穆塞韦尼与乌干达的发展研究（1986-2006）
摘要
撒哈拉以南非洲国家由于历史上殖民主义的长期影响,以及独立后经济政策的失误和政治的不稳定等因素,导致大多数的国家至今仍非常的落后。实现良性的发展,摆脱贫穷落后状态,需要这些国家探索出一条适合非洲实际情况的非洲道路或是非洲发展模式。这种探索,在过去、现在甚至是以后很长的时期,都困扰着这些国家。
“东非明珠”的乌干达,在1962年摆脱英国的殖民统治,取得国家独立。从1962年到1986年,乌政治一直是动荡不安,经济发展也受到了阻碍,社会各项事业停滞不前。历经多年战乱的乌干达人心思治,人们企盼国家能从战争的泥淖中走出来,国家的发展摆脱不正常的状态,从而走上正常的发展轨道。穆塞韦尼于1986年夺取了政权后,领导人民开始探索有乌干达特色的国家的发展道路与模式,从而在乌现代历史上开启了一个新时代。
很多撒哈拉以南非洲国家都存在一种现象,即总统一人身系国家命运。乌干达各项事业的发展,能取得一定成功,与穆塞韦尼的治国之道有很大的关系。他用灵活务实的政策,推动乌干达的运转。历经1986——2006二十年的探索,乌终于走上发展的正轨。笔者认为,从乌干达的历史进程的角度看,穆塞韦尼领导的乌干达的发展之路是比较成功的,实绩有目共睹。综合分析穆塞韦尼的发展模式,我们可以看出,这种发展模式本质上是政府主导与自由市场经济有机结合的实用模式。至少目前看来,他的模式比较适用于部族、宗教复杂、缺乏民主传统和经济上传统成分占很大比重的撒哈拉以南的非洲国家。
具体的说,穆塞韦尼政府领导下的乌的发展主要体现在三个方面：首先在政治方面,1986年全国抵运胜利后,建立基础广泛的新政府；化解国内矛盾和冲突；长期实行无政党的“运动制”；用法制推动民主化等。乌总体上保持政治稳定,为经济社会的发展提供了稳定的政治环境。其次,经济方面,穆塞韦尼执政初期,尝试社会主义的经济政策,国家经济取得一定恢复,但依然困难重重。1987年,他接受了世界银行和国际货币基金组织的结构调整方案,并开始大量接受外部援助和吸引外资；结构调整以私有化为重心展开,激发了乌的民间的经济活力,乌经济实现快速增长；在国际发展协会的帮助下,乌的减贫事业在发展中国家中较为成功,改善了人民的生活。经过二十年的励精图治,乌经济初步实现振兴。再次,在社会发展方面,战乱之后,穆塞韦尼政府促进社会的重组,重视传统机制的调节,注重社会的和谐发展；乌在艾滋病的防治领域,取得举世瞩目的成就,一直是防艾的典型；妇女解放有了可喜进展,妇女积极参与政治,地位提高;另外,教育事业发展迅速,国民受教育水平有效提升。
尽管乌干达的发展势头强劲,也取得了相当的成功,但由于历史与现实条件所限,乌十达的发展还有很多不尽如人意之处,乌在探索自己的建设的道路上依然充满变数。穆塞韦尼个人因素在乌各项事业的发展中的作用,本身就孕育极大的风险,他将把乌干达引向何方,人们只能拭目以待。
Most of Sub-saharan African countries are still less developed, because of the long-term historical consequences of colonialism, and economic policy mistakes and political instability after independence. Realizing benign development and getting rid of the poverty and backwardness,needs these countries explore a suitable African way or African development mode on the basis of their actual situation. The exploration is bothering these countries in the past, now, even after a long period.
"The African pearl" Uganda, got rid of British colonial rule and declared the national independence in 1962. But from 1962 to 1986, owing to long-term political unrest, economic and social development were hampered and stagnant. Through years of violence, the Ugandan people looked forward to stable reign out of from the war mud,and the development of the country go to a normal way. After Museveni seized political power in 1986,he lead the Ugandan people to began to explore the characteristics of a Ugandan national development way and mode, thereby they creat a new era in Ugandan modern history.
