桉叶精油对蚊虫的驱避与毒杀作用研究
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摘要
本文研究了蓝桉、邓恩桉、尾叶桉、窿缘桉、柠檬桉、赤桉、丰桉、粗皮桉、巨桉等9种桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的驱避与熏杀作用,并对桉叶精油的化学成分与其杀虫活性之间的相关性进行了分析。主要研究内容和结果如下:
(1)采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了赤桉等9种桉树叶片的精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对上述9种桉叶精油的化学成分进行了定性定量分析。9种桉叶精油主要由萜类物质组成,精油中单萜化合物的相对百分含量为(32.119%～94.575%),倍半萜化合物的相对百分含量为(1.184%～31.920%)。精油中含量最高的两个主要成分为1,8-桉叶油素(0.504%～61.314%)和α-蒎烯(0.080%～23.678%)。
(2)参照中华人民共和国国家标准《农药登记用卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验及评价第9部分:驱避剂》(GB/T 13917.9-2009)测定了赤桉等9种桉叶精油及其1,8-桉叶油素、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、对伞花烃、α-松油醇、香茅醛、香茅醇等7种主要单体对致乏库蚊成虫驱避活性。9种桉叶精油对致乏库蚊均具有一定的驱避效果,当浓度为12.5%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为0～60min,浓度为25.0%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为60～330min,当浓度为50.0%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为120～660min。其中蓝桉、邓恩桉、尾叶桉、丰桉、粗皮桉叶片精油对致乏库蚊具有较好的驱避效果,作为植物驱避剂具有潜在的开发前景。
(3)采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法研究了赤桉等9种桉叶精油及1,8-桉叶油素、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、对伞花烃、α-松油醇、香茅醛、香茅醇等7种主要单体对致乏库蚊的熏杀活性,实验结果显示9种桉叶精油在实验浓度下对致乏库蚊都有明显致死作用,且作用速度较快。熏蒸时间为0.5h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.560%～6.600%);熏蒸时间为1h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.217%～4.324%);熏蒸时间为2h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.283%～4.612%);熏蒸时间为4h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.915%～4.268%);熏蒸时间为8h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.825%～5.223%);熏蒸时间为24h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.643%～3.003%)。从LT50值可以看出,不同种类的桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的熏杀速度不同,柠檬桉的熏杀速度最快,其LT50为5.514 min;邓恩桉精油对致乏库蚊表现出最慢的熏杀效果,其LT50为37.156min。
(4)通过对桉叶精油的化学成分与桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的驱避和熏杀作用的效果进行分析发现,倍半萜类化合物是桉叶精油驱避致乏库蚊的有效活性成分,桉叶精油中倍半萜类化合物,特别是含氧倍半萜类化合物的含量越高,桉叶精油对人体的保护时间越长,即对致乏库蚊的驱避活性越强;单萜类化合物是桉叶精油熏杀作用的有效活性成分,桉叶精油中单萜类化合物的相对百分含量,特别是含氧单萜类化合物的含量越高,桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的致死中浓越小,对致乏库蚊的熏杀活性越强,同时桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的致死中时越短,桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的熏杀速度越快。
The chemical composition, repellent and insecticidal activities of the essential oils from leaves of nine Eucalyptus species(Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus exserta, Eucalyptus cirtiodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis) growing in Guangxi were investigated,and then the correlations between terpenes and repellent, insecticidal activity of nine Eucalyptus oils were annlysizdc. The main research findings are as follows:
(1)The essential oils from leaves of nine Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus exserta, Eucalyptus cirtiodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis) were obtained by steam distillation and the volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) method.The constitutes of nine Eucalyptus oils featured a high relatively content of terpenoids, monoterpenes( 32.119%～94.575%) and sesquiterpenes(1.184%～31.920%).The principal constituents of nine Eucalyptus oils were 1,8-cineole(0.504%～61.314%) andα-pinene(0.080%～23.678%).
