CDMA通信系统中空时信号处理技术的研究
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摘要
在CDMA（码分多址）通信系统中，同信道干扰（CCI）和码间干扰（ISI）是限制通信性能的两个主要因素。虽然，ISI可以在时域通过均衡加以补偿；CCI可以在空域利用多用户检测的方法加以抑制。但是，在无线通信系统中，CCI和ISI常常同时存在，只使用时域一维处理或空域一维处理不能有效的同时抑制CCI和ISI，因此需要使用空时处理技术。
本论文通过对分集接收技术及RAKE接收技术的分析，提出了一种盲自适应空时2D-RAKE接收算法----空时解重扩恒模算法（ST-DRCMA）。该算法在现有的恒模算法（CMA）的基础上，进行了一定的改进，充分利用了CDMA系统中扩频波形信息和信号的恒模特性。计算机仿真结果表明此算法可以有效的改善系统的接收性能。
同时本论文分析了多用户检测的原理、方法以及空时优化准则。利用空时优化准则，结合多用户检测提出了两种空时多用户检测器的结构方案：一种是空时MMSE解相关多用户检测器，另一种是空时MLSE判决反馈多用户检测器。计算机仿真结果表明这两种方案继承了解相关多用户检测器和判决反馈多用户检测器在抗远近效应方面的能力，并进一步改善了CDMA通信系统的性能。
ABSTRACT
Co-channel interference (CCI) and Inter-symbol interference (ISI) are two major factors limiting performance of CDMA communication system. Although ISI can be compensated in time-domain and CCI can be restrained in space-domain, these two interferences cannot be eliminated simultaneously by only using time-domain or space-domain processing technique because of their simultaneous existence in the wireless communication system. So it is necessary to study Space-Time processing technique.
This dissertation proposes a blind adaptation space-time 2D-RAKE receiving algorithm----ST-DRCMA (Space-Time De-Re-spread Constant Modulus algorithm) by studying techniques of scattering-concentrate receiving and RAKE receiver. This algorithm, an improved method based on CMA (Constant Modulus algorithm), utilizes the information of spread codes and the performance of constant modulus in CDMA communication system. The results of the computer simulation can prove that this algorithm can improve the capacity of the receiver.
Analyzing the theories and methods of Multiuser Detection (MD) and space-time optimizing principles, this dissertation proposes two schemes of Space-Time MD combining the space-time processing and Multiuser Detection. One is the Space-Time MMSE Decorrelating MD, and another is Space-Time MLSE Decision-Feedback MD. The results of the computer simulation also prove that these two schemes not only inherit the ability to resist “the near far problem” in Decorrelating MD and Decision-Feedback MD, but also improve the performance of communication system.
本论文通过对分集接收技术及RAKE接收技术的分析，提出了一种盲自适应空时2D-RAKE接收算法----空时解重扩恒模算法（ST-DRCMA）。该算法在现有的恒模算法（CMA）的基础上，进行了一定的改进，充分利用了CDMA系统中扩频波形信息和信号的恒模特性。计算机仿真结果表明此算法可以有效的改善系统的接收性能。
同时本论文分析了多用户检测的原理、方法以及空时优化准则。利用空时优化准则，结合多用户检测提出了两种空时多用户检测器的结构方案：一种是空时MMSE解相关多用户检测器，另一种是空时MLSE判决反馈多用户检测器。计算机仿真结果表明这两种方案继承了解相关多用户检测器和判决反馈多用户检测器在抗远近效应方面的能力，并进一步改善了CDMA通信系统的性能。
ABSTRACT
Co-channel interference (CCI) and Inter-symbol interference (ISI) are two major factors limiting performance of CDMA communication system. Although ISI can be compensated in time-domain and CCI can be restrained in space-domain, these two interferences cannot be eliminated simultaneously by only using time-domain or space-domain processing technique because of their simultaneous existence in the wireless communication system. So it is necessary to study Space-Time processing technique.
