影响小秦岭金矿区矿渣型泥石流形成的主要因素研究
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摘要
矿山泥石流起动机理是当今泥石流形成学及泥石流预警的热点领域和学科前缘问题,开展影响矿山泥石流起动的主要控制因素研究不仅具有推动与完善泥石流形成的理论意义,而且对于矿山泥石流气象预警的防灾减灾工作具有重要的指导意义。
本文依托中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心“陕西潼关金矿区环境地质问题专题调查”和“小秦岭金矿区矿山地质环境调查与评价”项目,就影响矿渣型泥石流起动的物源特征及临界雨量两大主控因素开展了深化调查、分析、测试及研究工作,首次较为系统地完成了废渣物源岩土工程参数测定、临界降雨条件分析,提出了研究区矿渣型泥石流起动模式。
主要成果及认识包括：
(1)积累了研究区矿渣型泥石流起动的一批原创性数据,包括渣堆状态、颗粒级配、渗透系数、物源容重、孔隙率、泥石流体容重、抗剪强度指标等。
(2)矿渣型泥石流废渣堆特点包括：采矿废石渣堆高度在5-15m,个别高达30m；自然安息角在30°～45°之间；无工程保护措施的渣堆占总数的65%；稳定性差、极差的占76%；挤占2／3或堆满沟道的占58.37%；粗颗粒含量大,P5为78.19%～91.38%；孔隙率为34%～57%且连通性好；渗透性好,为0.094～0.127cm／s；据此在普通降雨条件下难以起动的新认识。
(3)模拟了导致矿渣堆起动的临界雨强。得到大西岔沟矿渣型泥石流起动的降雨临界雨强为67.14～134.29mm／h,即遭遇50a或100a一遇的特大暴雨时有大约50%的固体颗粒处于临界起动状态。研究表明颗粒越细,临界起动的雨强越小；沟谷泄洪“卡口”愈严重,泥石流起动所需的雨强愈小。很好解释了研究区矿渣型泥石流“不易”发生的原因。
(4)提出了矿渣型泥石流起动模式。通过对物源特征和降雨强度对矿渣型泥石流影响的分析,得出研究区矿渣型泥石流主要为暴雨型水石流。其起动模式主要包括“河谷起动型”和“坡面滑塌—堵塞—溃决型”两种起动模式。
The mine waste debris flow initiation mechanism is the hot spot and the advanced front question in debris flow forms study and the debris flow early warning now, studying on the key control factors which influence the mine waste debris flow initiation not only has the significance which push and consume debris flow form theory, but has the important guiding sense regarding the mine waste debris flow meteorology early warning's disaster prevention disaster reduction work.
This thesis depends on the project named:"Shanxi Tongguan gold area environmental geology question special investigation" and "the Xiaoqinling gold area environmental geology survey and assessment" of the Xi'an center of CGS, the influence mine waste debris flow starts the thing source characteristic and the critical rainfall two key control factors have carried out the advanced investigation, analysis, test and some research work, has completed the waste residue source rock earthwork regulation parameter determination, the critical rainfall condition analysis systematically for the first time, proposed the research area gangue mud-rock flow starting pattern.
The main achievement and the understanding include:
(1) Accumulated a series of original data, including slag muck condition, grain composition, penetration coefficient, source volumeweight, factor of porosity, mudstone fluid volumeweight, shearing strength parameter and so on.
(2) The waste slag muck characteristic includes:The slag muck piles are 5-15m high, sometimes individually reaches as high as 30m; The nature slope of reposes are between 30°and 45°; The non-protected slag muck accounts for 65%; The poor and extremely poor stability accounts for 76%; The 2/3 and absolutly blockages are account for 58.37%; The coarse particles content is big, P5 is 78.19%～91.38%; The factor of porosity is 34%～57% with good connectivity; The permeability is 0.094～0.127cm/s; According to above a new understanding that initiation is difficult under the ordinary rainfall condition.
(3) Simulated has formed the critical raininess of gangue initiating. Obtains the critical raininess of the debris flows initiation is 67.14～134.29mm/h in Daxicha gully, that is encounters a-fifty-year or a-hundred-year rainstorm, there would be has about 50% solid particle to be at the critical initial condition. The research indicated that the pellet is thinner, the critical starting's raininess is smaller; The flood discharge blockage is more serious, the debris flow initial raininess would be smaller. It well explained the hardness initiation of the debris flows in the research area.