(2)The Eucalyptus oils and their principal constituents(1,8-cineole,α-pinene,β-pine- -ne, p-cymene,α-terpineol,β-citronellal,β-citronellol) were tested for repellency against Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus accorrding to the national standard of GB/T139179.9- 2009.The nine Eucalyptus oils have repellent effects on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (12.5%) was from 0 min to 60 min;The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (25%) was from 60 min to 330 min; The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (50%) was from120 min to 660 min.The essential oils from leaves of Eucalyptus globulus,Eucalyptu dunnii,Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus dives,Eucalyptus pellita had stronger repellen activitiy to against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; and they have potential for the development of new and safe control products for Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.
(3)Fumigating insecticidal activity of nine Eucalyptus oils and their principal constituents (1,8-cineole,α-pinene,β-pinene, p-cymene,α-terpineol,β-citronellal,β-citronellol) were investigated by airtight fumigation in conical flask. The nine Eucalyptus oils had a high and rapid insecticidal activity on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating time was 0.5h was from 1.560% to 6.600%;The range of half death concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 1h was from 1.217% to 4.324%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 2h was from 1.283% to 4.612%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 4h was from 0.915% to 4.268%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 8h was from 0.825% to 5.223%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 24h was from 0.642% to 3.003%.As see from half lethal time(LT50) of Eucalyptus oils,diffent Eucalyptus oils have diffent fumigating time。the shortest fumigating time appeared in Eucalyptus cirtiodora oil(LT50=5.514min);and the longest fumigating time appeared in Eucalyptus dunnii oil (LT50=37.156min).
(4)By researching the correlation between terpenes and repellent, insecticidal activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants,we can find that sesquiterpenes are the active components to the repellent activity in Eucalyptus oils, the effective protection time for human body increase with the increasing of the relative contents of sesquiterpenes, especially oxygenated sesquiterpenes. the longer the effective protection time for human body,the more power repellent activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants. The monoterpenes are active components to the insecticidal activity in Eucalyptus oils,the half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils decrease with the increasing of the relative contents of monoterpenes, especially oxygenated monoterpenes. the smaller half lethal concentration(LC_(50)),the more power insecticidal activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants,moreover,the smaller half lethal time(LT50),the shorter fumigating time.
(1)采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了赤桉等9种桉树叶片的精油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对上述9种桉叶精油的化学成分进行了定性定量分析。9种桉叶精油主要由萜类物质组成,精油中单萜化合物的相对百分含量为(32.119%～94.575%),倍半萜化合物的相对百分含量为(1.184%～31.920%)。精油中含量最高的两个主要成分为1,8-桉叶油素(0.504%～61.314%)和α-蒎烯(0.080%～23.678%)。
(2)参照中华人民共和国国家标准《农药登记用卫生杀虫剂室内药效试验及评价第9部分:驱避剂》(GB/T 13917.9-2009)测定了赤桉等9种桉叶精油及其1,8-桉叶油素、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、对伞花烃、α-松油醇、香茅醛、香茅醇等7种主要单体对致乏库蚊成虫驱避活性。9种桉叶精油对致乏库蚊均具有一定的驱避效果,当浓度为12.5%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为0～60min,浓度为25.0%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为60～330min,当浓度为50.0%时,9种桉叶精油对人体的有效保护时间为120～660min。其中蓝桉、邓恩桉、尾叶桉、丰桉、粗皮桉叶片精油对致乏库蚊具有较好的驱避效果,作为植物驱避剂具有潜在的开发前景。
(3)采用三角瓶密闭熏蒸法研究了赤桉等9种桉叶精油及1,8-桉叶油素、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、对伞花烃、α-松油醇、香茅醛、香茅醇等7种主要单体对致乏库蚊的熏杀活性,实验结果显示9种桉叶精油在实验浓度下对致乏库蚊都有明显致死作用,且作用速度较快。熏蒸时间为0.5h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.560%～6.600%);熏蒸时间为1h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.217%～4.324%);熏蒸时间为2h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(1.283%～4.612%);熏蒸时间为4h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.915%～4.268%);熏蒸时间为8h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.825%～5.223%);熏蒸时间为24h时,9种桉叶精油对试虫的LC_(50)值为(0.643%～3.003%)。从LT50值可以看出,不同种类的桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的熏杀速度不同,柠檬桉的熏杀速度最快,其LT50为5.514 min;邓恩桉精油对致乏库蚊表现出最慢的熏杀效果,其LT50为37.156min。