This dissertation proposes a blind adaptation space-time 2D-RAKE receiving algorithm----ST-DRCMA (Space-Time De-Re-spread Constant Modulus algorithm) by studying techniques of scattering-concentrate receiving and RAKE receiver. This algorithm, an improved method based on CMA (Constant Modulus algorithm), utilizes the information of spread codes and the performance of constant modulus in CDMA communication system. The results of the computer simulation can prove that this algorithm can improve the capacity of the receiver.
Analyzing the theories and methods of Multiuser Detection (MD) and space-time optimizing principles, this dissertation proposes two schemes of Space-Time MD combining the space-time processing and Multiuser Detection. One is the Space-Time MMSE Decorrelating MD, and another is Space-Time MLSE Decision-Feedback MD. The results of the computer simulation also prove that these two schemes not only inherit the ability to resist “the near far problem” in Decorrelating MD and Decision-Feedback MD, but also improve the performance of communication system.
引文
[1] 张贤达，保铮，《通信信号处理》，国防工业出版社，2000.
[2] 吴伟陵编著，《移动通信中的关键技术》，北京邮电大学出版社，1996.
[3] 孙立新，《CDMA(码分多址)移动通信技术》，人民邮电出版社，1996.
[4] R. Kohno,“Spatial and temporal communication theory using adaptive antenna array”，IEEE Personal Communication, Feb.1998, pp28-35.
[5] A. J. Paulraj and C. R. Papadias, “Space-time processing for wireless communications”, IEEE SP Mag., vol.14, no.11,Nov.1997, pp49.
[6] A. J. Paulraj and B. C. Ng, “Space-time modems for wireless personal communications”, IEEE, Personal Communication, Feb. 1998, pp49.
[7] K. Sheikh, D. Gesbert, D. Gore, and A. Paulraj, “Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks”, IEEE COM Magazine, vol.37, no.11, Nov. 1999, pp100-105.
[8] Tarokh V. Space-time block codes for wireless communications: performance results [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Area in Communications, 1999, 17(3): 451-460.
[9] 张平,陶小峰,王卫东,雷鸣. 空时码. 电子学报. Vol.28, no.11A, Nov.2000,pp1-4.
[10] M. D. Zoltowski and J. Ramos, “Blind multiuser access interference cancellation for CDMA based PCS/cellular using antenna arrays”, ICASSP’96, vol.5, pp2730.
[11] Y-F Chen, M. D. Zoltowski, J. Ramos, C. Chatterjee, and V. P. Roychowdhury, “Reduced-dimension blind space-time 2D Rake receivers for DS-CDMA communication systems,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.48, no.6, June 2000, pp1521-1535.
[12] J. Ramos, M. D. Zoltowski, and H. Liu, “Low-complexity space-time processor for DS-CDMA communications,” IEEE Trans, SP, vol.48, no.1, Jan 2000, pp39-52.
[13] S. Y. Miller and S. C. Schwartz, “Integrated Spatial-Temporal Detectors for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.2/3/4, pp396, Feb./Mar./April, 1995.
[14] X. Wang and H. V. Poor, “Space-time multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.47, no.9, Sept. 1999, pp2356.
[15] Z. Zvonar, “Combined multiuser detection and diversity reception for wireless CDMA systems,” IEEE Trans. VT, vol.45, no.1, Feb. 1996, pp205-211.
[16] H. C. Huang and C. Papadias, “Linear space-time multiuser detection for multipath CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.19, no.2, Feb.2001, pp254-265.
[17] X. Wang and H. V. Poor, “Blind equalization and multiuser detection in dispersive CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.46, no.1, Jan. 1998, pp91.
[18] J. E. Smee and S. C. Schwartz, “Adaptive space-time feedforward/feedback detection for high data rate CDMA in frequency-selective fading,” IEEE Trans, COM, vol.49, no.2, Feb. 2001, pp317-328.
[19] S. Hosur, A, Tewfik, and V. Ghazi-Moghadam, “Adaptive multiuser receiver schemes for antenna arrays,” PIMRC’95, pp940.
