“马萨达神话”的建构与解构
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摘要
公元73年4月15日,驻守马萨达要塞的一千余名犹太人在罗马第十军团的包围下选择了集体自杀。这段历史为同一时期的著名历史学家约瑟夫斯所记载,遂而成为后世有关马萨达叙述的最初源头,透过《犹太战记》的历史表述却看不到英雄主义的任何显现。实际上,在与约他帕塔、加马拉等围攻战进行比较后可以发现,在马萨达顶部不仅没有发生极其惨烈的战斗,而且这些守卫者始终逃避与罗马军队作战,更重要的是他们还不断对周围的犹太同胞进行劫掠与屠戮。后来的拉比们出于反对武装反抗的精神将其完全遗忘,在漫长的中世纪几乎找不到关于马萨达的任何表述,由此充分反映了主流犹太社会的选择性记忆与忘却。
然而,随着十九世纪末以来犹太复国主义运动的兴起,这段被人遗忘的历史得以“借尸还魂”,藉以一系列文学作品、旅行探险等形式的思想运作和政治宣传,马萨达的集体记忆得以被唤醒。希伯来文版《犹太战记》以及拉姆丹《马萨达》诗篇使之转化为当代犹太英雄主义的典型象征与文化符号。此后,一批批犹太青年在其知识生产与社会传播的影响下,不惜跋涉人迹罕至的犹地亚沙漠远足朝圣,马萨达遂而发展为新一代希伯来人的集体圣所。二战中随着纳粹势力的不断扩张,隆美尔在北非战场节节胜利,致使近在咫尺的巴勒斯坦犹太社团危在旦夕。但随后出台的“马萨达计划”使马萨达的影响在民族动员中达到高潮。
马萨达从被遗忘的边缘进入认同的中心,被纳入犹太复国主义的论述模式,是一种“自然国族化”的过程；在马萨达被复国主义者运用与规训的同时,它也成为以色列国族的物化象征与身份隐喻,代表着他们被包围的绝望处境,可以说马萨达堡就是以色列的缩影,而以色列则是扩大了的马萨达堡,此即“国族自然化”。人们尤其在历史与现状的被包围之间找到了对应性,这种“围困心态”使之获得了越来越强大的思想认同。通过对马萨达集体记忆的建构使之超越了原来的历史面貌,成为一种面临包围下争取自由、不惜牺牲的现代政治神话。
以色列建国后在国家权力的规训下,马萨达神话经历了一个社会化的过程。国防军经常在马萨达举行宣誓仪式,其誓词为：“马萨达永不陷落”,以表明在四面包围之下求生存的决心与斗志。随后由伊格尔·亚丁领导的马萨达考古所进行的社会动员与政治宣传使其影响臻于空前,围绕考古发现开展了一系列巨大争论。随政治环境的变迁,以色列社会经历了“祛魅化”的过程。特别是六日战争后宗教力量的张扬,怀疑否定之声不断涌现,一些求真的历史学者也加入到这场神话解构之中。旅游业的发展则使马萨达得以大众化。七十年代后,随着犹太复国主义的激情不再和内部分化,理性的思考与去政治化的表述不断冲击着被政治操控的神话叙述进而呈现出一幅多元化、趋真性的马萨达历史记忆。如今,马萨达不再是追求自由、捍卫独立的理由,而成为一个决心使悲剧不再重演的警示。
马萨达作为集体性历史记忆的断裂与延续,充分表明它是一个“被发明的传统”,它代表着现代民族主义兴起过程中寻找传统性象征资源的努力。作为一种集体性“记忆之场”,它发挥着凝聚从流散中回归的犹太认同装置的作用。本文通过对“马萨达神话”的建构与解构之分析,以图揭示犹太复国主义运动在缔造民族认同、创建现代国家过程中的重要历史面相与记忆夺占手段。
On April 15,73 CE,1000 Jews at Masada under the siege of Rome Tenth Crops committed collective suicide, which was recorded by the famous historian Josephus Flavius at that time, and it became the first source of Masada-narrative later. But we cannot see any heroism in the historical narrative of The Jewish War. In fact, while compared with Yotapata and Gamala, there was no bitter war on Masada top, and the defenders avoided fighting with Romans. What's more, they robbed and slaughtered nearby Jewish fellowmen. In Medieval period, Rabbis forgot the fighter's spirit, and there was no narrative about Masada, which reflected the selective memory of Jewish society.
However, since the rise of Zionist movement in later 19th century, the forgotten history restored by the political propaganda of series of literature, the collective memory of Masada awaked fastly. The Jewish War in Hebrew edition and Lamdan's poem Masada transformed it to the typical cultural symbol of contemporary Jewish heroism. And then, more and more Jewish youths paid pilgrimage to Masada, which made it the collective sanctuary of the newly Hebrews. During the Second World War, Erwin Rommel's success in North Africa menaced Palestine Yishuv's safety. And then, "The Masada Plan" fiercely propelled Masada's Cult in the course of national mobilization.
While Masada was brought to the identity focus, it was regarded as a course of "nationalization of nature"; in the same time, by the Zionists'regulation, Masada became the symbol and metaphor of the Israeli nation-state. To this extent, we can say that Masada is the epitome of Israel, and Israel is the enlarged Masada. This is the course of "naturalization of nation." The Siege Mentality made Masada a stronger national identity. The construction of the Masada collective memory by the Zionists became a modern political myth of struggle for the freedom and sacrifice under the circumstance of siege.
When Israeli was founded, Masada myth met the need of the state power; it experienced the course of Socialization. IDF swore with "Never Again Shall Masada Fall!" on its top to show their determination to survive from the all-round siege. Social mobilization and political propaganda around the Masada archeology led by Yigael Yadin lifted Masada to an unprecedented position. With the vicissitudes of the political circumstance, Israeli entered in a "disenchantment" period. Particularly, religious power rapidly enhanced after the Six-day War, and voices of suspect to the myth were heard. Some historians who saught to the truth also joined the demythologization. And tourism also impels the popularization of Masada. Since the 70s, with the declining and the splitting of Zionism, Masada left out the collective sanctuary. Rational minds and de-political discourse constantly attacked the myth narrative which was controlled by the political powers. And the collective memories of Masada became multiform, authentic ones. But now, Masada is no longer the symbol of pursuit of freedom and independence, but a reminder of the tragedy of the past.
Masada as the collective historical memory clearly indicates that it is an "invented tradition," from which we witness the efforts of making use traditional symbol resource to serve modern nationalism. Masada was the collective "Lieux de Memoire", which acted as the cohesive part of the modern Jewish identity. This paper analyses the mythologization of Masada and its later demythologization, revealing its utility in the course of building national identity and modern state by the Zionist movement.
然而,随着十九世纪末以来犹太复国主义运动的兴起,这段被人遗忘的历史得以“借尸还魂”,藉以一系列文学作品、旅行探险等形式的思想运作和政治宣传,马萨达的集体记忆得以被唤醒。希伯来文版《犹太战记》以及拉姆丹《马萨达》诗篇使之转化为当代犹太英雄主义的典型象征与文化符号。此后,一批批犹太青年在其知识生产与社会传播的影响下,不惜跋涉人迹罕至的犹地亚沙漠远足朝圣,马萨达遂而发展为新一代希伯来人的集体圣所。二战中随着纳粹势力的不断扩张,隆美尔在北非战场节节胜利,致使近在咫尺的巴勒斯坦犹太社团危在旦夕。但随后出台的“马萨达计划”使马萨达的影响在民族动员中达到高潮。
马萨达从被遗忘的边缘进入认同的中心,被纳入犹太复国主义的论述模式,是一种“自然国族化”的过程；在马萨达被复国主义者运用与规训的同时,它也成为以色列国族的物化象征与身份隐喻,代表着他们被包围的绝望处境,可以说马萨达堡就是以色列的缩影,而以色列则是扩大了的马萨达堡,此即“国族自然化”。人们尤其在历史与现状的被包围之间找到了对应性,这种“围困心态”使之获得了越来越强大的思想认同。通过对马萨达集体记忆的建构使之超越了原来的历史面貌,成为一种面临包围下争取自由、不惜牺牲的现代政治神话。
以色列建国后在国家权力的规训下,马萨达神话经历了一个社会化的过程。国防军经常在马萨达举行宣誓仪式,其誓词为：“马萨达永不陷落”,以表明在四面包围之下求生存的决心与斗志。随后由伊格尔·亚丁领导的马萨达考古所进行的社会动员与政治宣传使其影响臻于空前,围绕考古发现开展了一系列巨大争论。随政治环境的变迁,以色列社会经历了“祛魅化”的过程。特别是六日战争后宗教力量的张扬,怀疑否定之声不断涌现,一些求真的历史学者也加入到这场神话解构之中。旅游业的发展则使马萨达得以大众化。七十年代后,随着犹太复国主义的激情不再和内部分化,理性的思考与去政治化的表述不断冲击着被政治操控的神话叙述进而呈现出一幅多元化、趋真性的马萨达历史记忆。如今,马萨达不再是追求自由、捍卫独立的理由,而成为一个决心使悲剧不再重演的警示。
马萨达作为集体性历史记忆的断裂与延续,充分表明它是一个“被发明的传统”,它代表着现代民族主义兴起过程中寻找传统性象征资源的努力。作为一种集体性“记忆之场”,它发挥着凝聚从流散中回归的犹太认同装置的作用。本文通过对“马萨达神话”的建构与解构之分析,以图揭示犹太复国主义运动在缔造民族认同、创建现代国家过程中的重要历史面相与记忆夺占手段。
On April 15,73 CE,1000 Jews at Masada under the siege of Rome Tenth Crops committed collective suicide, which was recorded by the famous historian Josephus Flavius at that time, and it became the first source of Masada-narrative later. But we cannot see any heroism in the historical narrative of The Jewish War. In fact, while compared with Yotapata and Gamala, there was no bitter war on Masada top, and the defenders avoided fighting with Romans. What's more, they robbed and slaughtered nearby Jewish fellowmen. In Medieval period, Rabbis forgot the fighter's spirit, and there was no narrative about Masada, which reflected the selective memory of Jewish society.