Many sub-saharan African countries exist a phenomenon, namely the President himself determine national destiny. Uganda's success connect with Musevni's mode of governing. He used a flexible and pragmatic policies to boost Uganda's operation. After 1986-2006 twenty years of exploration,and finally took to the development nomal way. From Uganda's historical view, the author argue that the historical process the development of the Uganda under Museveni leadership is relatively successful. Comprehensive analysis the model of Uganda's development, we can see, this kind of development mode is the organic combination mode between the governmental leading and a free market in essence. At least currently, his mode is success as to the sub-saharan African countries full of tribal, religious conflict, lack of democratic tradition and economic accounting for a large proportion of traditional ingredients.
Specifically, Uganda's development the leadership of under Museveni government mainly embodied in three aspects:first in politics, after victory of NRM in 1986, establish a extensive basis of new government; dissolve the domestic contradictions and conflicts; long-term practice "movement system" without party; taking use of legal system promoting democratization, etc. Uganda maintained a political stability on the whole, providing stable political environment for economic and social development. Secondly, in economic aspect, Museveni employ socialist economic policy at first, althouh the country's economy has certainly recover, still fraught with difficulties. In 1987, he accepted the subject of the world bank and the international monetary fund's structural adjustment, begin to accept external assistance and attract foreign investment; structure adjustment focused on privatisation, and inspired folk economic vitality, so economic grow rapidky; with the international development association's help, Uganda reduct poverty more successfully than other developing countries and improve the people's living standard. After 20 years of hard work, and Uganda's economy achieves preliminary invigorating. Thirdly, in the social aspect, after civil, Museveni government promote social reorganization, and pay attention to the traditional mechanism adjustment, to creat the development of harmonious society; Uganda have made remarkable achievements in AIDS treatment and prevention fields,striking the attention of the world; the women's liberation have encouraging progress, and women active in politics, so their status rises; in addition, education s have developed rapidly, and the national education level improves effectively.
Despite Uganda made considerable success, but Uganda's development has many defects because of historical and realistic restricted condition,and still full of variables on its exploring road. Museveni personal factors in Uganda's development breeds great risk. So where he will lead Uganda to? We can only wait and see what happens.
“东非明珠”的乌干达,在1962年摆脱英国的殖民统治,取得国家独立。从1962年到1986年,乌政治一直是动荡不安,经济发展也受到了阻碍,社会各项事业停滞不前。历经多年战乱的乌干达人心思治,人们企盼国家能从战争的泥淖中走出来,国家的发展摆脱不正常的状态,从而走上正常的发展轨道。穆塞韦尼于1986年夺取了政权后,领导人民开始探索有乌干达特色的国家的发展道路与模式,从而在乌现代历史上开启了一个新时代。
很多撒哈拉以南非洲国家都存在一种现象,即总统一人身系国家命运。乌干达各项事业的发展,能取得一定成功,与穆塞韦尼的治国之道有很大的关系。他用灵活务实的政策,推动乌干达的运转。历经1986——2006二十年的探索,乌终于走上发展的正轨。笔者认为,从乌干达的历史进程的角度看,穆塞韦尼领导的乌干达的发展之路是比较成功的,实绩有目共睹。综合分析穆塞韦尼的发展模式,我们可以看出,这种发展模式本质上是政府主导与自由市场经济有机结合的实用模式。至少目前看来,他的模式比较适用于部族、宗教复杂、缺乏民主传统和经济上传统成分占很大比重的撒哈拉以南的非洲国家。
具体的说,穆塞韦尼政府领导下的乌的发展主要体现在三个方面：首先在政治方面,1986年全国抵运胜利后,建立基础广泛的新政府；化解国内矛盾和冲突；长期实行无政党的“运动制”；用法制推动民主化等。乌总体上保持政治稳定,为经济社会的发展提供了稳定的政治环境。其次,经济方面,穆塞韦尼执政初期,尝试社会主义的经济政策,国家经济取得一定恢复,但依然困难重重。1987年,他接受了世界银行和国际货币基金组织的结构调整方案,并开始大量接受外部援助和吸引外资；结构调整以私有化为重心展开,激发了乌的民间的经济活力,乌经济实现快速增长；在国际发展协会的帮助下,乌的减贫事业在发展中国家中较为成功,改善了人民的生活。经过二十年的励精图治,乌经济初步实现振兴。再次,在社会发展方面,战乱之后,穆塞韦尼政府促进社会的重组,重视传统机制的调节,注重社会的和谐发展；乌在艾滋病的防治领域,取得举世瞩目的成就,一直是防艾的典型；妇女解放有了可喜进展,妇女积极参与政治,地位提高;另外,教育事业发展迅速,国民受教育水平有效提升。