[20] Z. Tian, K. L. Bell, and H. L. Van Trees, “Space-time blind MOE detection for CDMA wireless systems,” Proc. 34th Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2000, pp526-531.
[21] D. J. Gesbert, J. Sorelius, and A. J. Paulraj, “Blind multiuser MMSE detection of CDMA signals,” Proc. ICASSP’98, vol.6, pp3161.
[22] R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport and J. H. Reed, “Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems,” IEEE Personal Communication, Feb. 1998, pp10-22.
[23] G. B. Giannakis ed., “Highlights of signal processing for communications,” IEEE SP Magazine, vol.16, no.2, Mar. 1999, pp14.
[24] M. K. Tsatsanis and G. B. Giannakis, “Optimal decorrelating receiver for DS-CDMA systems: a signal processing framework,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.44, no.11, Dec. 1997, pp3044.
[25] A. Naguid and A. Paulraj, “Performance of wireless CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation and cell site antenna arrays,” IEEE JSAC, vol.14, no.9, Dec. 1996, pp1770-1783.
[26] 常大年，王静， 果明实 编《现代移动通信技术与组织》，北京邮电大学出版社.
[27] Morrison. A. and Sharif. B.S. “A space-time beamforming RAKE receiver for third generation wideband CDMA base stations” Consumer Electronics, 1999. ICCE. International Conference on , 1999 Page(s): 312 –313.
[28] Byoung-Ju Choi, and Hanzo, L. “Rake receiver detection of adaptive modulation aided CDMA over frequency selective channels” Vehicular Technology Conference,2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS 54th , Volume: 3 , 2001 Page(s): 1653 –1657.
[29] Mazzini, G. and Tralli V. “Performance evaluation of DS-CDMA systems on multipath propagation channels with multilevel spreading sequences and RAKE receivers,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 46 Issue: 2 , Feb. 1998Page(s): 244 –257.
[30] Rong Z , Rappaport T S , Simulation of multitarget adaptive algorithms for wireless CDMA systems . Proc . IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., Apr . 1996.
[31] A. J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison-Wesley, 1995, 中译本：《CDMA扩频通信原理》，李世鹤，鲍刚，彭荣 译，人民邮电出版社，1997.
[32] Lupas, R. and Verdu, S. “Linear multiuser detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels,” Information Theory, IEEE Trans on vol.35, issue: 1, Jan. 2001, pp123-136.
[33] K. S. Schneider, “Optimum detection of code-division multiplexed signals,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp.
Electron. Syst., vol.15, Jan.1979, pp181-185.
[34] S. Verdu, “Minimum probability of error for asynchronous Gaussian multiple-access chanels,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.32, Jan.1986. pp 85-96.
[35] R. Lupas, et al, “Near-far resistance of multiuser detection in asynchronous channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.38, no.4, Apr.1990, pp496-508.
[36] M. K. Varanasi. et al, “Multistage detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-access communications,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.38, no.4, Apr.1990, pp509-519.
[37] A. Duel-Hallen, “A Family of multiuser decision-feedback multiuser detector for asynchronous code-division multiple access channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.41, no.2/3/4, Feb./Mar./Apr.1995, pp421-434.
[38] 陈强.皇甫堪. 多径条件下的最优空时多用户检测. 通信学报. Vol.22, no.3, Mar.2001, pp57-62.
[39] Verdu S.Mutiuser detection. Cambridge University Press,1998.
[40] Verdu S. Optimum multi-user signal detection. Ph.D.thesis,Dept.Elec. Computer Eng. Univ.,Illinois, Urabana Champaign, 1984.
[41] Duel A H.Decorrelation decision-feedback multi-user detector for synchronous code-division multi-access channel. IEEE Trans.On Communication,1993, 41(2)：285~290.
[42] Duel A H. A family of multi-user decision-feedback detectors for asynchronous code-division multiple-access channels.IEEE Trans.On Communication,1995, 43(2/3/4)：421~434.