However, since the rise of Zionist movement in later 19th century, the forgotten history restored by the political propaganda of series of literature, the collective memory of Masada awaked fastly. The Jewish War in Hebrew edition and Lamdan's poem Masada transformed it to the typical cultural symbol of contemporary Jewish heroism. And then, more and more Jewish youths paid pilgrimage to Masada, which made it the collective sanctuary of the newly Hebrews. During the Second World War, Erwin Rommel's success in North Africa menaced Palestine Yishuv's safety. And then, "The Masada Plan" fiercely propelled Masada's Cult in the course of national mobilization.
While Masada was brought to the identity focus, it was regarded as a course of "nationalization of nature"; in the same time, by the Zionists'regulation, Masada became the symbol and metaphor of the Israeli nation-state. To this extent, we can say that Masada is the epitome of Israel, and Israel is the enlarged Masada. This is the course of "naturalization of nation." The Siege Mentality made Masada a stronger national identity. The construction of the Masada collective memory by the Zionists became a modern political myth of struggle for the freedom and sacrifice under the circumstance of siege.
When Israeli was founded, Masada myth met the need of the state power; it experienced the course of Socialization. IDF swore with "Never Again Shall Masada Fall!" on its top to show their determination to survive from the all-round siege. Social mobilization and political propaganda around the Masada archeology led by Yigael Yadin lifted Masada to an unprecedented position. With the vicissitudes of the political circumstance, Israeli entered in a "disenchantment" period. Particularly, religious power rapidly enhanced after the Six-day War, and voices of suspect to the myth were heard. Some historians who saught to the truth also joined the demythologization. And tourism also impels the popularization of Masada. Since the 70s, with the declining and the splitting of Zionism, Masada left out the collective sanctuary. Rational minds and de-political discourse constantly attacked the myth narrative which was controlled by the political powers. And the collective memories of Masada became multiform, authentic ones. But now, Masada is no longer the symbol of pursuit of freedom and independence, but a reminder of the tragedy of the past.
Masada as the collective historical memory clearly indicates that it is an "invented tradition," from which we witness the efforts of making use traditional symbol resource to serve modern nationalism. Masada was the collective "Lieux de Memoire", which acted as the cohesive part of the modern Jewish identity. This paper analyses the mythologization of Masada and its later demythologization, revealing its utility in the course of building national identity and modern state by the Zionist movement.
引文
① Yehuda Lukacs & Abdullah M. Battah, eds., The Arab-Israeli Conflict:Two Decades of Change, Boulder & London:Westview Press,1988, p.42.
②埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆等编：《传统的发明》,顾杭、庞冠群译,译林出版社2004年版,第5页。
①Harold D. Lasswell & Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society-A Frame Work for Political Inquiry, New Haven, Connecticut:Yale University Press,1963, p.103.
②Charles E. Merriam, Systematic Politics, Chicago:Chicago University Press,1947, p.88.
①Pierre Bourdieu, "Symbolic Power," in D. Gleeson, ed., Identity and Structure, Briffield:Nafferton Books,1977, p.117.
② Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.15, Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.,1983, p.36.
③哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《世界大战中的宣传技巧》,张洁、田青译,中国人民大学出版社2003年版,第22页。
④哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《世界大战中的宣传技巧》,第23页。
①哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《政治学》,杨昌裕译,商务印书馆2003年版,第1 38页。
①保罗·康纳顿：《社会如何记忆》,纳日碧力戈译,上海人民出版社2000年版,导论,第1－4页。
②Marie Syrkin, "The Paradox of Masada," Midstream, Vol.19, No.8 (Oct.,1973), p.67.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.88.
① Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, London:Routledge, 1990, p.19.
②迈克尔·麦杰：《文本、泛文本与当代文化裂片》,载肯尼斯·博克等编：《当代西方修辞学：演讲与话语批评》,常昌富等译,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第263页。
③ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The Jews:History, Memory, and the Present, New York:Columbia University Press,1996, p.56.
①具体成果的总结,可以参见潘光主编： 《犹太研究三十年,1978—2008》,上海社会科学院出版社2009年版。
①莫里斯·哈布瓦赫：《论集体记忆》,毕然、郭金华译,上海人民出版社2002年版,第71页。
② Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de Memoire, Paris:Gallimard,1984-1992该书被翻译成英文后,缩编成(?)卷：Pierre Nora, ed., Realms of Memory,3 Vols, New York:Columbia University Press,1996-1998.
③参见沈坚： 《法国史学的新发展》,载《史学理论研究》2000年第3期；《记忆与历史的博弈：法国记忆史的建构》,载《中国社会科学》2010年第3期。
④ Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History:Les Lieux de Memoire" Representations, No.26 (Spring 1989), pp.7-24.
① Jan Assmann, Das Kulturelles Gedachtnis, Munchen:Verlag C. H. Beck,1992, p.47.
② Jan Assmann, Moses the Egyptian:The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1997, pp.8-9.
③ Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, Seattle & London:University of Washington Press,1982.
④ Ronald Hendel, Remembering Abraham:Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2005, p. ix.
① Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, p.5.
② Martin Goodman, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002, p.935.
①其主要成果有：《当代以色列作家研究》,人民文学出版社2006年版,第八章；《旧式犹太人与新型希伯来人》,载《读书》2007年第7期；《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期；《第二代大屠杀文学与与犹太认同》,载潘光等主编：《犹太人在美国》,时事出版社2010年版,等等。
②参见钟志清：《希伯来语复兴‘j犹太民族国家建立》,载《历史研究》2010年第2期。
③王炎：《奥斯威辛之后：犹太大屠杀记忆的影像生产》,三联书店2007年版。
④宋立宏：《犹太集体记忆视域下的巴尔·科赫巴书信》,载《历史研究》2011年第2期。
⑤参见李志芬：《以色列民族构建研究：意识形态、族群与宗教因素的探讨》,西北大学博士学位论文2009年。
①详情参见本文第六章第二节。
② Bernard Lewis, History:Remembered, Recovered, Invented, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1975.
③ Baila R. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada Myth," Judaism, Vol.28 (1979), pp.357-371.
④按时间顺序为：Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (1982), pp.57-63; Daniel Bar-Tal, "The Masada Syndrome:A Case of Central Belief," in Norman Milgram, ed., Stress and Coping in Time of War, New York:Brunner/Mazel,1986, pp.32-51; Barry Schwartz, Yael Zerubavel, Bernice M. Barnett, "The Recovery of Masada:A Study in Collective Memory," The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.2 (1986), pp.147-164; Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, translated by William Templer, Stanford, California:Stanford University Press,1992; Robert Paine, "Masada:A History of a Memory," History and Anthropology, Vol.6, No.4 (1994), pp.371-409.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1995; Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1995.
②Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, New York:Humanity Books,2002.
③Yael Zerubavel, The Last Stand:On the Transformation of Symbols in Modern Israeli Culture, Ph.D. Diss., Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1980.
④Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), pp.72-100; idem, "The Multivocality of a National Myth:Memory and Counter-Memories of Masada," in Robert Wisrich & David Ohana, eds., The Shaping of Israeli Identity:Myth, Memory and Trauma, pp.110-128; idem, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, pp.233-252.
⑤在这两本力作之后,有两篇论文也值得关注：M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute,1996, pp.203-27; Theodore Sasson & Shaul Kelner, "From Shrine to Forum:Masada and the Politics of Jewish Extremism," Israel Studies, Vol.13, No.2 (Summer 2007), pp.146-163.
①Josephus, The Jewish War, The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1927-1928.目前国内有两个约瑟夫斯《犹太战记》的译本：保罗·梅尔编译：《约瑟夫著作精选：<犹太古史>、<犹太战记>节本》,王志勇译,北京大学出版社2004年版；约瑟福斯：《犹太战争》,王丽丽等译,山东大学出版社2007年版。前者为节选本,内容存在大量的删减；而后者的版本在章节与段落的划分上与西方学界通用的“洛布本”存在巨大差距。这两个版本都存在一些问题,因此本文参考的是希腊文、英文对照的“洛布本”。
②Sefer Yosippon, ed., David Flusser,2 Vols, Jerusalem:The Bialik Institute,1978-1980.
③Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stand, translated by Moshe Pearlman, London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1966.
④Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerster, and Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅰ-Ⅶ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989-2006.
⑤Issac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, ed., Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, Ithaca, N. Y.:Cornell University Press,1971, pp.199-234.
①Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.280-283.
②Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.292-294.
① Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), New York:Walter de Gruyter,1984, p.769.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.285.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.399.参见S. Zeitlin, "Masada and the Sicarii," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.56 (1965), p.299.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅰ.286.
①Josephus. The Jewish War. Ⅶ.286-289.
② Josephus. The Jewish War. Ⅶ.298.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.296.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.300-303.
① Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.40.
②Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅳ.407.
①Joscphus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.323-336.
① Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.381-388.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.401.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.407-408
① Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.398-399.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.401-405.
③ Jonathan Roth, "The Length of the Siege of Masada," Scripta Classica Israelica, Vol.14 (1995), p.109.
① Jodi Magness, "Masada-Arms and the Men," Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol.18, No.4 (1992), p.64.
② C. Hawkes, "The Roman Siege of Masada," Antiquity, Vol.3 (1929), p.204.
③ Kenneth Atkinson, "Noble Deaths at Gamla and Masada? A Critical Assessment of Josephus'Accounts of Jewish Resistance in Light of Archaeological Discoveries," in Zuleika Rodgers, ed., Making History:Josephus and Historical Method, Leiden:Brill,2007, p.351.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.336-340.
① Joseohus. The Jewish War, Ⅶ.390-395.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.398-400.
③ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The Jews:History, Memory, and the Present, p.22.
① Mordechai Aviam, "Yodefat/Jotapata:The Archaeology of the First Battle," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, London:Routledge,2002, p, 121.
① Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.573.
②Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.257-259.
③Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.338.
①Mordechai Aviam, "Yodefat/Jotapata:The Archaeology of the First Battle," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.121.
② Josephus. The Jewish War, Ⅱ.570-573.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅱ.574-575.
① Josephus. The Jewish War, Ⅲ.110.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.60.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.85.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.80.