尽管乌干达的发展势头强劲,也取得了相当的成功,但由于历史与现实条件所限,乌十达的发展还有很多不尽如人意之处,乌在探索自己的建设的道路上依然充满变数。穆塞韦尼个人因素在乌各项事业的发展中的作用,本身就孕育极大的风险,他将把乌干达引向何方,人们只能拭目以待。
Most of Sub-saharan African countries are still less developed, because of the long-term historical consequences of colonialism, and economic policy mistakes and political instability after independence. Realizing benign development and getting rid of the poverty and backwardness,needs these countries explore a suitable African way or African development mode on the basis of their actual situation. The exploration is bothering these countries in the past, now, even after a long period.
"The African pearl" Uganda, got rid of British colonial rule and declared the national independence in 1962. But from 1962 to 1986, owing to long-term political unrest, economic and social development were hampered and stagnant. Through years of violence, the Ugandan people looked forward to stable reign out of from the war mud,and the development of the country go to a normal way. After Museveni seized political power in 1986,he lead the Ugandan people to began to explore the characteristics of a Ugandan national development way and mode, thereby they creat a new era in Ugandan modern history.
Many sub-saharan African countries exist a phenomenon, namely the President himself determine national destiny. Uganda's success connect with Musevni's mode of governing. He used a flexible and pragmatic policies to boost Uganda's operation. After 1986-2006 twenty years of exploration,and finally took to the development nomal way. From Uganda's historical view, the author argue that the historical process the development of the Uganda under Museveni leadership is relatively successful. Comprehensive analysis the model of Uganda's development, we can see, this kind of development mode is the organic combination mode between the governmental leading and a free market in essence. At least currently, his mode is success as to the sub-saharan African countries full of tribal, religious conflict, lack of democratic tradition and economic accounting for a large proportion of traditional ingredients.
Specifically, Uganda's development the leadership of under Museveni government mainly embodied in three aspects:first in politics, after victory of NRM in 1986, establish a extensive basis of new government; dissolve the domestic contradictions and conflicts; long-term practice "movement system" without party; taking use of legal system promoting democratization, etc. Uganda maintained a political stability on the whole, providing stable political environment for economic and social development. Secondly, in economic aspect, Museveni employ socialist economic policy at first, althouh the country's economy has certainly recover, still fraught with difficulties. In 1987, he accepted the subject of the world bank and the international monetary fund's structural adjustment, begin to accept external assistance and attract foreign investment; structure adjustment focused on privatisation, and inspired folk economic vitality, so economic grow rapidky; with the international development association's help, Uganda reduct poverty more successfully than other developing countries and improve the people's living standard. After 20 years of hard work, and Uganda's economy achieves preliminary invigorating. Thirdly, in the social aspect, after civil, Museveni government promote social reorganization, and pay attention to the traditional mechanism adjustment, to creat the development of harmonious society; Uganda have made remarkable achievements in AIDS treatment and prevention fields,striking the attention of the world; the women's liberation have encouraging progress, and women active in politics, so their status rises; in addition, education s have developed rapidly, and the national education level improves effectively.