[43] Zhigang Rong. Paul Pertrus. Theodore S. Rappaport. Jeffrey H. Reed. “Despread-respread multitarge constant modulus array for CDMA systems,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol.1, no.4, July.1997, pp114-1161.
[44] B. Xu. T. B. Vu. “Blind MAI and CCI suppression using adaptive antennas in DS-CDMA mobile communications systems,” Processing of ICSP, 1998. pp365-368.
[45] R. Price and P.E.Green, Jr., “A communication technique for multipath channels,” Proc. IRE, 46:555-570. Mar.1958.
[46] Varanasi M. K., Aazhang B. “Multistage Detection in Asychronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Communications.” IEEE Trans. Commun., 1990, vol.38, pp509-519.
[47] Paris B. P. “Finite Precision Decorrelating Receivers for Multiuser CDMA Communication Systems,”. IEEE Trans. Commmn. 1996. 44: 496-507.
[48] 陈强. 无线CDMA通信系统的空时多用户检测. 国防科学技术大学博士论文. 2001.
[49] 王安义. CDMA移动通信系统空时二维自适应处理技术的研究. 西安电子科技大学博士论文. 2000.
[50] 陈晓英. CDMA系统RAKE接收技术研究. 大连海事大学硕士论文. 2002.
[51] 胡捍英，杨峰义编著，《第三代移动通信系统》，人民邮电出版社，2001.
[52] M. L. Honig, S. L. Miller, M. J. Shensa, and L. B. Milstein, “Performance of adaptive linear interference suppression for DS-CDMA in the presence of dynamic fading”, IEEE Trans. COM, vol.49, no.4, April 2001, pp256.
[53] S. Y. Miller and S. C. Schwartz, “Integrated Spatial-Temporal Detectors for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels”, IEEE Trans. COM, vol.2/3/4, pp369, Feb./Mar./April, 1995.
[54] M. L. Honig and M. K. Tsatsanis, “Adaptive techniques for multiuser CDMA receivers”, IEEE SP Magazine, vol.51, no.5, May 2000.
[55] K. Sheikh, D. Gesbert, D. Gore, and A. Paulraj, “Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks”, IEEE COM Magazine, vol.37, no.11, Nov. 1999, pp100-105.
[2] 吴伟陵编著，《移动通信中的关键技术》，北京邮电大学出版社，1996.
[3] 孙立新，《CDMA(码分多址)移动通信技术》，人民邮电出版社，1996.
[4] R. Kohno,“Spatial and temporal communication theory using adaptive antenna array”，IEEE Personal Communication, Feb.1998, pp28-35.
[5] A. J. Paulraj and C. R. Papadias, “Space-time processing for wireless communications”, IEEE SP Mag., vol.14, no.11,Nov.1997, pp49.
[6] A. J. Paulraj and B. C. Ng, “Space-time modems for wireless personal communications”, IEEE, Personal Communication, Feb. 1998, pp49.
[7] K. Sheikh, D. Gesbert, D. Gore, and A. Paulraj, “Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks”, IEEE COM Magazine, vol.37, no.11, Nov. 1999, pp100-105.
[8] Tarokh V. Space-time block codes for wireless communications: performance results [J]. IEEE Journal on Selected Area in Communications, 1999, 17(3): 451-460.
[9] 张平,陶小峰,王卫东,雷鸣. 空时码. 电子学报. Vol.28, no.11A, Nov.2000,pp1-4.
[10] M. D. Zoltowski and J. Ramos, “Blind multiuser access interference cancellation for CDMA based PCS/cellular using antenna arrays”, ICASSP’96, vol.5, pp2730.
[11] Y-F Chen, M. D. Zoltowski, J. Ramos, C. Chatterjee, and V. P. Roychowdhury, “Reduced-dimension blind space-time 2D Rake receivers for DS-CDMA communication systems,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.48, no.6, June 2000, pp1521-1535.
[12] J. Ramos, M. D. Zoltowski, and H. Liu, “Low-complexity space-time processor for DS-CDMA communications,” IEEE Trans, SP, vol.48, no.1, Jan 2000, pp39-52.