⑤ Danny Syon, "Gamla:City of Refuge," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.150.
①该书中文版参见：弗朗西斯·康福德：《修昔底德：神话,与历史之间》(Thucydides Mythistoricus),孙艳萍译,上海三联书店2006年版。
② Jonathan & Daniel Boyarin, Powers of Diaspora:Two Essays on the Relevance of Jewish Culture, Minneapolis, Minn.:University of Minnesota Press,2002, p.49.
③ E. M. Bruner & P. Gorfain, "Dialogic Narration and the Paradoxes of Masada," in S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner, eds., Text, Play, and Story:The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society, Washington:The American Ethnological Society,1984, p.70.
①对提图斯的憎恨之情,可以从本-撒凯预言韦斯巴芗称为皇帝的事迹中看出,比较约瑟犬斯的预言,少了韦斯巴芗的儿子们而唯独韦斯巴芗自己。
②Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, ⅩⅧ.63-64.
③伽达默尔：《真理与方法》,洪汉鼎译,上海译文出版社1999年版,第19页。
①罗伯特·M.塞尔茨：《犹太的思想》,赵立行、冯玮译,上海三联书店1994年版,第689页。
②Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, p.16.
③ Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed, Ⅰ.11.
④ Jacob Neusner, The Way of Torah:An Introduction to Judaism, Belmont, Calif.:Wadsworth,1993, p.71.
①Richard G Marks, The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature:False Messiah and National Hero, University Park, Pa.:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994, p.204.
②根据《约西宾书》的现代整理者——大卫·弗拉塞的研究,它成书于公元953年。
① Steven Bowman,"' Yosippon'and Jewish Nationalism," Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol.61 (1995), pp.24-25.
①查姆·伯曼特：《犹太人》,冯玮译,上海三联书店1991年版,第25页。
② Sefer Yosippon, ed., David Flusser, Vol.1, Jerusalem:The Bialik Institute,1978, p.430.
③ Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), pp.72-73.
④ Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1995, p.185.
① Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History:Les Lieux de Memoire," Representations, No.26, (Spring 1989), p.12.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.231.
① Yigael Yadin, "Masada," Encyclopedia Judaic, Vol.11, Jerusalem:Keter Publishing House Ltd.,1971, p. 1079.
② Neil Asher Silberman, "The First Revolt and Its After Life," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.243.
③ Shlomo Avineri, The Making of Modern Zionism:Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State, New York: Basic Books,1981, p.12.
① Arthur Hertzberg, ed., The Zionist Idea:A Historical Analysis and Reader, Philadelphia:The Jewish Publication Society,1997, p.184.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,钱乃复等译,新华出版社1987年版,第10页。
① David Vital, Zionism:The Crucial Phase, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1987, p. vii.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第105页。
③ S. Almog, Zionism and History:The Rise of a New Jewish Consciousness, New York:St. Martin's Press, 1987, p.309.
① Paul R.Mendes-Flohr & Jehuda Reinharz,eds.,The Jew in the Modern World:A Documentary History, New York:Oxford University Pross,1980,p.547.
②西奥多·赫茨尔：《犹太国》,肖宪译,商务印书馆1993年版,第91页。
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.22.
② Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.22.
①罗伯特·M.塞尔茨：《犹太的思想》,第680页。
② Neil Asher Silberman, A Prophet from amongst You:The Life of Yigal Yadin:Soldier, Scholar, and Mythmaker of Modern Israel, Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley,1993, p.11.
③ Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.24.
①Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.23.
② Yosef Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, New York,1925, p.204
③ Alain Dieckhoff, The Invention of a Nation:Zionist Thought and the Making of Modern Israel, London: Hurst & Company,2003, p.130.
④ Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.35.
① Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.88.
② Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.89.
③ Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.49.
④ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.221.
① Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.74.
② Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.10, p.1363
③ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.199.
④ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.199.
①沃尔特·拉克：《犹太复国主义史》,第386页。
② Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.229.
③ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.215.
④ Barry Schwartz, Yael Zerubavel, and Bernice M. Bamett, "The Recovery of Masada:A Study in Collective Memory," The Sociological Quarterly, Vol.27, No.2 (1986), p.158.
① Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.234.
② Stephen Owen, Remembrances:The Experience of the Past in Classic Chinese Literature, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1986.
① Charles S. Liebman & Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel:Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State, Berkeley, Calif.:University of California Press,1983, p.38.
① Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, translated by Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta, Berkeley:University of California Press,2000, p.233.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第6页。
③ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.60.
④ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.247.
① J. B. Harley & David Wooward, eds., History of Cartography, Vol.1, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987, p.506.
② Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.14.
③ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.27.
① Thongchai Winnichakul, Siam Mapped:A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1994.
② Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory, New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1995, p.30.
③有关“自然国族化”的论述,参见Oliver Zimmer, "In Search of Natural Identity:Alpine Landscape and the Reconstruction of the Swiss Nation," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.40, No.4 (Oct.,1998), pp.637-665.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda,The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel,pp.71-72.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.67.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.121.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.113.
② Ana Maria Alonso, "The Effects of Truth:Re-Presentations of the Past and the Imagining of Community," Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol.1, No.1 (March 1985), p.39.
③ W. F. Albright, "To Engedi and Masada," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol.18 (1925), pp.11-14.
④ Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1998, p.85.
⑤ Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, p.85.
① Nachman Ben-Ychuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.129.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p. 196.
② Bar-Tal, Daniel. "The Masada Syndrome:A Case of Central Belief," in Norman Milgram, ed., Stress and Coping in Time of War, New York:Brunner/Mazel,1986, p.32.
③凯马尔·H.卡尔帕特编：《当代中东的政治和社会思想》,陈和丰等译,中国社会科学出版社1992年版,第396—397页。
①Charles S. Liebman, "Myth, Tradition and Values in Israeli Society," Midstream, Vol.24 (1978), p.44.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第63页。
③参见摩西·齐默尔曼：《以色列人日常生活中的迫害神话》,载哈拉尔德·韦尔策编：《社会记忆：历史、回忆、传承》,季斌等译,北京大学出版社2007年版,第229页。
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.206.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第51—52页。
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.93.
④ Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.125.
①Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, pp.32-33.
②Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.70.
③Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.68.
④参见格瓦蒂：《以色列移民与开发百年史：1880—1980》,何大明译,中国社会科学出版社1996年版,第177页。
①沃尔特·拉克：《犹太复国主义史》,第633页。
②Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.274.
③Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, p.19.
①Tsvi Ilan, To Masada in the Zealot s Footsteps, Tel Aviv: Shreberk,1973, p.3.
① Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, Skokie, Illinois:Varda Books,2001, p.169.
② Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine": The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.15.
③乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,上海外国语学院英语系翻译组译,上海译文出版社1980年版,第299页。
① Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine" The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.26.
② Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine" The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.17.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.136.
②乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,第399页。
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.74.
④ Yael Zerubavcl, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.76.
① Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, p.191.
② Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, p.192.
③ Yoav Gelber, Masada:The Defence of Palestine during World War 11, Ramat Gan:Bar Illan University Press,1990, p.56.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.133-134.
② Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.72.
③ Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.81.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.54.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute, 1996, p.207.
③ M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute, 1996, p.207.
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, pp.330-331.
② Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.349.
① Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, p.93.
② Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine, 1939-1945, p.284.
③ Tom Segev, The Seventh Million:The Israelis and the Holocaust, New York:Hill and Wang,1993, p. 87.
④ Judith Tydor Baumel, "The Heroism of Hannah Senesz:An Exercise in Creating Collective National Memory in the State of Israel," Journal of Contemporary History,Vol.31, No.3 (July 1996), pp.521-546.
① M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.215.
① M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.216.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.216.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.213.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.221.
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,杜先菊、彭艳译,商务印书馆1997年版,第177页。
②诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第194页。
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.142.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Political Assassinations by Jews:A Rhetorical Device for Justice, Albany:State University of New York Press,1993, p.397.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.113.
②Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.312.
③乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,第57页。
① Joseph Heller,"'Neither Masada-Nor Vichy':Diplomacy and Resistance in Zionist Politics, 1945-1947," The International History Review, Vol.3, No.4 (Oct.,1981), p.558.
② Jay Y. Gonen, A Psychohistory of Zionism, New York:Mason/Charter,1975, p.178.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.138.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.139.
① Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.101.
① David Ohana, "Kfar Etzion:The Community of Memory and the Myth of Return," Israel Studies, Vol.7, No.2 (Summer 2002), pp.162-163.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.130.
① Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States, London:Menthuen,1977, p.107.
②诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第403—404页。
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第168页。
④ Charles S. Liebman & Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel:Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State, Berkeley, Calif.:University of California Press,1983.
① Uri Ram, "Historiosophical Foundations of the Historical Strife in Israel," in Anita Shapira & Derek J. Penslar, eds., Israeli Historical Revisionism:From Left to Right, London:Frank Cass Publishers,2003, p.46.
② Ben-Gurion, Recollections, ed., Thomas R. Bransten, London:MacDonald,1970, p.125.
① Benjamin Beit-Hallakmi, Original Sins:Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel, London:Pluto Press,1992, p.119.
①亨利·卡坦：《巴勒斯坦,阿拉伯人和以色列》,西北大学伊斯兰教研究所译,北京人民出版社1975年版,第92-93页。
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.168.
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第63页。
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.161-162.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.161.
③ Stuart A. Cohen, Israel and Its Army:From Cohesion to Confusion, London & New York:Routledge, 2008, p.31.
① S. Ilan Troen & Noah Lucas, eds., Israel:The First Decade of Independence, New York:State University of New York Press,1995, pp.596-597.
②纳达夫·萨弗兰：《以色列的历史和概况》,北京大学历史系翻译小组译,人民出版社1973年版,第360—361页。
③ Ze'ev Drory, The Israel Defence Force and the Foundation of Israel:Utopia in Uniform, London: RoutledgeCurzon,2005, p.186.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.152.
① Mordechai Yaakubovitz, From Palmach to Zahal, Tel Aviv:Amichai,1953, p.65.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, "The Masada Mythical Narrative in the Israeli Army," in Edna Lomsky-Feder & Eyal Ben-Ari, eds., The Military and Militarism in Israeli Society, New York:State University of New York Press, 1999, p.67.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.151.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.163.
