniques and Technologies in Debugging and Optimizing Embedded Applications. Embedded Systems. 2001, (4):124~145
39 L. F. Friedrich. A Survey of Configurable, Component-Based Operating System for Embedded Applications. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2001, (5):51~60
40夏芸. CC1020芯片在无线传感器网络节点设计中的应用.电子工程师. 2005, 31(5):66~68
41 A Karaki, U. Mustafa, R. Kamal. Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks-exact and Approximate Algorithms. High Performance Switching and Routing. 2004, 5(11):241~245
42 K. Sohrabi. Protocols for Self-Organization of a Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Pers. Commun. 2000, 1(3):16~27
43 K. Janardhan, A. Singaraju, S. Chandy. FPGA Based String Matching for Network Processing Applications, Microprocessors and Microsystems. 2007, (11):210~212
44 W. Y. Heidemann, J. Estrin. Medium Access Control with Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks. Networking and Transactions. 2004, 12(3):493~506
45 J. Douglas, S. Smith. A Practical Guide for Designing, Synthesizing and Simulating ASIC and FPGA using VHDL or Verilog. Mobile Computing and Networking. 2003:43~56
46刘好杰,卞树檀,王志鹏.单片机与FPGA串/并行通信设计.仪器仪表用户. 2007, 14(5):102~103
47麦胤,柳沁.基于FPGA和MSP430的SPI接口设计与实现.仪器仪表用户. 2007,14(5):100~102
48 Configuration Element Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 1998:1~6
49 Configuration Devices for SRAM-Based LUT Devices Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 2001:8~14
50 ByteBlasterMV Parallel Port Download Cable Data Sheet. Altera Corporation. 2001:1~10
51李刚强,田斌,易克初. FPGA设计中关键问题的研究.电子技术应用. 2003, (6):68~70