洞庭湖湿地生态系统特征与水禽生境适宜性评价研究
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摘要
洞庭湖湿地位于湖南省北部、长江中游荆江南岸,是我国最大的淡水湖泊湿地生态系统之一,具有多种生态和环境功能,它不仅是我国确定的湿地和淡水水域生物多样性关键地区之一,同时也是中国乃至亚洲较大的鸟类越冬地之一。目前,针对洞庭湖湿地水禽的研究主要集中在水禽种类、数量调查或水禽栖息地景观格局、过程等方面。本研究主要在景观尺度上进行分析,建立水禽生境的量化指标体系,并在整个研究区依据指标体系进行了生物的生境适宜性评价。本论文初步尝试了通过对生境的量化进行景观尺度的物种生态研究,将景观生态学理论引入物种的生境适宜性分析。
本文在遥感与地理信息系统技术的支持下,对洞庭湖湿地生态系统的现状特征及其主要问题进行了分析；根据洞庭湖湿地越冬水禽习性,选择、量化湿地水禽生境影响因子,建立生境适宜性模型,并进行评价；对比分析1989年、1999年和2008年三期水禽适宜生境特征及其变化,并结合洞庭湖湿地自然保护区现状进行GAP分析,提出湿地保护策略。
本文的主要研究成果与结论如下：
1本文建立了洞庭湖水禽的生境适宜性评价模型。本文根据洞庭湖湿地越冬水禽种群及数量特征,从数量及珍稀程度两方面选取了鹤类(GRUIFORMES)、雁鸭类(ANSERIFORMES)和(?)鹬类(CHARADRⅡFORMES)作为洞庭湖湿地水禽的代表性物种。以鹤类、雁鸭类和(?)鹬类习性为基础,将影响水禽分布的地形、景观类型、植被状况、水文状况、居民点干扰和道路干扰作为环境因子,运用层次分析法建立生境适宜性评价模型。
2本文评价了洞庭湖水禽适宜生境现状。现状分析结果表明：研究区内一般适宜生境斑块和较不适宜生境斑块占主导地位,适宜与较适宜生境面积较小,主要分布于洞庭湖湿地自然保护区内部。洞庭湖湿地生境现状景观格局分析表明：适宜生境与较适宜生境呈离散状分布,缺乏面积较大的核心斑块,对湿地水禽支持能力较弱。
3本文分析了洞庭湖湿地水禽生境变化特征、驱动因子,并提出洞庭湖区生物多样性保护策略。近20近来洞庭湖湿地生境景观呈现出景观破碎化、形状复杂化、景观离散分布等特征,表明不仅湿地生境面积退化,适宜生境由连续分布转变为岛屿状分析,生境格局亦不利于水禽繁衍。湖区水文情势变化；芦苇及杨树的种植；人口增长；城镇及交通道路建设带来的压力共同作用而导致了湿地水禽生境的退化。针对湿地水禽生境退化的原因,本文基于GAP分析方法,提出了洞庭湖自然保护区的调整方案和湿地水禽生境的保护策略。
Dongting Lake is in the northern of Hunan Province, the southern shore of Jingjiang which is located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. It is one of the largest fresh water lake wetland ecosystems in our country, with a variety of ecological and environmental functions. It is not only the identified wetland and one of the key areas where biological diversity in fresh water is important, but also one of the largest birds'habitats in winter to China, even Asia. At present, the waterfowl research in Dongting Lake wetland is focused on waterfowl species, investigation on numbers or the landscape pattern and process of waterfowl habitats etc. Our study is primarily the analysis based on landscape scale, the establishment of quantitative index system about biological habitats, and the suitability assessment of biological habitats according to index system in the study area. In this paper, we attempt to research the species ecology on landscape scale through quantifying the habitats, and take landscape indicator as one element to the suitability analysis of species habitats.