Despite Uganda made considerable success, but Uganda's development has many defects because of historical and realistic restricted condition,and still full of variables on its exploring road. Museveni personal factors in Uganda's development breeds great risk. So where he will lead Uganda to? We can only wait and see what happens.
引文
①参见http://www.frnprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq.
②李社辅： 《乌干达迈出由乱到治的第一步》, 《西亚非洲》1990年第5期。
① Kristin Leefers, The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development, Michigan State University, pp.165-166.
①Cited in Africa Now, December 1983, p.119.
②参见http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh.
① Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch,1999,p.34.
② Kristin Leefers, The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development, Michigan State University,2004, p.167.
①鲍树生：《乌干达全国抵抗运动夺取政权》,《世界知识》,1986年第5期,第8页。
①朱士群：亨廷顿的政治稳定理论及其借鉴意义,《安徽大学学报》哲社版,2000年第6期。
②参见http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg.
③ Museveni,Yoweri K. & Elizabeth Kanyogonya, What Is Africa's Problem? University of Minnesota Press,2000, p.5.
① John Ssenkumba,'The Dilemmas of Directed Democracy:Neutralising Ugandan Opposition Politics under the NRM',in Adebayo Olukoshi(ed.),The Politics of Opposition in Contemporary Africa, Uppsala:Nordiska Afrikainstitutet,1998, P179.
② Republic of Uganda, Report of the Uganda Constitution Commission:Analysis and Recommendations, Entebbe:UPPC, P54; Anthony J.Regan,'Constitutional Reform and the Politics of the Constitution in Uganda:A New Path to Constitutionalism?'in Peter Langseth,J.Katorobo,E.Brett and J.Munene(eds.), Uganda:Landmarks in Rebuilding a Nation, Kampala: Fountain Publishers,1995, pp.162-64.
③鲍树生： 《乌干达全国抵抗运动夺取政权》, 《世界知识》,1986年第5期,第8页。
① International Press Service (New York),22 September,1992.
① Ondoga,Ori Amaza, Museveni's Long March:From Guerrilla to Statesman, Kampala:Fountain Publishers,1998,pp.154-55.
② D.A.Low.'The Dislocated Polity',in H.B.Hansen and M.Twaddle(eds.), Uganda Now:Between Decay and Development,London:James Currey,1988,P39.
① Paul Collier and Ritva Reinikka,'Reconstruction and Liberalization:An Overview',in Ritva Reinikka and Paul Collier(eds.),Uganda's Recovery:The Role of Farms,Firmsand Government, Washington DC.and Kampala:The World Bank and Fountain Publishers,2001,P15.
① Yoweri K.Museveni, Speech on the Opening of the National Resistance CouncilSession at the National Assembly,Kampala,7 April 1987.
② Yoweri K.Museveni, Address to the Nation on the Anniversary of Uganda's Independence,9 October 1987.
③魏翠萍：《乌干达探索符合本国国情的发展道路》,杨光等主编： 《1997/1998年度中东非洲发展报告》,社会科学文献出版社,1998。
①参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-11/16.htm.
② Ellen Hauser, "Uganda's Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s:WhatImpact on Democratization" Journal of Modern African Studies,37,4(1999), pp.621-24.
③ Henry Mukasa, "Government,LRA Sign Peace Deal,Sunday Vision(Kampala),27 August 2006.
① Constituent assembly Statute, Statute No.6 of 1993.
① Kannyo,Edward, "A New Opening?", Journal of Democracy, Volume 15,Number 2,April 2004,p132.
①Op cit,p132.
②Op cit,p133.
① op cit, p134.
② Sabiti Makara,'"Uganda's 2006 Elections:Consolidating Democracy and BuildingPeace?",East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights,13,1(2007), pp.65-80.
①参见http://www.africa-all.com/Html/guojia.
② Kannyo,Edward, "A New Opening?", Journal of Democracy, Volume 15,Number2,April 2004,p133.
① Andrew M.Mwenda,"Museveni Was Firm as Movement Diehards Opposed Opening Up,"Monitor(Kampala),22 February 2003.