(4) Proposed initial pattern of the min waste debris flow. Through the analysis on debris source characteristic and the rainfall intensity's influences, obtains the mine waste debris flow in the research area is rainstorm water-stone flow. Its two kinds of starting patterns are mainly includes "tarting in the gully type" and "the slope collapses-jamming-burst slippery type".
本文依托中国地质调查局西安地质调查中心“陕西潼关金矿区环境地质问题专题调查”和“小秦岭金矿区矿山地质环境调查与评价”项目,就影响矿渣型泥石流起动的物源特征及临界雨量两大主控因素开展了深化调查、分析、测试及研究工作,首次较为系统地完成了废渣物源岩土工程参数测定、临界降雨条件分析,提出了研究区矿渣型泥石流起动模式。
主要成果及认识包括：
(1)积累了研究区矿渣型泥石流起动的一批原创性数据,包括渣堆状态、颗粒级配、渗透系数、物源容重、孔隙率、泥石流体容重、抗剪强度指标等。
(2)矿渣型泥石流废渣堆特点包括：采矿废石渣堆高度在5-15m,个别高达30m；自然安息角在30°～45°之间；无工程保护措施的渣堆占总数的65%；稳定性差、极差的占76%；挤占2／3或堆满沟道的占58.37%；粗颗粒含量大,P5为78.19%～91.38%；孔隙率为34%～57%且连通性好；渗透性好,为0.094～0.127cm／s；据此在普通降雨条件下难以起动的新认识。
(3)模拟了导致矿渣堆起动的临界雨强。得到大西岔沟矿渣型泥石流起动的降雨临界雨强为67.14～134.29mm／h,即遭遇50a或100a一遇的特大暴雨时有大约50%的固体颗粒处于临界起动状态。研究表明颗粒越细,临界起动的雨强越小；沟谷泄洪“卡口”愈严重,泥石流起动所需的雨强愈小。很好解释了研究区矿渣型泥石流“不易”发生的原因。
(4)提出了矿渣型泥石流起动模式。通过对物源特征和降雨强度对矿渣型泥石流影响的分析,得出研究区矿渣型泥石流主要为暴雨型水石流。其起动模式主要包括“河谷起动型”和“坡面滑塌—堵塞—溃决型”两种起动模式。
The mine waste debris flow initiation mechanism is the hot spot and the advanced front question in debris flow forms study and the debris flow early warning now, studying on the key control factors which influence the mine waste debris flow initiation not only has the significance which push and consume debris flow form theory, but has the important guiding sense regarding the mine waste debris flow meteorology early warning's disaster prevention disaster reduction work.
This thesis depends on the project named:"Shanxi Tongguan gold area environmental geology question special investigation" and "the Xiaoqinling gold area environmental geology survey and assessment" of the Xi'an center of CGS, the influence mine waste debris flow starts the thing source characteristic and the critical rainfall two key control factors have carried out the advanced investigation, analysis, test and some research work, has completed the waste residue source rock earthwork regulation parameter determination, the critical rainfall condition analysis systematically for the first time, proposed the research area gangue mud-rock flow starting pattern.
The main achievement and the understanding include:
(1) Accumulated a series of original data, including slag muck condition, grain composition, penetration coefficient, source volumeweight, factor of porosity, mudstone fluid volumeweight, shearing strength parameter and so on.
(2) The waste slag muck characteristic includes:The slag muck piles are 5-15m high, sometimes individually reaches as high as 30m; The nature slope of reposes are between 30°and 45°; The non-protected slag muck accounts for 65%; The poor and extremely poor stability accounts for 76%; The 2/3 and absolutly blockages are account for 58.37%; The coarse particles content is big, P5 is 78.19%～91.38%; The factor of porosity is 34%～57% with good connectivity; The permeability is 0.094～0.127cm/s; According to above a new understanding that initiation is difficult under the ordinary rainfall condition.
(3) Simulated has formed the critical raininess of gangue initiating. Obtains the critical raininess of the debris flows initiation is 67.14～134.29mm/h in Daxicha gully, that is encounters a-fifty-year or a-hundred-year rainstorm, there would be has about 50% solid particle to be at the critical initial condition. The research indicated that the pellet is thinner, the critical starting's raininess is smaller; The flood discharge blockage is more serious, the debris flow initial raininess would be smaller. It well explained the hardness initiation of the debris flows in the research area.
(4) Proposed initial pattern of the min waste debris flow. Through the analysis on debris source characteristic and the rainfall intensity's influences, obtains the mine waste debris flow in the research area is rainstorm water-stone flow. Its two kinds of starting patterns are mainly includes "tarting in the gully type" and "the slope collapses-jamming-burst slippery type".
引文
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