[13] S. Y. Miller and S. C. Schwartz, “Integrated Spatial-Temporal Detectors for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.2/3/4, pp396, Feb./Mar./April, 1995.
[14] X. Wang and H. V. Poor, “Space-time multiuser detection in multipath CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.47, no.9, Sept. 1999, pp2356.
[15] Z. Zvonar, “Combined multiuser detection and diversity reception for wireless CDMA systems,” IEEE Trans. VT, vol.45, no.1, Feb. 1996, pp205-211.
[16] H. C. Huang and C. Papadias, “Linear space-time multiuser detection for multipath CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.19, no.2, Feb.2001, pp254-265.
[17] X. Wang and H. V. Poor, “Blind equalization and multiuser detection in dispersive CDMA channels,” IEEE Trans. COM, vol.46, no.1, Jan. 1998, pp91.
[18] J. E. Smee and S. C. Schwartz, “Adaptive space-time feedforward/feedback detection for high data rate CDMA in frequency-selective fading,” IEEE Trans, COM, vol.49, no.2, Feb. 2001, pp317-328.
[19] S. Hosur, A, Tewfik, and V. Ghazi-Moghadam, “Adaptive multiuser receiver schemes for antenna arrays,” PIMRC’95, pp940.
[20] Z. Tian, K. L. Bell, and H. L. Van Trees, “Space-time blind MOE detection for CDMA wireless systems,” Proc. 34th Asilomar Conf. on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2000, pp526-531.
[21] D. J. Gesbert, J. Sorelius, and A. J. Paulraj, “Blind multiuser MMSE detection of CDMA signals,” Proc. ICASSP’98, vol.6, pp3161.
[22] R. B. Ertel, P. Cardieri, K. W. Sowerby, T. S. Rappaport and J. H. Reed, “Overview of spatial channel models for antenna array communication systems,” IEEE Personal Communication, Feb. 1998, pp10-22.
[23] G. B. Giannakis ed., “Highlights of signal processing for communications,” IEEE SP Magazine, vol.16, no.2, Mar. 1999, pp14.
[24] M. K. Tsatsanis and G. B. Giannakis, “Optimal decorrelating receiver for DS-CDMA systems: a signal processing framework,” IEEE Trans. SP, vol.44, no.11, Dec. 1997, pp3044.
[25] A. Naguid and A. Paulraj, “Performance of wireless CDMA with M-ary orthogonal modulation and cell site antenna arrays,” IEEE JSAC, vol.14, no.9, Dec. 1996, pp1770-1783.
[26] 常大年，王静， 果明实 编《现代移动通信技术与组织》，北京邮电大学出版社.
[27] Morrison. A. and Sharif. B.S. “A space-time beamforming RAKE receiver for third generation wideband CDMA base stations” Consumer Electronics, 1999. ICCE. International Conference on , 1999 Page(s): 312 –313.
[28] Byoung-Ju Choi, and Hanzo, L. “Rake receiver detection of adaptive modulation aided CDMA over frequency selective channels” Vehicular Technology Conference,2001. VTC 2001 Fall. IEEE VTS 54th , Volume: 3 , 2001 Page(s): 1653 –1657.
[29] Mazzini, G. and Tralli V. “Performance evaluation of DS-CDMA systems on multipath propagation channels with multilevel spreading sequences and RAKE receivers,” Communications, IEEE Transactions on Volume: 46 Issue: 2 , Feb. 1998Page(s): 244 –257.
[30] Rong Z , Rappaport T S , Simulation of multitarget adaptive algorithms for wireless CDMA systems . Proc . IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., Apr . 1996.
[31] A. J. Viterbi, CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication, Addison-Wesley, 1995, 中译本：《CDMA扩频通信原理》，李世鹤，鲍刚，彭荣 译，人民邮电出版社，1997.