①参见http://baike.baidu.com/view/111420.
②徐济明： 《乌干达的“无政党体制”》, 《瞭望》新闻周刊,1996年,第32期,第17页。
① Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1988.
Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1995.
① Oliver Furley, James Katalikawe, "Constitutional Reform in Uganda:The New Approach", African Affairs, Vol.96,No.383(Apr.,1997), p.258.
② See J.Oloka-Onyango,'Constitutional Transitions in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?'Journal of African Law,39,2(1995),P158.
① David E.Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order(Summer,1995),pp.172-173..
① Towards a Free and Democratic Uganda:The Basic Principles and Policies of the National ResistanceMovement(NRM),Kampalan,p.4.
② Oliver Furley, James Katalikawe, "Constitutional Reform in Uganda:The New Approach", African Affairs,Vol.96,No.383(Apr.,1997),p245.
③ J.Oloka-Onyango, "Constitutional Transition in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?", Journal of African Law,Vol.39,No.2(1995),p172.
① David E.Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order(Summer,1995),pp.155-190.
① See Yoweri Museveni, "Address" in Decentralization Secretariat,Decentralization in Uganda, Kampala: Decentralization Secretariat,1992,3-4.
① David E. Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order,Summer,1995, p183.
① Mlrik Halsteen, Taking Rights Talk Seriously:Reflections on Uganda Political Discours,Harri Englund & Francis B.Nyamjoh, Rights and Politics of Recognization in Africa,P107.
②亨廷顿： 《变化社会中的政治秩序》,三联书店1989年版,第7页。
① Kristin Leefers, "The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development", Critique:A worldwide student journal of politics, Michigan State University, Spring 2004, p169.
①高秋福：我所认识的乌干达总统穆塞韦尼,参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia.
② Kristin Leefers, "The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development", Critique:A worldwide student journal of politics, Michigan State University, Spring 2004,p170.
①高秋福,我所认识的乌干达总统穆塞韦尼,参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia.
② Joshua B. Mugyenyi,"IMFConditionalityand StructuraAldjustmentunderthe National Resistance Movement," in Holger Bernt Hansen and Michael Twaddle,eds.,Changing Uganda:The Dilemmas of StructuralAdjustmentand Revolutionary Change(London:James Currey,1991),p71.
③ E.Tumusime-Mutebile, "EconomicReforms and Their Impactin Uganda,"WOO:13,Institute of Economic Studies,Working Paper Series,University of Iceland,October 2,2000,p.6.
① Interview,Michael Opaji,Director, Privatisation and Utility Reform Unit,Ministry of Finance, Planning,and Economic Development,Kampala,Uganda,June20,2001.
② Michael Opaji,quoted by Michael Holman, "Privatisation:Lined Up for the Biggest Sell-off", FinancialTimesSurvey-Uganda, Feb.24,1998,p.2.
③ Geoffrey B.Tukahebwa, "Privatizationas a Development Policy," in Hansen and Twaddle,eds., Developing Uganda,p.65.
① Germina Ssemgerere and David Fielding,"Trade Liberation Policies in Uganda,1965-95: Episodes, Credibility and Impacton Economic Development,with a ample Survey of Enterprises Manufacturing Tradeables,"in Ademola Oyejide,Benno Ndulu,and Jan Willem Gunning,eds., Regional Liberalization and Trade Liberalizationin Sub-SaharanAfrica,Volume2:Country Case Studies, New York:St.Martin'sPress,1999,p.367.
② Interview,Edgar Saravia,Principal Private Sector Development Specialist,Privatization Services Group,Private Sector Development Department WorldBank,WashingtonD.C.,August31,2000.
① Jerzy Hausner,Bob Jessop,and Klaus Nielsen,eds., Strategic Choice and Path Dependency in Post-Socialism:Institutional Dynamics in the Transformation Process, London:Edward Elgar,1994..
① Interview, Michael Opaji,Director,Privatisation and Utility Reform Unit,Ministry of Finance,Planning,and Economic Development, Kampala,Uganda,June20,2001.