③ B. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada," Tradition, Vol.28 (1979), p.363.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.84.
② Ze'ev Drory, The Israel Defence Force and the Foundation of Israel:Utopia in Uniform, p.24
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.246.
② Amos Elon, "Politics and Archaeology," in Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.40.
③ M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.217.
① Baruch Kimmerling. "Academic History Caught in the Cross-Fire:The Case of Israeli-Jewish Historiography," History & Memory, Vol.7, No.1 (Spring/Summer 1995), p.57.
①参见Na'ama Sheffi, "Israeli Education System in Search of a Pantheon of Heroes,1948-1967," Israel Studies, Vol.7, No.2 (Summer 2002), pp.62-83; Tali Tadmor Shimony, "The Pantheon of National Hero Prototypes in Educational Texts Understanding Curriculum as a Narrative of National Heroism," Jewish History, Vol.17, No.3 (2003), pp.309-322.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.111.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.167.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.167.
① Moshe Breslavski, When Masada Fell, Tel Aviv:Am Oved (Hebrew),1941.
② B. Meizel, "To Masada," Davar Leyladim, Vol.12, No.21 (Feb.12,1942), p.162.
③ Avi Shmuel, "The Gospel of Masada (An Ancient Legend)," Davar Leyladim, Vol.12, No.33 (May 7, 1942), p.259.
④ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.210.
⑤ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.211.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.82.
②米歇尔·福柯：《规训与惩罚》,刘北成等译,三联书店1999年版,第29—30页。
①卡西尔：《符号·神话·文化》,李小兵译,东方出版社1988年版,第201页。
②卡西尔：《国家的神话》,范进等译,华夏出版社1999年版,第343-344页。
③卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第358页。
④卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第347页。
①卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第347页。
②卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第352页。
③莫里斯·哈布瓦赫：《论集体记忆》,第303-323页。
④ R. F. Baumeister & S. Hastings, "Distortions of Collective Memory:How Groups Flatter and Deceive themselves," in J. M. Pennehaker, B. Paez & B. Rime, eds., Collective Memory of Political Events:Social Psychological Perspectives, New Jersey:Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,1997, pp.277-293.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.218.
①米歇尔·福柯：《规训与惩罚》,第113页。
① Joan Gero, "Socio-Politics of Archaeology and the Woman-at-Home Ideology," American Antiquity, Vol. 50(1985), p.342.
②探讨民族主义与考古学之间关系的重要研究有：Philip L. Kohl, "Nationalism and Archaeology:On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past," Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 27 (1998), pp.223-246; Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett, eds., Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995; Philip L. Kohl, Mara Kozelsky, and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, eds., Selective Remembrances:Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007.
③ Yaacov Shavit, "Archaeology, Political Culture, and Culture in Israel," in Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, pp.48-49.
① Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, London:Penguin Books,1991, p.149.
② Amos Elon, The Israelis:Founders and Sons, New York:Holt,1971, p.289.
③ Nadia Abu el-Haj, Facts on the Ground:Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001, p.167.
① Anita Shapira, "Whatever Became of'Negating Exile'?" in Shapira, Anita, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, London:Praeger Publishers,2004, pp.80-81.
② Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.37.
③ A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1988, p.188.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.243.
② Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerster, and Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅱ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989, p. 185.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.245.
① Yigael Yadin, The Message of the Scrolls, New York:Simon and Schuster,1957, p.14.
②1964年古里安在信中写道：“我曾经以为(现在我仍持这个意见)伊格尔·亚丁是有资格成为总理的人选……”参见米迦勒·巴尔-祖海尔：《现代以色列之父本-古里安传》,刘瑞祥等译,中国社会科学出版社1994年版,第78页。
①参见Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba:The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome, New York:Random House,1971, p.15.
② Neil Asher Silberman, A Prophet from amongst You:The Life of Yigal Yadin:Soldier, Scholar, and Mythmaker of Modern Israel, pp.284-288.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.203参见Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerstor, Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅰ-Ⅶ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989-2006.
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.247.
③ Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.247.
④ Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.251.
① Yigacl Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.15.
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.13.
③ Yigacl Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.197.
① Neil Asher Silberman, Between Past and Present:Archeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East, New York:Anchor Books,1989, p.89.
② Moshe Pearlman, The Zealots of Masada, London:Hamish Hamilton,1967.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, New York:Humanity Books,2002.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.166.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth ofMasada, p.87.
②Haaretz,March 13(1969),p.3.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, p.136.
② George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers:Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, New York:Oxford University Press,1990, p.78.
③本尼迪克特·安德森：《想象的共同体》,吴叡人译,上海人民出版社2005年版,第9页。
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第351页。
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.88.
①徐向群、余崇建主编：《第三圣殿》,上海远东出版社1994年版,第397—398页。
① Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness:State, Society, and the Military, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London:University of California Press,2001, p.212.
②默里等编：《缔造战略：统治者、国家战争》,时殷弘等译,世界知识出版社2004年版,第567页。
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第304页。
④劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第302页。
①参孙是《圣经》中著名的士师,力大无穷、英勇无比,但也有其致命的“阿基里斯之踵”——其力量在于其头发之上,一旦剃光其头发力量也就不再。以色列人在参孙率领下对非利士人取得一场场胜利,无奈之下,非利士人知道参孙喜好女色的弱点之后,通过妓女大利拉得知参孙的秘密,非利士人趁参孙熟睡之时剪去其力量根本的头发并剜掉他的双目,从而为非利士人所擒。随后又被缚在两根大柱之间任由敌人戏弄,参孙在此情形下抱定必死决心,祈求上帝赐给他力量使之与敌人同归于尽。最后,参孙“我情愿与非利士人同死!”死的时候杀死的敌人比活着时还多,但参孙自己也因此丧命。
② Moshe Halevi Spero, "Samson and Masada:Altruistic Suicides Reconsidered," Psychoanalytic Review, Vol.65, No.4 (Winter 1978), p.357.
③ "The Moral of Masada," Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, Vol.7 (1963), p.2.
① Stewart Alsop,"The Masada Complex," Newsweek, July 12 (1971), p.92.
② Jaacov Reuel, "Sisco and Masada Complex," Jerusalem Post,1971-8-3.
① Stewart Alsop, "Again, Masada Complex," Newsweek, March 19 (1973), p.104.
② Haaretz, April 29 (1973), p.5.
③ Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.20.
① Yigael Yadin, "1900 Years since the Fall of Masada," Maariv, April 16 (1973), p.15.
② Moshe Dayan, Masada, Pairs:Armand & Georges Israel,1983, p.47.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.256.
①劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第314—315页。
②Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.248.
③Robert Paine, "Masada:A History of a Memory," History and Anthropology, Vol.6 (1994), p.392.
① Rudy J. Koshar, Germany's Transient Pasts:Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1998, p.16.
②这些文章按时间先后顺序为：Bernard Heller, "Masada and the Talmud," Tradition, Vol.10, No.2 (Winter 1968), pp.31-34; Sidney B. Hoenig, "The Sicarii in Masada-Glory or Infamy?" Tradition, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring 1970), pp.5-30; Shubert Spero, "In Defense of the Defenders of Masada," Tradition, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring 1970), pp.31-43; Louis I. Rabinowitz, "The Masada Martyrs According to the Halakhah," Tradition, Vol. 11, No.3 (Fall 1970), pp.31-37; Zvi Kolitz, "Masada-Suicide or Murder?" Tradition, Vol.12, No.1 (Summer 1971), pp.5-26; Dov I. Frimer, "Masada-In the Light of Halakhah," Tradition, Vol.12, No.1 (Summer 1971), pp. 27-43; Sidney B. Hoenig, "Historical Masada and the Halakhah," Tradition, Vol.13, No.2 (Fall 1972), pp. 100-116.
① Jacob Neusner, A Life of Yohanan Ben-Zakkai ca 1-80 CE, Leiden:Brill,1970, p.175.
② Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (Summer 1982), p.59.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.231.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.231.
① Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (Summer 1982), p.59.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, Durham & London:Duke University Press,2004, p.249.
① Richard A. Horsley, "The Sicarii:Ancient Jewish 'Terrorists'," The Journal of Religion, Vol.59, No.4 (Oct.,1979), pp.435-458.
② Solomon Zeitlin, "Masada and the Sicarii," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.56 (1965), pp.299-317; idem, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), pp.251-270.
③ Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.264.
① Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.265.
② Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.261.
① Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.262.
② Trude Weiss-Rosmarim, "Masada and Yavneh," Jewish Spectator, Vol.31 (1966), pp.4-7; idem, "Masada, Josephus and Yadin," Jewish Spectator, Vol.32 (1967), pp.2-8,30-32; idem, "Masada Revisited," Jewish Spectator, Vol.34 (1969), pp.3-5,29-32; idem, "Josephus's'Eleazar Speech'and Historical Credibility," Jewish Spectator, Vol.46 (1981), pp.4-9.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, V.362-374,376-419.
① Michael Feige, "Rescuing the Person from the Symbol:'Peace Now'and the Ironies of Modern Myth," History & Memory, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring/Summer 1999), p.146.
② Baila R. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada Myth," Judaism, Vol.28 (1979), p.370.
④ Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (1982), p.55.
① Yael Zcrubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.85.
② Dalia Ofer, "Fifty Years of Israeli Discourse on the Holocaust:Characteristics and Dilemmas," in Anita Shapira, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, p.154.
① D. H. Akenson, God's Peoples:Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992, p.249.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.80.
① Anita Shapira, "Whatever Became of 'Negating Exile'," in Anita Shapira, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, p.90.
②钟志清：《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期。
③ Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.23.
④ E. M. Bruner & P. Gorfain, "Dialogic Narration and the Paradoxes of Masada," in S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner, eds., Text, Play, and Story:The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society, p.63.
① Marie Syrkin, "The Paradox of Masada," Midstream, Vol.19, No.8 (Oct.,1973), p.67.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.89.
① Theodore Sasson & Shaul Kelner, "From Shrine to Forum:Masada and the Politics of Jewish Extremism," Israel Studies, Vol.13, No.2 (Summer 2007), p.152.