[32] Lupas, R. and Verdu, S. “Linear multiuser detectors for synchronous code-division multiple-access channels,” Information Theory, IEEE Trans on vol.35, issue: 1, Jan. 2001, pp123-136.
[33] K. S. Schneider, “Optimum detection of code-division multiplexed signals,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp.
Electron. Syst., vol.15, Jan.1979, pp181-185.
[34] S. Verdu, “Minimum probability of error for asynchronous Gaussian multiple-access chanels,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.32, Jan.1986. pp 85-96.
[35] R. Lupas, et al, “Near-far resistance of multiuser detection in asynchronous channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.38, no.4, Apr.1990, pp496-508.
[36] M. K. Varanasi. et al, “Multistage detection in asynchronous code-division multiple-access communications,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.38, no.4, Apr.1990, pp509-519.
[37] A. Duel-Hallen, “A Family of multiuser decision-feedback multiuser detector for asynchronous code-division multiple access channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.41, no.2/3/4, Feb./Mar./Apr.1995, pp421-434.
[38] 陈强.皇甫堪. 多径条件下的最优空时多用户检测. 通信学报. Vol.22, no.3, Mar.2001, pp57-62.
[39] Verdu S.Mutiuser detection. Cambridge University Press,1998.
[40] Verdu S. Optimum multi-user signal detection. Ph.D.thesis,Dept.Elec. Computer Eng. Univ.,Illinois, Urabana Champaign, 1984.
[41] Duel A H.Decorrelation decision-feedback multi-user detector for synchronous code-division multi-access channel. IEEE Trans.On Communication,1993, 41(2)：285~290.
[42] Duel A H. A family of multi-user decision-feedback detectors for asynchronous code-division multiple-access channels.IEEE Trans.On Communication,1995, 43(2/3/4)：421~434.
[43] Zhigang Rong. Paul Pertrus. Theodore S. Rappaport. Jeffrey H. Reed. “Despread-respread multitarge constant modulus array for CDMA systems,” IEEE Communications Letters, vol.1, no.4, July.1997, pp114-1161.
[44] B. Xu. T. B. Vu. “Blind MAI and CCI suppression using adaptive antennas in DS-CDMA mobile communications systems,” Processing of ICSP, 1998. pp365-368.
[45] R. Price and P.E.Green, Jr., “A communication technique for multipath channels,” Proc. IRE, 46:555-570. Mar.1958.
[46] Varanasi M. K., Aazhang B. “Multistage Detection in Asychronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Communications.” IEEE Trans. Commun., 1990, vol.38, pp509-519.
[47] Paris B. P. “Finite Precision Decorrelating Receivers for Multiuser CDMA Communication Systems,”. IEEE Trans. Commmn. 1996. 44: 496-507.
[48] 陈强. 无线CDMA通信系统的空时多用户检测. 国防科学技术大学博士论文. 2001.
[49] 王安义. CDMA移动通信系统空时二维自适应处理技术的研究. 西安电子科技大学博士论文. 2000.
[50] 陈晓英. CDMA系统RAKE接收技术研究. 大连海事大学硕士论文. 2002.
[51] 胡捍英，杨峰义编著，《第三代移动通信系统》，人民邮电出版社，2001.
[52] M. L. Honig, S. L. Miller, M. J. Shensa, and L. B. Milstein, “Performance of adaptive linear interference suppression for DS-CDMA in the presence of dynamic fading”, IEEE Trans. COM, vol.49, no.4, April 2001, pp256.
[53] S. Y. Miller and S. C. Schwartz, “Integrated Spatial-Temporal Detectors for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels”, IEEE Trans. COM, vol.2/3/4, pp369, Feb./Mar./April, 1995.
[54] M. L. Honig and M. K. Tsatsanis, “Adaptive techniques for multiuser CDMA receivers”, IEEE SP Magazine, vol.51, no.5, May 2000.
[55] K. Sheikh, D. Gesbert, D. Gore, and A. Paulraj, “Smart antennas for broadband wireless access networks”, IEEE COM Magazine, vol.37, no.11, Nov. 1999, pp100-105.