② Susan Dicklitch,The Elusive Promise ofNGOs in Africa:Lessons from Uganda,New York:St. Martin'sPress,1998,p.66.
①参见http://www.frnprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gj/fz/1206_45_7/
② Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda:Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999),p91.
③ op cit, p91.
①李永刚：《当代发展中国家的民族主义》 ,《社会科学》,1999年第12期,第27页;三好将夫：《没有边界的世界?从殖民主义到跨国主义及民族国家的衰落》,载汪晖、陈燕谷主编《文化与公共性》,生活·读书·新知三联书店1998年版,第487页。
②李永刚, 《当代发展中国家的民族主义》, 《社会科学》,1999,12,第27页。
① Compiled from Hovil,Lucy and Zachary Lomo.2004(Feb.).Working Paper11:Behind the Violence:Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War inNorthern Uganda. Kampala:Refugee Law Project.4;and Hovil,Lucy and Zachary Lomo.2005(Feb.).Working Paper 15:Whose Justice? Perceptions of Uganda's Amnesty Act 2000:The Potential for Conflict Resolution and Long-Term Reconcilation.Kampala:Refugee LawProject.6.
② Pawns of Politics:Children, Conflict and Peace in Northern Uganda, Kampala,World Vision,2004(4).
③ See Allen,Tim.2005(Feb.). War and Justice in Northern Uganda:An Assessment of the International Criminal Court's Intervention, London:Crisis States Research Centre, Development Studies Institute,London School of Economics.iii.
④ erg-Schlosser,Dirk,and Rainer Siegler.Ibid.199;Khiddu-Makubuya,Edward.198"Paramilitarism and Human Rights"In Kumar Rupesinghe(ed.), Conflict Resolution in Uganda.p132.
① Joanna R.Quinn, "Social Reconstruction in Uganda:The Role of Customary Mechanisms in Transitional Justice ", Transitional Justice: Local and International Dimensions, at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting,2 June 2005.
① World Bank.2000,Uganda:Post-Conflict Resolution,Washington:World Bank,p9.
②参见：http://www.ukun.org/search/search_show.asp?Aid=779T=1.
① See J.Oloka-Onyango,'Constitutional Transitions in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?'Journal of African Law,39,2(1995), p174.
② Joanna R.Quinn, " Social Reconstruction in Uganda:The Role of Customary Mechanisms in Transitional Justice", Transitional Justice:Local andInternational Dimensions"at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting,2 June 2005.
① Susan A.Cohen, "Beyond Slogans:Lessons From Uganda's Experience With ABC and HIV/AIDS, " The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, Dec2003.p1.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda:Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold? Dec.,2003,p561.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003),p.555.
②参见：http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61981-2003 Mayl5.html.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003), p.561.
② http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200606/25/t20060625_7500973.shtml
③ http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gj/fz/1206_45_7/
① Susan A.Cohen, "Beyond Slogans:Lessons From Uganda's Experience With ABC and HIV/AIDS, " The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, December2003, p2.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003),p.557.
① Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1995.
② Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda:Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism " African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p92.
① Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda: Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p93.
① Dan Ottemoeller," The Politics of Gender in Uganda: Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p 96.
①笔者注：至今国内学者还未探讨穆塞韦尼模式,国外学者Ronald Kassimir在1999年就使用了穆塞韦尼模式的概念。
② Roger K. Tangri, The Politics of Patronage in Africa: Parastatals, Privatization, and Private Enterprises, Africa World Press,Inc1999,p143.
① Ronald Kassimir, "Reading Museveni:Structure,Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics", Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.33,No.2/3,Special Issue:French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations(1999),p660.
② op cit, p662.
① See Ronald Kassimir, "Reading Museveni:Structure,Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics", Canadian Journal of African Studies Vol.33,No.2/3,Special Issue:French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations(1999),p660.
① Oloka-Onyango,Joseph,'"New-Breed'Leadership,Conflict,and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa:A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Africa Today,Volume 50,Number 3,Spring 2004,p34.