Based on remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, we analyzed the current characteristics and main problems of the Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem. Using the existing data on wintering waterfowl species and quantity variation, we choose and quantify the factors impacting on wetland waterfowl habitat, establish and evaluate the suitability model in order to know the habits of representative waterfowl in Dongting Lake wetland during the winter. Though comparing and analyzing the waterfowl suitable habitat variation in 1989,1999 and 2008, the author analyzed the GAP in Dongting Lake wetland combining with the current situation on Nature Reserve, and gave the wetland protection strategy at last.
By anglicizing these data we draw several reliable and extremely meaningful conclusions and interesting finding as the following:
1 The model of the Dongting Lake waterfowl habitat suitability assessment is established in this paper. According to Dongting Lake and the quantitative characteristics of populations of wintering water birds, from both volume and level of rare, cranes, geese and ducks and waders class were selected as a representation of Dongting Lake wetland birds species. With the basis of behavior of cranes, geese and ducks and waders class, taking the effects on waterfowl distribution of topography, landscape, vegetation, hydrology, settlements and road jamming interference as environmental factors, the AHP was employed to establish habitat suitability assessment model.
2 This article evaluated the status of suitable habitat for waterfowl. Actual analysis results show that:general suitable habitat patches and unsuitable habitat patches dominated, with a more suitable habitat and suitable smaller, which mainly were in the interior Dongting Lake Wetland Nature Reserve. Status landscape pattern of Dongting Lake wetland habitats analysis shows:a more suitable habitat and suitable habitat distribution was discrete form, the lack of larger core patches of wetland waterfowl, support capability is weak.
3 This paper analyzes the Dongting Lake wetland waterfowl habitat variation, driving factors, and proposes strategies for biodiversity conservation in Dongting Lake area. Nearly 20a, Dongting Lake wetland habitat landscape showing a landscape fragmentation, shape complexity, landscape discrete distribution characteristics, indicating that not only wetland habitat area of degradation of suitable habitat by the continuous distribution into island-like analysis, habitat structure is not conducive to waterfowl reproduction. The siltation of lake-bed and reduction of the upstream inflow, reed and poplar cultivation, population growth, the stress produced by urban traffic construction caused degradation of the wetland waterfowl habitat. With the reason of the degradation of Wetlands waterfowl habitat, the Dongting Lake wetland waterfowl habitat conservation plans were put forward based on GAP analysis method in this paper.
本文在遥感与地理信息系统技术的支持下,对洞庭湖湿地生态系统的现状特征及其主要问题进行了分析；根据洞庭湖湿地越冬水禽习性,选择、量化湿地水禽生境影响因子,建立生境适宜性模型,并进行评价；对比分析1989年、1999年和2008年三期水禽适宜生境特征及其变化,并结合洞庭湖湿地自然保护区现状进行GAP分析,提出湿地保护策略。
本文的主要研究成果与结论如下：
1本文建立了洞庭湖水禽的生境适宜性评价模型。本文根据洞庭湖湿地越冬水禽种群及数量特征,从数量及珍稀程度两方面选取了鹤类(GRUIFORMES)、雁鸭类(ANSERIFORMES)和(?)鹬类(CHARADRⅡFORMES)作为洞庭湖湿地水禽的代表性物种。以鹤类、雁鸭类和(?)鹬类习性为基础,将影响水禽分布的地形、景观类型、植被状况、水文状况、居民点干扰和道路干扰作为环境因子,运用层次分析法建立生境适宜性评价模型。
2本文评价了洞庭湖水禽适宜生境现状。现状分析结果表明：研究区内一般适宜生境斑块和较不适宜生境斑块占主导地位,适宜与较适宜生境面积较小,主要分布于洞庭湖湿地自然保护区内部。洞庭湖湿地生境现状景观格局分析表明：适宜生境与较适宜生境呈离散状分布,缺乏面积较大的核心斑块,对湿地水禽支持能力较弱。
3本文分析了洞庭湖湿地水禽生境变化特征、驱动因子,并提出洞庭湖区生物多样性保护策略。近20近来洞庭湖湿地生境景观呈现出景观破碎化、形状复杂化、景观离散分布等特征,表明不仅湿地生境面积退化,适宜生境由连续分布转变为岛屿状分析,生境格局亦不利于水禽繁衍。湖区水文情势变化；芦苇及杨树的种植；人口增长；城镇及交通道路建设带来的压力共同作用而导致了湿地水禽生境的退化。针对湿地水禽生境退化的原因,本文基于GAP分析方法,提出了洞庭湖自然保护区的调整方案和湿地水禽生境的保护策略。