(4)通过对桉叶精油的化学成分与桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的驱避和熏杀作用的效果进行分析发现,倍半萜类化合物是桉叶精油驱避致乏库蚊的有效活性成分,桉叶精油中倍半萜类化合物,特别是含氧倍半萜类化合物的含量越高,桉叶精油对人体的保护时间越长,即对致乏库蚊的驱避活性越强;单萜类化合物是桉叶精油熏杀作用的有效活性成分,桉叶精油中单萜类化合物的相对百分含量,特别是含氧单萜类化合物的含量越高,桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的致死中浓越小,对致乏库蚊的熏杀活性越强,同时桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的致死中时越短,桉叶精油对致乏库蚊的熏杀速度越快。
The chemical composition, repellent and insecticidal activities of the essential oils from leaves of nine Eucalyptus species(Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus exserta, Eucalyptus cirtiodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis) growing in Guangxi were investigated,and then the correlations between terpenes and repellent, insecticidal activity of nine Eucalyptus oils were annlysizdc. The main research findings are as follows:
(1)The essential oils from leaves of nine Eucalyptus species (Eucalyptus globulus, Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus exserta, Eucalyptus cirtiodora, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus dives, Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus grandis) were obtained by steam distillation and the volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS) method.The constitutes of nine Eucalyptus oils featured a high relatively content of terpenoids, monoterpenes( 32.119%～94.575%) and sesquiterpenes(1.184%～31.920%).The principal constituents of nine Eucalyptus oils were 1,8-cineole(0.504%～61.314%) andα-pinene(0.080%～23.678%).
(2)The Eucalyptus oils and their principal constituents(1,8-cineole,α-pinene,β-pine- -ne, p-cymene,α-terpineol,β-citronellal,β-citronellol) were tested for repellency against Culexpipiens quinquefasciatus accorrding to the national standard of GB/T139179.9- 2009.The nine Eucalyptus oils have repellent effects on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions. The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (12.5%) was from 0 min to 60 min;The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (25%) was from 60 min to 330 min; The range of the effective protection time for human body of nine Eucalyptus oils (50%) was from120 min to 660 min.The essential oils from leaves of Eucalyptus globulus,Eucalyptu dunnii,Eucalyptus urophyllas, Eucalyptus dives,Eucalyptus pellita had stronger repellen activitiy to against Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus; and they have potential for the development of new and safe control products for Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus.
(3)Fumigating insecticidal activity of nine Eucalyptus oils and their principal constituents (1,8-cineole,α-pinene,β-pinene, p-cymene,α-terpineol,β-citronellal,β-citronellol) were investigated by airtight fumigation in conical flask. The nine Eucalyptus oils had a high and rapid insecticidal activity on Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus. The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating time was 0.5h was from 1.560% to 6.600%;The range of half death concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 1h was from 1.217% to 4.324%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 2h was from 1.283% to 4.612%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 4h was from 0.915% to 4.268%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 8h was from 0.825% to 5.223%;The range of half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils when the fumigating was 24h was from 0.642% to 3.003%.As see from half lethal time(LT50) of Eucalyptus oils,diffent Eucalyptus oils have diffent fumigating time。the shortest fumigating time appeared in Eucalyptus cirtiodora oil(LT50=5.514min);and the longest fumigating time appeared in Eucalyptus dunnii oil (LT50=37.156min).
(4)By researching the correlation between terpenes and repellent, insecticidal activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants,we can find that sesquiterpenes are the active components to the repellent activity in Eucalyptus oils, the effective protection time for human body increase with the increasing of the relative contents of sesquiterpenes, especially oxygenated sesquiterpenes. the longer the effective protection time for human body,the more power repellent activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants. The monoterpenes are active components to the insecticidal activity in Eucalyptus oils,the half lethal concentration (LC_(50)) of Eucalyptus oils decrease with the increasing of the relative contents of monoterpenes, especially oxygenated monoterpenes. the smaller half lethal concentration(LC_(50)),the more power insecticidal activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus plants,moreover,the smaller half lethal time(LT50),the shorter fumigating time.
引文
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