① Giovanni Carbone, "'Populism'Visits Africa: The Case of Yoweri Museveni and No-Party Democracy in Uganda", Crisis States Programme Working Papers series No.1, Giovanni Carbone,2005,p1.
①op cit,p4.
① op cit, p5.
② Quoted from a speech by Museveni to the NRC,undated,at http://www.museveni.co.ug.
③ Mette Kjaer,'Fundamental change or no change? The process of constitutionalising Uganda',Democratization,6:4(1999),pp.94-113,on Museveni's move from revolutionary to neo-liberal economicpolicies.
① Nelson Kasfir, "'Movement' Democracy, Legitimacy and Power in Uganda", in Justus Mugaju and Joe Oloka-Onyango(eds), No-party democratcy in Uganda: Myths and realities, Kampala: Fountain,2000,p76.
① The Monitor,Kampala,4 November 1999.
① Mugisha Muntu, MP in the East African Legislative Assembly and Former Army Officer, Interview, Kampala,21 October 2004.
① See Roger Tangri&Andrew Mwenda,'Military corruption and Ugandan politics since the late 1990s',Review of African Political Economy,98(2003),pp.539-552.
② Jonathan D. John & James Putzel, "Crisis States Research and'Failed States'Debate:An Introduction to the Workshop", Paper presented at the Crisis States Annual Workshop,Delhi,13-15 December 2004.
③亨廷顿： 《变革社会的政治秩序》,张岱云等译,上海译文出版社,1989年,第496页。
① Marina Ottaway, Africa's New Leaders, Democracy or State Reconstruction? Washington:Car-negie Endowment for International Peace,1999.
② See Jean-Francois Bayart, "The State in Africa", The Politics of the Belly, London: Longman,1993; and Nugent 1995.
③ See J. Oloka-Onyango,Joseph,'"New-Breed'Leadership,Conflict,and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa:A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Africa Today, Volume 50,Number 3,Spring 2004, p.172.
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① Kristin Leefers, The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development, Michigan State University, pp.165-166.
①Cited in Africa Now, December 1983, p.119.
②参见http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh.
① Hostile to Democracy: The Movement System and Political Repression in Uganda. New York: Human Rights Watch,1999,p.34.
② Kristin Leefers, The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development, Michigan State University,2004, p.167.
①鲍树生：《乌干达全国抵抗运动夺取政权》,《世界知识》,1986年第5期,第8页。
①朱士群：亨廷顿的政治稳定理论及其借鉴意义,《安徽大学学报》哲社版,2000年第6期。
②参见http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg.
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② Republic of Uganda, Report of the Uganda Constitution Commission:Analysis and Recommendations, Entebbe:UPPC, P54; Anthony J.Regan,'Constitutional Reform and the Politics of the Constitution in Uganda:A New Path to Constitutionalism?'in Peter Langseth,J.Katorobo,E.Brett and J.Munene(eds.), Uganda:Landmarks in Rebuilding a Nation, Kampala: Fountain Publishers,1995, pp.162-64.
③鲍树生： 《乌干达全国抵抗运动夺取政权》, 《世界知识》,1986年第5期,第8页。
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② Yoweri K.Museveni, Address to the Nation on the Anniversary of Uganda's Independence,9 October 1987.
③魏翠萍：《乌干达探索符合本国国情的发展道路》,杨光等主编： 《1997/1998年度中东非洲发展报告》,社会科学文献出版社,1998。
①参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2006-11/16.htm.
② Ellen Hauser, "Uganda's Relations with Western Donors in the 1990s:WhatImpact on Democratization" Journal of Modern African Studies,37,4(1999), pp.621-24.
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① Constituent assembly Statute, Statute No.6 of 1993.
① Kannyo,Edward, "A New Opening?", Journal of Democracy, Volume 15,Number 2,April 2004,p132.
①Op cit,p132.
②Op cit,p133.
① op cit, p134.
② Sabiti Makara,'"Uganda's 2006 Elections:Consolidating Democracy and BuildingPeace?",East African Journal of Peace and Human Rights,13,1(2007), pp.65-80.