② Charles S. Liebman & Eliczcr Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel, pp.150-151.
①劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第395—396页。
②Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stands p.25.
①Ha'aretz,July 15(1962),p.2.
① Ha'aretz, March 26 (1971), p.8.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, p.248.
① "President George W. Bush's Speech at the Knesset," May 15 (2008), See http://www.pmo.gov.il.参见Herb Keinon & Rebecca Anna Stoil, "Bush to Knesset:Masada will Never Fall Again," Jerusalem Post, May 16 (2008), p.1.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.204-205.
② Honora Howell Chaponan, "Masada in the 1st and 21st Centuries," in Zuleika Rodgers, ed., Making History:Josephus and Historical Method, p.84.
①Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p. 136.
①凯马尔·H.卡尔帕特编：《当代中东的政治和社会思想》,第377页。
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第402页。
② Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.20.
④ Mitchell Cohen, Zion and State:Nation, Class and the Shaping of Modern Israel, New York:Basil Blackwell,1987, p.215.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, pp. 221-223.
①参见安东尼·史密斯：《民族主义：理论,意识形态,历史》,叶江译,上海人民出版社2006年版。
②Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, p.12.
① David Baile, Power and Powerless in Jewish History, New York:Schocken Books,1986, p.210.
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31.陈蕴茜：《崇拜与记忆——孙中山符号的建构与传播》,南京大学出版社2009年版。
32.黄洋：《希腊城邦的公共空间与政治文化》,载《历史研究》2001年第5期。
33.黄洋：《古代希腊罗马文明的“东方”想像》,载《历史研究》2006年第1期。
34.黄洋：《古典希腊理想化：作为一种文化现象的Hellenism》,载《中国社会科学》2009年第2期。
35.李恭忠：《中山陵：一个现代政治符号的诞生》,社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
36.潘光主编：《犹太研究三十年：1978--2008》,上海社会科学院出版社2009年版。
37.沈坚：《法国史学的新发展》,载《史学理论研究》2000年第3期。
38.沈坚：《记忆与历史的博弈：法国记忆史的建构》,载《中国社会科学》2010年第3期。
39.宋立宏：《犹太战争与巴勒斯坦罗马化之两难》,载《世界历史》2002年第1期。
40.宋立宏：《犹太集体记忆视域下的巴尔·科赫巴书信》,载《历史研究》2011年第2期。
41.王炎：《奥斯威辛之后：犹太大屠杀记忆的影像生产》,三联书店2007年版。
42.殷罡主编：《阿以冲突——问题与出路》,国际文化出版公司2002年版。
43.徐向群、余崇建主编：《第三圣殿——以色列的崛起》,上海远东出版社1994年版。
44.徐新、凌继尧主编：《犹太百科全书》,上海人民出版社1998年版。
45.徐新：《犹太文化史》,北京大学出版社2006年版。
46.张倩红：《后大屠杀时代：纳粹屠犹的社会后果分析》,载《史学月刊》2005年第9期。
47.张倩红：《以色列史》,人民出版社2008年版。
48.钟志清：《当代以色列作家研究》,人民文学出版社2006年版。
49.钟志清：《式犹太人与新型希伯来人》,载《读书》2007年第7期。
50.钟志清：《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期。
51.钟志清：《希伯来语复兴与犹太民族国家建立》,载《历史研究》2010年第2期。
52.钟志清：《第二代大屠杀文学与犹太认同》,载潘光等主编：《犹太人在美国》,时事出版社2010年版。
1. Haaretz (English Edition, Internet), See www.haaretz.com.
2. Jerusalem Post (Internet), See www.jpost.com.
3. Jerusalem Report (Internet), See www.jrep.com.
4. Israel21c (Internet), See www.israe121c.org.
5. World Heritage Centre, See www.unesco.org.
②埃里克·霍布斯鲍姆等编：《传统的发明》,顾杭、庞冠群译,译林出版社2004年版,第5页。
①Harold D. Lasswell & Abraham Kaplan, Power and Society-A Frame Work for Political Inquiry, New Haven, Connecticut:Yale University Press,1963, p.103.
②Charles E. Merriam, Systematic Politics, Chicago:Chicago University Press,1947, p.88.
①Pierre Bourdieu, "Symbolic Power," in D. Gleeson, ed., Identity and Structure, Briffield:Nafferton Books,1977, p.117.
② Encyclopedia Britannica, Vol.15, Chicago:Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.,1983, p.36.
③哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《世界大战中的宣传技巧》,张洁、田青译,中国人民大学出版社2003年版,第22页。
④哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《世界大战中的宣传技巧》,第23页。
①哈罗德·D.拉斯韦尔：《政治学》,杨昌裕译,商务印书馆2003年版,第1 38页。
①保罗·康纳顿：《社会如何记忆》,纳日碧力戈译,上海人民出版社2000年版,导论,第1－4页。
②Marie Syrkin, "The Paradox of Masada," Midstream, Vol.19, No.8 (Oct.,1973), p.67.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.88.
① Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, London:Routledge, 1990, p.19.
②迈克尔·麦杰：《文本、泛文本与当代文化裂片》,载肯尼斯·博克等编：《当代西方修辞学：演讲与话语批评》,常昌富等译,中国社会科学出版社1998年版,第263页。
③ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The Jews:History, Memory, and the Present, New York:Columbia University Press,1996, p.56.
①具体成果的总结,可以参见潘光主编： 《犹太研究三十年,1978—2008》,上海社会科学院出版社2009年版。
①莫里斯·哈布瓦赫：《论集体记忆》,毕然、郭金华译,上海人民出版社2002年版,第71页。
② Pierre Nora, ed., Les Lieux de Memoire, Paris:Gallimard,1984-1992该书被翻译成英文后,缩编成(?)卷：Pierre Nora, ed., Realms of Memory,3 Vols, New York:Columbia University Press,1996-1998.
③参见沈坚： 《法国史学的新发展》,载《史学理论研究》2000年第3期；《记忆与历史的博弈：法国记忆史的建构》,载《中国社会科学》2010年第3期。
④ Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History:Les Lieux de Memoire" Representations, No.26 (Spring 1989), pp.7-24.
① Jan Assmann, Das Kulturelles Gedachtnis, Munchen:Verlag C. H. Beck,1992, p.47.
② Jan Assmann, Moses the Egyptian:The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1997, pp.8-9.
③ Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, Seattle & London:University of Washington Press,1982.
④ Ronald Hendel, Remembering Abraham:Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2005, p. ix.
① Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, p.5.
② Martin Goodman, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies, Oxford:Oxford University Press,2002, p.935.
①其主要成果有：《当代以色列作家研究》,人民文学出版社2006年版,第八章；《旧式犹太人与新型希伯来人》,载《读书》2007年第7期；《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期；《第二代大屠杀文学与与犹太认同》,载潘光等主编：《犹太人在美国》,时事出版社2010年版,等等。
②参见钟志清：《希伯来语复兴‘j犹太民族国家建立》,载《历史研究》2010年第2期。
③王炎：《奥斯威辛之后：犹太大屠杀记忆的影像生产》,三联书店2007年版。
④宋立宏：《犹太集体记忆视域下的巴尔·科赫巴书信》,载《历史研究》2011年第2期。
⑤参见李志芬：《以色列民族构建研究：意识形态、族群与宗教因素的探讨》,西北大学博士学位论文2009年。
①详情参见本文第六章第二节。
② Bernard Lewis, History:Remembered, Recovered, Invented, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1975.
③ Baila R. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada Myth," Judaism, Vol.28 (1979), pp.357-371.
④按时间顺序为：Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (1982), pp.57-63; Daniel Bar-Tal, "The Masada Syndrome:A Case of Central Belief," in Norman Milgram, ed., Stress and Coping in Time of War, New York:Brunner/Mazel,1986, pp.32-51; Barry Schwartz, Yael Zerubavel, Bernice M. Barnett, "The Recovery of Masada:A Study in Collective Memory," The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 27, No.2 (1986), pp.147-164; Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, translated by William Templer, Stanford, California:Stanford University Press,1992; Robert Paine, "Masada:A History of a Memory," History and Anthropology, Vol.6, No.4 (1994), pp.371-409.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, Madison:The University of Wisconsin Press,1995; Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1995.
②Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, New York:Humanity Books,2002.
③Yael Zerubavel, The Last Stand:On the Transformation of Symbols in Modern Israeli Culture, Ph.D. Diss., Philadelphia:University of Pennsylvania,1980.
④Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), pp.72-100; idem, "The Multivocality of a National Myth:Memory and Counter-Memories of Masada," in Robert Wisrich & David Ohana, eds., The Shaping of Israeli Identity:Myth, Memory and Trauma, pp.110-128; idem, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, pp.233-252.
⑤在这两本力作之后,有两篇论文也值得关注：M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute,1996, pp.203-27; Theodore Sasson & Shaul Kelner, "From Shrine to Forum:Masada and the Politics of Jewish Extremism," Israel Studies, Vol.13, No.2 (Summer 2007), pp.146-163.
①Josephus, The Jewish War, The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1927-1928.目前国内有两个约瑟夫斯《犹太战记》的译本：保罗·梅尔编译：《约瑟夫著作精选：<犹太古史>、<犹太战记>节本》,王志勇译,北京大学出版社2004年版；约瑟福斯：《犹太战争》,王丽丽等译,山东大学出版社2007年版。前者为节选本,内容存在大量的删减；而后者的版本在章节与段落的划分上与西方学界通用的“洛布本”存在巨大差距。这两个版本都存在一些问题,因此本文参考的是希腊文、英文对照的“洛布本”。
②Sefer Yosippon, ed., David Flusser,2 Vols, Jerusalem:The Bialik Institute,1978-1980.
③Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stand, translated by Moshe Pearlman, London:Weidenfeld & Nicolson,1966.
④Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerster, and Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅰ-Ⅶ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989-2006.
⑤Issac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, ed., Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, Ithaca, N. Y.:Cornell University Press,1971, pp.199-234.
①Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.280-283.
②Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.292-294.
① Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), New York:Walter de Gruyter,1984, p.769.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.285.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.399.参见S. Zeitlin, "Masada and the Sicarii," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.56 (1965), p.299.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅰ.286.
①Josephus. The Jewish War. Ⅶ.286-289.
② Josephus. The Jewish War. Ⅶ.298.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.296.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.300-303.
① Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.40.
②Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅳ.407.
①Joscphus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.323-336.
① Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.381-388.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.401.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.407-408
① Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.398-399.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.401-405.
③ Jonathan Roth, "The Length of the Siege of Masada," Scripta Classica Israelica, Vol.14 (1995), p.109.
① Jodi Magness, "Masada-Arms and the Men," Biblical Archaeology Review, Vol.18, No.4 (1992), p.64.
② C. Hawkes, "The Roman Siege of Masada," Antiquity, Vol.3 (1929), p.204.
③ Kenneth Atkinson, "Noble Deaths at Gamla and Masada? A Critical Assessment of Josephus'Accounts of Jewish Resistance in Light of Archaeological Discoveries," in Zuleika Rodgers, ed., Making History:Josephus and Historical Method, Leiden:Brill,2007, p.351.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.336-340.
① Joseohus. The Jewish War, Ⅶ.390-395.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅶ.398-400.
③ Pierre Vidal-Naquet, The Jews:History, Memory, and the Present, p.22.
① Mordechai Aviam, "Yodefat/Jotapata:The Archaeology of the First Battle," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, London:Routledge,2002, p, 121.
① Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.573.
②Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.257-259.
③Josephus,The Jewish War,Ⅱ.338.
①Mordechai Aviam, "Yodefat/Jotapata:The Archaeology of the First Battle," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.121.
② Josephus. The Jewish War, Ⅱ.570-573.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅱ.574-575.
① Josephus. The Jewish War, Ⅲ.110.
② Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.60.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.85.
④ Josephus, The Jewish War, Ⅳ.80.
⑤ Danny Syon, "Gamla:City of Refuge," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.150.
①该书中文版参见：弗朗西斯·康福德：《修昔底德：神话,与历史之间》(Thucydides Mythistoricus),孙艳萍译,上海三联书店2006年版。
② Jonathan & Daniel Boyarin, Powers of Diaspora:Two Essays on the Relevance of Jewish Culture, Minneapolis, Minn.:University of Minnesota Press,2002, p.49.
③ E. M. Bruner & P. Gorfain, "Dialogic Narration and the Paradoxes of Masada," in S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner, eds., Text, Play, and Story:The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society, Washington:The American Ethnological Society,1984, p.70.
①对提图斯的憎恨之情,可以从本-撒凯预言韦斯巴芗称为皇帝的事迹中看出,比较约瑟犬斯的预言,少了韦斯巴芗的儿子们而唯独韦斯巴芗自己。
②Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, ⅩⅧ.63-64.
③伽达默尔：《真理与方法》,洪汉鼎译,上海译文出版社1999年版,第19页。
①罗伯特·M.塞尔茨：《犹太的思想》,赵立行、冯玮译,上海三联书店1994年版,第689页。
②Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi, Zakhor:Jewish History and Jewish Memory, p.16.
③ Maimonides, Guide of the Perplexed, Ⅰ.11.
④ Jacob Neusner, The Way of Torah:An Introduction to Judaism, Belmont, Calif.:Wadsworth,1993, p.71.
①Richard G Marks, The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature:False Messiah and National Hero, University Park, Pa.:Pennsylvania State University Press,1994, p.204.
②根据《约西宾书》的现代整理者——大卫·弗拉塞的研究,它成书于公元953年。
① Steven Bowman,"' Yosippon'and Jewish Nationalism," Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, Vol.61 (1995), pp.24-25.
①查姆·伯曼特：《犹太人》,冯玮译,上海三联书店1991年版,第25页。
② Sefer Yosippon, ed., David Flusser, Vol.1, Jerusalem:The Bialik Institute,1978, p.430.
③ Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), pp.72-73.
④ Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, Chicago & London:The University of Chicago Press,1995, p.185.
① Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History:Les Lieux de Memoire," Representations, No.26, (Spring 1989), p.12.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.231.
① Yigael Yadin, "Masada," Encyclopedia Judaic, Vol.11, Jerusalem:Keter Publishing House Ltd.,1971, p. 1079.
② Neil Asher Silberman, "The First Revolt and Its After Life," in Andrea M. Berlin & J. Andrew Overman, eds., The First Jewish Revolt:Archaeology, History, and Ideology, p.243.
③ Shlomo Avineri, The Making of Modern Zionism:Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State, New York: Basic Books,1981, p.12.
① Arthur Hertzberg, ed., The Zionist Idea:A Historical Analysis and Reader, Philadelphia:The Jewish Publication Society,1997, p.184.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,钱乃复等译,新华出版社1987年版,第10页。
① David Vital, Zionism:The Crucial Phase, Oxford:Clarendon Press,1987, p. vii.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第105页。
③ S. Almog, Zionism and History:The Rise of a New Jewish Consciousness, New York:St. Martin's Press, 1987, p.309.
① Paul R.Mendes-Flohr & Jehuda Reinharz,eds.,The Jew in the Modern World:A Documentary History, New York:Oxford University Pross,1980,p.547.
②西奥多·赫茨尔：《犹太国》,肖宪译,商务印书馆1993年版,第91页。
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.22.
② Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.22.
①罗伯特·M.塞尔茨：《犹太的思想》,第680页。
② Neil Asher Silberman, A Prophet from amongst You:The Life of Yigal Yadin:Soldier, Scholar, and Mythmaker of Modern Israel, Reading, Mass.:Addison-Wesley,1993, p.11.
③ Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.24.
①Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.23.
② Yosef Klausner, Jesus of Nazareth, New York,1925, p.204
③ Alain Dieckhoff, The Invention of a Nation:Zionist Thought and the Making of Modern Israel, London: Hurst & Company,2003, p.130.
④ Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.35.
① Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.88.
② Louis H. Feldman, Josephus and Modern Scholarship (1937-1980), p.89.
③ Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.49.
④ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.221.
① Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.74.
② Encyclopedia Judaica, Vol.10, p.1363
③ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.199.
④ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.199.
①沃尔特·拉克：《犹太复国主义史》,第386页。
② Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.229.
③ Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.215.
④ Barry Schwartz, Yael Zerubavel, and Bernice M. Bamett, "The Recovery of Masada:A Study in Collective Memory," The Sociological Quarterly, Vol.27, No.2 (1986), p.158.
① Isaac Lamdan, "Masada," in Leon I. Yudkin, Isaac Lamdan:A Study in Twentieth-Century Hebrew Poetry, p.234.
② Stephen Owen, Remembrances:The Experience of the Past in Classic Chinese Literature, Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press,1986.
① Charles S. Liebman & Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel:Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State, Berkeley, Calif.:University of California Press,1983, p.38.
① Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, translated by Maxine Kaufman-Lacusta, Berkeley:University of California Press,2000, p.233.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第6页。
③ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.60.
④ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.247.
① J. B. Harley & David Wooward, eds., History of Cartography, Vol.1, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1987, p.506.
② Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.14.
③ Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.27.
① Thongchai Winnichakul, Siam Mapped:A History of the Geo-Body of a Nation, Honolulu:University of Hawaii Press,1994.
② Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory, New York:Alfred A. Knopf,1995, p.30.
③有关“自然国族化”的论述,参见Oliver Zimmer, "In Search of Natural Identity:Alpine Landscape and the Reconstruction of the Swiss Nation," Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol.40, No.4 (Oct.,1998), pp.637-665.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda,The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel,pp.71-72.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.67.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.121.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.113.
② Ana Maria Alonso, "The Effects of Truth:Re-Presentations of the Past and the Imagining of Community," Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol.1, No.1 (March 1985), p.39.
③ W. F. Albright, "To Engedi and Masada," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Vol.18 (1925), pp.11-14.
④ Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, Bloomington:Indiana University Press,1998, p.85.
⑤ Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, p.85.
① Nachman Ben-Ychuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.129.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p. 196.
② Bar-Tal, Daniel. "The Masada Syndrome:A Case of Central Belief," in Norman Milgram, ed., Stress and Coping in Time of War, New York:Brunner/Mazel,1986, p.32.
③凯马尔·H.卡尔帕特编：《当代中东的政治和社会思想》,陈和丰等译,中国社会科学出版社1992年版,第396—397页。
①Charles S. Liebman, "Myth, Tradition and Values in Israeli Society," Midstream, Vol.24 (1978), p.44.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第63页。
③参见摩西·齐默尔曼：《以色列人日常生活中的迫害神话》,载哈拉尔德·韦尔策编：《社会记忆：历史、回忆、传承》,季斌等译,北京大学出版社2007年版,第229页。
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.206.
②劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第51—52页。
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.93.
④ Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.125.
①Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, pp.32-33.
②Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.70.
③Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.68.
④参见格瓦蒂：《以色列移民与开发百年史：1880—1980》,何大明译,中国社会科学出版社1996年版,第177页。
①沃尔特·拉克：《犹太复国主义史》,第633页。
②Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.274.
③Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, p.19.
①Tsvi Ilan, To Masada in the Zealot s Footsteps, Tel Aviv: Shreberk,1973, p.3.
① Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, Skokie, Illinois:Varda Books,2001, p.169.
② Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine": The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.15.
③乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,上海外国语学院英语系翻译组译,上海译文出版社1980年版,第299页。
① Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine" The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.26.
② Klaus-Michael Mallmann & Martin Cuppers, "Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine" The Einsatzkommando of the Panzer Army Africa,1942," Yad Vashem Studies, Vol.35, No.1 (2007), p.17.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.136.
②乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,第399页。
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.74.
④ Yael Zerubavcl, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.76.
① Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, p.191.
② Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine,1939-1945, p.192.
③ Yoav Gelber, Masada:The Defence of Palestine during World War 11, Ramat Gan:Bar Illan University Press,1990, p.56.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.133-134.
② Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p.72.
③ Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.81.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.54.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute, 1996, p.207.
③ M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, Jerusalem:Van Leer Institute, 1996, p.207.
① Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, pp.330-331.
② Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.349.
① Uri Ben-Eliezer, The Making of Israeli Militarism, p.93.