Dongting Lake is in the northern of Hunan Province, the southern shore of Jingjiang which is located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. It is one of the largest fresh water lake wetland ecosystems in our country, with a variety of ecological and environmental functions. It is not only the identified wetland and one of the key areas where biological diversity in fresh water is important, but also one of the largest birds'habitats in winter to China, even Asia. At present, the waterfowl research in Dongting Lake wetland is focused on waterfowl species, investigation on numbers or the landscape pattern and process of waterfowl habitats etc. Our study is primarily the analysis based on landscape scale, the establishment of quantitative index system about biological habitats, and the suitability assessment of biological habitats according to index system in the study area. In this paper, we attempt to research the species ecology on landscape scale through quantifying the habitats, and take landscape indicator as one element to the suitability analysis of species habitats.
Based on remote sensing and geographic information systems technology, we analyzed the current characteristics and main problems of the Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem. Using the existing data on wintering waterfowl species and quantity variation, we choose and quantify the factors impacting on wetland waterfowl habitat, establish and evaluate the suitability model in order to know the habits of representative waterfowl in Dongting Lake wetland during the winter. Though comparing and analyzing the waterfowl suitable habitat variation in 1989,1999 and 2008, the author analyzed the GAP in Dongting Lake wetland combining with the current situation on Nature Reserve, and gave the wetland protection strategy at last.
By anglicizing these data we draw several reliable and extremely meaningful conclusions and interesting finding as the following:
1 The model of the Dongting Lake waterfowl habitat suitability assessment is established in this paper. According to Dongting Lake and the quantitative characteristics of populations of wintering water birds, from both volume and level of rare, cranes, geese and ducks and waders class were selected as a representation of Dongting Lake wetland birds species. With the basis of behavior of cranes, geese and ducks and waders class, taking the effects on waterfowl distribution of topography, landscape, vegetation, hydrology, settlements and road jamming interference as environmental factors, the AHP was employed to establish habitat suitability assessment model.
2 This article evaluated the status of suitable habitat for waterfowl. Actual analysis results show that:general suitable habitat patches and unsuitable habitat patches dominated, with a more suitable habitat and suitable smaller, which mainly were in the interior Dongting Lake Wetland Nature Reserve. Status landscape pattern of Dongting Lake wetland habitats analysis shows:a more suitable habitat and suitable habitat distribution was discrete form, the lack of larger core patches of wetland waterfowl, support capability is weak.
3 This paper analyzes the Dongting Lake wetland waterfowl habitat variation, driving factors, and proposes strategies for biodiversity conservation in Dongting Lake area. Nearly 20a, Dongting Lake wetland habitat landscape showing a landscape fragmentation, shape complexity, landscape discrete distribution characteristics, indicating that not only wetland habitat area of degradation of suitable habitat by the continuous distribution into island-like analysis, habitat structure is not conducive to waterfowl reproduction. The siltation of lake-bed and reduction of the upstream inflow, reed and poplar cultivation, population growth, the stress produced by urban traffic construction caused degradation of the wetland waterfowl habitat. With the reason of the degradation of Wetlands waterfowl habitat, the Dongting Lake wetland waterfowl habitat conservation plans were put forward based on GAP analysis method in this paper.
引文
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