② Yehuda Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance:A History of Jewish Palestine, 1939-1945, p.284.
③ Tom Segev, The Seventh Million:The Israelis and the Holocaust, New York:Hill and Wang,1993, p. 87.
④ Judith Tydor Baumel, "The Heroism of Hannah Senesz:An Exercise in Creating Collective National Memory in the State of Israel," Journal of Contemporary History,Vol.31, No.3 (July 1996), pp.521-546.
① M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.215.
① M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.216.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.216.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.213.
② M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, eds., Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.221.
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,杜先菊、彭艳译,商务印书馆1997年版,第177页。
②诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第194页。
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.142.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Political Assassinations by Jews:A Rhetorical Device for Justice, Albany:State University of New York Press,1993, p.397.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.113.
②Anita Shapira, Land and Power:The Zionist Resort to Force,1881-1948, p.312.
③乔治·柯克：《战时中东》,第57页。
① Joseph Heller,"'Neither Masada-Nor Vichy':Diplomacy and Resistance in Zionist Politics, 1945-1947," The International History Review, Vol.3, No.4 (Oct.,1981), p.558.
② Jay Y. Gonen, A Psychohistory of Zionism, New York:Mason/Charter,1975, p.178.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.138.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.139.
① Meron Benvenisti, Sacred Landscape:The Buried History of the Holy Land since 1948, p.101.
① David Ohana, "Kfar Etzion:The Community of Memory and the Myth of Return," Israel Studies, Vol.7, No.2 (Summer 2002), pp.162-163.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.130.
① Hugh Seton-Watson, Nations and States, London:Menthuen,1977, p.107.
②诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第403—404页。
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第168页。
④ Charles S. Liebman & Eliezer Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel:Traditional Judaism and Political Culture in the Jewish State, Berkeley, Calif.:University of California Press,1983.
① Uri Ram, "Historiosophical Foundations of the Historical Strife in Israel," in Anita Shapira & Derek J. Penslar, eds., Israeli Historical Revisionism:From Left to Right, London:Frank Cass Publishers,2003, p.46.
② Ben-Gurion, Recollections, ed., Thomas R. Bransten, London:MacDonald,1970, p.125.
① Benjamin Beit-Hallakmi, Original Sins:Reflections on the History of Zionism and Israel, London:Pluto Press,1992, p.119.
①亨利·卡坦：《巴勒斯坦,阿拉伯人和以色列》,西北大学伊斯兰教研究所译,北京人民出版社1975年版,第92-93页。
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.168.
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第63页。
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.161-162.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.161.
③ Stuart A. Cohen, Israel and Its Army:From Cohesion to Confusion, London & New York:Routledge, 2008, p.31.
① S. Ilan Troen & Noah Lucas, eds., Israel:The First Decade of Independence, New York:State University of New York Press,1995, pp.596-597.
②纳达夫·萨弗兰：《以色列的历史和概况》,北京大学历史系翻译小组译,人民出版社1973年版,第360—361页。
③ Ze'ev Drory, The Israel Defence Force and the Foundation of Israel:Utopia in Uniform, London: RoutledgeCurzon,2005, p.186.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.152.
① Mordechai Yaakubovitz, From Palmach to Zahal, Tel Aviv:Amichai,1953, p.65.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, "The Masada Mythical Narrative in the Israeli Army," in Edna Lomsky-Feder & Eyal Ben-Ari, eds., The Military and Militarism in Israeli Society, New York:State University of New York Press, 1999, p.67.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.151.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.163.
③ B. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada," Tradition, Vol.28 (1979), p.363.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.84.
② Ze'ev Drory, The Israel Defence Force and the Foundation of Israel:Utopia in Uniform, p.24
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.246.
② Amos Elon, "Politics and Archaeology," in Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.40.
③ M. Brug, "From the Top of Masada to the Heart of the Ghetto:Myth as History," in David Ohana & Robert Wistrich, Myth and Memory:Transfigurations of Israeli Consciousness, p.217.
① Baruch Kimmerling. "Academic History Caught in the Cross-Fire:The Case of Israeli-Jewish Historiography," History & Memory, Vol.7, No.1 (Spring/Summer 1995), p.57.
①参见Na'ama Sheffi, "Israeli Education System in Search of a Pantheon of Heroes,1948-1967," Israel Studies, Vol.7, No.2 (Summer 2002), pp.62-83; Tali Tadmor Shimony, "The Pantheon of National Hero Prototypes in Educational Texts Understanding Curriculum as a Narrative of National Heroism," Jewish History, Vol.17, No.3 (2003), pp.309-322.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.111.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.167.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.167.
① Moshe Breslavski, When Masada Fell, Tel Aviv:Am Oved (Hebrew),1941.
② B. Meizel, "To Masada," Davar Leyladim, Vol.12, No.21 (Feb.12,1942), p.162.
③ Avi Shmuel, "The Gospel of Masada (An Ancient Legend)," Davar Leyladim, Vol.12, No.33 (May 7, 1942), p.259.
④ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.210.
⑤ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.211.
① Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.82.
②米歇尔·福柯：《规训与惩罚》,刘北成等译,三联书店1999年版,第29—30页。
①卡西尔：《符号·神话·文化》,李小兵译,东方出版社1988年版,第201页。
②卡西尔：《国家的神话》,范进等译,华夏出版社1999年版,第343-344页。
③卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第358页。
④卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第347页。
①卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第347页。
②卡西尔：《国家的神话》,第352页。
③莫里斯·哈布瓦赫：《论集体记忆》,第303-323页。
④ R. F. Baumeister & S. Hastings, "Distortions of Collective Memory:How Groups Flatter and Deceive themselves," in J. M. Pennehaker, B. Paez & B. Rime, eds., Collective Memory of Political Events:Social Psychological Perspectives, New Jersey:Mahwah, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.,1997, pp.277-293.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.218.
①米歇尔·福柯：《规训与惩罚》,第113页。
① Joan Gero, "Socio-Politics of Archaeology and the Woman-at-Home Ideology," American Antiquity, Vol. 50(1985), p.342.
②探讨民族主义与考古学之间关系的重要研究有：Philip L. Kohl, "Nationalism and Archaeology:On the Constructions of Nations and the Reconstructions of the Remote Past," Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 27 (1998), pp.223-246; Philip L. Kohl, Clare Fawcett, eds., Nationalism, Politics, and the Practice of Archaeology, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995; Philip L. Kohl, Mara Kozelsky, and Nachman Ben-Yehuda, eds., Selective Remembrances:Archaeology in the Construction, Commemoration, and Consecration of National Pasts, Chicago:The University of Chicago Press,2007.
③ Yaacov Shavit, "Archaeology, Political Culture, and Culture in Israel," in Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, pp.48-49.
① Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, London:Penguin Books,1991, p.149.
② Amos Elon, The Israelis:Founders and Sons, New York:Holt,1971, p.289.
③ Nadia Abu el-Haj, Facts on the Ground:Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001, p.167.
① Anita Shapira, "Whatever Became of'Negating Exile'?" in Shapira, Anita, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, London:Praeger Publishers,2004, pp.80-81.
② Neil Asher Silberman & David Small, eds., The Archaeology of Israel:Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present, Sheffield:Sheffield Academic Press,1997, p.37.
③ A. D. Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxford:Basil Blackwell,1988, p.188.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.243.
② Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerster, and Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅱ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989, p. 185.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.245.
① Yigael Yadin, The Message of the Scrolls, New York:Simon and Schuster,1957, p.14.
②1964年古里安在信中写道：“我曾经以为(现在我仍持这个意见)伊格尔·亚丁是有资格成为总理的人选……”参见米迦勒·巴尔-祖海尔：《现代以色列之父本-古里安传》,刘瑞祥等译,中国社会科学出版社1994年版,第78页。
①参见Yigael Yadin, Bar-Kokhba:The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt against Rome, New York:Random House,1971, p.15.
② Neil Asher Silberman, A Prophet from amongst You:The Life of Yigal Yadin:Soldier, Scholar, and Mythmaker of Modern Israel, pp.284-288.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.203参见Joseph Aviram, Gideon Foerstor, Ehud Netzer, eds., MASADA Ⅰ-Ⅶ:The Yigael Yadin Excavations 1963-1965:Final Report, Jerusalem:Israel Exploration Society and Hebrew University of Jerusalem,1989-2006.
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.247.
③ Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.247.
④ Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.251.
① Yigacl Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.15.
② Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.13.
③ Yigacl Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.197.
① Neil Asher Silberman, Between Past and Present:Archeology, Ideology, and Nationalism in the Modern Middle East, New York:Anchor Books,1989, p.89.
② Moshe Pearlman, The Zealots of Masada, London:Hamish Hamilton,1967.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, New York:Humanity Books,2002.
① Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and Zealots Last Stand, p.166.
①Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth ofMasada, p.87.
②Haaretz,March 13(1969),p.3.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, Sacrificing Truth:Archaeology and the Myth of Masada, p.136.
② George L. Mosse, Fallen Soldiers:Reshaping the Memory of the World Wars, New York:Oxford University Press,1990, p.78.
③本尼迪克特·安德森：《想象的共同体》,吴叡人译,上海人民出版社2005年版,第9页。
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第351页。
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.88.
①徐向群、余崇建主编：《第三圣殿》,上海远东出版社1994年版,第397—398页。
① Baruch Kimmerling, The Invention and Decline of Israeliness:State, Society, and the Military, Berkeley, Los Angeles & London:University of California Press,2001, p.212.
②默里等编：《缔造战略：统治者、国家战争》,时殷弘等译,世界知识出版社2004年版,第567页。
③劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第304页。
④劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第302页。
①参孙是《圣经》中著名的士师,力大无穷、英勇无比,但也有其致命的“阿基里斯之踵”——其力量在于其头发之上,一旦剃光其头发力量也就不再。以色列人在参孙率领下对非利士人取得一场场胜利,无奈之下,非利士人知道参孙喜好女色的弱点之后,通过妓女大利拉得知参孙的秘密,非利士人趁参孙熟睡之时剪去其力量根本的头发并剜掉他的双目,从而为非利士人所擒。随后又被缚在两根大柱之间任由敌人戏弄,参孙在此情形下抱定必死决心,祈求上帝赐给他力量使之与敌人同归于尽。最后,参孙“我情愿与非利士人同死!”死的时候杀死的敌人比活着时还多,但参孙自己也因此丧命。
② Moshe Halevi Spero, "Samson and Masada:Altruistic Suicides Reconsidered," Psychoanalytic Review, Vol.65, No.4 (Winter 1978), p.357.
③ "The Moral of Masada," Jewish Observer and Middle East Review, Vol.7 (1963), p.2.
① Stewart Alsop,"The Masada Complex," Newsweek, July 12 (1971), p.92.
② Jaacov Reuel, "Sisco and Masada Complex," Jerusalem Post,1971-8-3.
① Stewart Alsop, "Again, Masada Complex," Newsweek, March 19 (1973), p.104.
② Haaretz, April 29 (1973), p.5.
③ Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.20.
① Yigael Yadin, "1900 Years since the Fall of Masada," Maariv, April 16 (1973), p.15.
② Moshe Dayan, Masada, Pairs:Armand & Georges Israel,1983, p.47.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.256.
①劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第314—315页。
②Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.248.
③Robert Paine, "Masada:A History of a Memory," History and Anthropology, Vol.6 (1994), p.392.
① Rudy J. Koshar, Germany's Transient Pasts:Preservation and National Memory in the Twentieth Century, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press,1998, p.16.
②这些文章按时间先后顺序为：Bernard Heller, "Masada and the Talmud," Tradition, Vol.10, No.2 (Winter 1968), pp.31-34; Sidney B. Hoenig, "The Sicarii in Masada-Glory or Infamy?" Tradition, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring 1970), pp.5-30; Shubert Spero, "In Defense of the Defenders of Masada," Tradition, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring 1970), pp.31-43; Louis I. Rabinowitz, "The Masada Martyrs According to the Halakhah," Tradition, Vol. 11, No.3 (Fall 1970), pp.31-37; Zvi Kolitz, "Masada-Suicide or Murder?" Tradition, Vol.12, No.1 (Summer 1971), pp.5-26; Dov I. Frimer, "Masada-In the Light of Halakhah," Tradition, Vol.12, No.1 (Summer 1971), pp. 27-43; Sidney B. Hoenig, "Historical Masada and the Halakhah," Tradition, Vol.13, No.2 (Fall 1972), pp. 100-116.
① Jacob Neusner, A Life of Yohanan Ben-Zakkai ca 1-80 CE, Leiden:Brill,1970, p.175.
② Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (Summer 1982), p.59.
③ Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.231.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.231.
① Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (Summer 1982), p.59.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, Durham & London:Duke University Press,2004, p.249.
① Richard A. Horsley, "The Sicarii:Ancient Jewish 'Terrorists'," The Journal of Religion, Vol.59, No.4 (Oct.,1979), pp.435-458.
② Solomon Zeitlin, "Masada and the Sicarii," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.56 (1965), pp.299-317; idem, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), pp.251-270.
③ Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.264.
① Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.265.
② Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.261.
① Solomon Zeitlin, "The Sicarii and Masada," The Jewish Quarterly Review, Vol.57 (1967), p.262.
② Trude Weiss-Rosmarim, "Masada and Yavneh," Jewish Spectator, Vol.31 (1966), pp.4-7; idem, "Masada, Josephus and Yadin," Jewish Spectator, Vol.32 (1967), pp.2-8,30-32; idem, "Masada Revisited," Jewish Spectator, Vol.34 (1969), pp.3-5,29-32; idem, "Josephus's'Eleazar Speech'and Historical Credibility," Jewish Spectator, Vol.46 (1981), pp.4-9.
③ Josephus, The Jewish War, V.362-374,376-419.
① Michael Feige, "Rescuing the Person from the Symbol:'Peace Now'and the Ironies of Modern Myth," History & Memory, Vol.11, No.1 (Spring/Summer 1999), p.146.
② Baila R. Shargel, "The Evolution of the Masada Myth," Judaism, Vol.28 (1979), p.370.
④ Binyamin Kedar, "Masada:The Myth and the Complex," Jerusalem Quarterly, Vol.24 (1982), p.55.
① Yael Zcrubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.85.
② Dalia Ofer, "Fifty Years of Israeli Discourse on the Holocaust:Characteristics and Dilemmas," in Anita Shapira, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, p.154.
① D. H. Akenson, God's Peoples:Covenant and Land in South Africa, Israel, and Ulster, Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1992, p.249.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.80.
① Anita Shapira, "Whatever Became of 'Negating Exile'," in Anita Shapira, ed., Israeli Identity in Transition, p.90.
②钟志清：《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期。
③ Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.23.
④ E. M. Bruner & P. Gorfain, "Dialogic Narration and the Paradoxes of Masada," in S. Plattner & E. M. Bruner, eds., Text, Play, and Story:The Construction and Reconstruction of Self and Society, p.63.
① Marie Syrkin, "The Paradox of Masada," Midstream, Vol.19, No.8 (Oct.,1973), p.67.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Death of Memory and the Memory of Death:Masada and the Holocaust as Historical Metaphors," Representations, No.45 (Winter 1994), p.89.
① Theodore Sasson & Shaul Kelner, "From Shrine to Forum:Masada and the Politics of Jewish Extremism," Israel Studies, Vol.13, No.2 (Summer 2007), p.152.
② Charles S. Liebman & Eliczcr Don-Yehiya, Civil Religion in Israel, pp.150-151.
①劳伦斯·迈耶：《今日以色列》,第395—396页。
②Yigael Yadin, Masada:Herod's Fortress and the Zealot's Last Stands p.25.
①Ha'aretz,July 15(1962),p.2.
① Ha'aretz, March 26 (1971), p.8.
② Yael Zerubavel, "The Politics of Remembrance and the Consumption of Space:Masada in Israeli Memory," in Daniel J. Walkowitz & Lisa Maya Knauer, eds., Memory and the Impact of Political Transformation in Public Space, p.248.
① "President George W. Bush's Speech at the Knesset," May 15 (2008), See http://www.pmo.gov.il.参见Herb Keinon & Rebecca Anna Stoil, "Bush to Knesset:Masada will Never Fall Again," Jerusalem Post, May 16 (2008), p.1.
① Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, p.
② Nachman Ben-Yehuda, The Masada Myth:Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, pp.204-205.
② Honora Howell Chaponan, "Masada in the 1st and 21st Centuries," in Zuleika Rodgers, ed., Making History:Josephus and Historical Method, p.84.
①Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, p. 136.
①凯马尔·H.卡尔帕特编：《当代中东的政治和社会思想》,第377页。
①诺亚·卢卡斯：《以色列现代史》,第402页。
② Robert Alter, "The Masada Complex," Commentary, Vol.56, No.1 (July 1973), p.20.
④ Mitchell Cohen, Zion and State:Nation, Class and the Shaping of Modern Israel, New York:Basil Blackwell,1987, p.215.
① Yael Zerubavel, Recovered Roots:Collective Memory and the Making of Israel National Tradition, pp. 221-223.
①参见安东尼·史密斯：《民族主义：理论,意识形态,历史》,叶江译,上海人民出版社2006年版。
②Ernest Renan, "What Is a Nation?" in Homik Bbabha, ed., Nation and Narration, p.12.
① David Baile, Power and Powerless in Jewish History, New York:Schocken Books,1986, p.210.
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30.约瑟福斯：《犹太战争》,王丽丽等译,山东大学出版社2007年版。
31.陈蕴茜：《崇拜与记忆——孙中山符号的建构与传播》,南京大学出版社2009年版。
32.黄洋：《希腊城邦的公共空间与政治文化》,载《历史研究》2001年第5期。
33.黄洋：《古代希腊罗马文明的“东方”想像》,载《历史研究》2006年第1期。
34.黄洋：《古典希腊理想化：作为一种文化现象的Hellenism》,载《中国社会科学》2009年第2期。
35.李恭忠：《中山陵：一个现代政治符号的诞生》,社会科学文献出版社2009年版。
36.潘光主编：《犹太研究三十年：1978--2008》,上海社会科学院出版社2009年版。
37.沈坚：《法国史学的新发展》,载《史学理论研究》2000年第3期。
38.沈坚：《记忆与历史的博弈：法国记忆史的建构》,载《中国社会科学》2010年第3期。
39.宋立宏：《犹太战争与巴勒斯坦罗马化之两难》,载《世界历史》2002年第1期。
40.宋立宏：《犹太集体记忆视域下的巴尔·科赫巴书信》,载《历史研究》2011年第2期。
41.王炎：《奥斯威辛之后：犹太大屠杀记忆的影像生产》,三联书店2007年版。
42.殷罡主编：《阿以冲突——问题与出路》,国际文化出版公司2002年版。
43.徐向群、余崇建主编：《第三圣殿——以色列的崛起》,上海远东出版社1994年版。
44.徐新、凌继尧主编：《犹太百科全书》,上海人民出版社1998年版。
45.徐新：《犹太文化史》,北京大学出版社2006年版。
46.张倩红：《后大屠杀时代：纳粹屠犹的社会后果分析》,载《史学月刊》2005年第9期。
47.张倩红：《以色列史》,人民出版社2008年版。
48.钟志清：《当代以色列作家研究》,人民文学出版社2006年版。
49.钟志清：《式犹太人与新型希伯来人》,载《读书》2007年第7期。
50.钟志清：《身份与记忆：论希伯来语大屠杀文学中的英雄主义》,载《外国文学评论》2008年第4期。
51.钟志清：《希伯来语复兴与犹太民族国家建立》,载《历史研究》2010年第2期。
52.钟志清：《第二代大屠杀文学与犹太认同》,载潘光等主编：《犹太人在美国》,时事出版社2010年版。
1. Haaretz (English Edition, Internet), See www.haaretz.com.
2. Jerusalem Post (Internet), See www.jpost.com.
3. Jerusalem Report (Internet), See www.jrep.com.
4. Israel21c (Internet), See www.israe121c.org.
5. World Heritage Centre, See www.unesco.org.