①参见http://www.africa-all.com/Html/guojia.
② Kannyo,Edward, "A New Opening?", Journal of Democracy, Volume 15,Number2,April 2004,p133.
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①参见http://baike.baidu.com/view/111420.
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① Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1988.
Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1995.
① Oliver Furley, James Katalikawe, "Constitutional Reform in Uganda:The New Approach", African Affairs, Vol.96,No.383(Apr.,1997), p.258.
② See J.Oloka-Onyango,'Constitutional Transitions in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?'Journal of African Law,39,2(1995),P158.
① David E.Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order(Summer,1995),pp.172-173..
① Towards a Free and Democratic Uganda:The Basic Principles and Policies of the National ResistanceMovement(NRM),Kampalan,p.4.
② Oliver Furley, James Katalikawe, "Constitutional Reform in Uganda:The New Approach", African Affairs,Vol.96,No.383(Apr.,1997),p245.
③ J.Oloka-Onyango, "Constitutional Transition in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?", Journal of African Law,Vol.39,No.2(1995),p172.
① David E.Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order(Summer,1995),pp.155-190.
① See Yoweri Museveni, "Address" in Decentralization Secretariat,Decentralization in Uganda, Kampala: Decentralization Secretariat,1992,3-4.
① David E. Apter,'Democracy for Uganda:A Case for Comparison', Daedalus,Vol.124,No.3,The Quest for World Order,Summer,1995, p183.
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②亨廷顿： 《变化社会中的政治秩序》,三联书店1989年版,第7页。
① Kristin Leefers, "The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development", Critique:A worldwide student journal of politics, Michigan State University, Spring 2004, p169.
①高秋福：我所认识的乌干达总统穆塞韦尼,参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia.
② Kristin Leefers, "The Course of Political Development in Uganda and its Effect on Economic Development", Critique:A worldwide student journal of politics, Michigan State University, Spring 2004,p170.
①高秋福,我所认识的乌干达总统穆塞韦尼,参见http://news.xinhuanet.com/newmedia.
② Joshua B. Mugyenyi,"IMFConditionalityand StructuraAldjustmentunderthe National Resistance Movement," in Holger Bernt Hansen and Michael Twaddle,eds.,Changing Uganda:The Dilemmas of StructuralAdjustmentand Revolutionary Change(London:James Currey,1991),p71.
③ E.Tumusime-Mutebile, "EconomicReforms and Their Impactin Uganda,"WOO:13,Institute of Economic Studies,Working Paper Series,University of Iceland,October 2,2000,p.6.
① Interview,Michael Opaji,Director, Privatisation and Utility Reform Unit,Ministry of Finance, Planning,and Economic Development,Kampala,Uganda,June20,2001.
② Michael Opaji,quoted by Michael Holman, "Privatisation:Lined Up for the Biggest Sell-off", FinancialTimesSurvey-Uganda, Feb.24,1998,p.2.
③ Geoffrey B.Tukahebwa, "Privatizationas a Development Policy," in Hansen and Twaddle,eds., Developing Uganda,p.65.
① Germina Ssemgerere and David Fielding,"Trade Liberation Policies in Uganda,1965-95: Episodes, Credibility and Impacton Economic Development,with a ample Survey of Enterprises Manufacturing Tradeables,"in Ademola Oyejide,Benno Ndulu,and Jan Willem Gunning,eds., Regional Liberalization and Trade Liberalizationin Sub-SaharanAfrica,Volume2:Country Case Studies, New York:St.Martin'sPress,1999,p.367.
② Interview,Edgar Saravia,Principal Private Sector Development Specialist,Privatization Services Group,Private Sector Development Department WorldBank,WashingtonD.C.,August31,2000.
① Jerzy Hausner,Bob Jessop,and Klaus Nielsen,eds., Strategic Choice and Path Dependency in Post-Socialism:Institutional Dynamics in the Transformation Process, London:Edward Elgar,1994..
① Interview, Michael Opaji,Director,Privatisation and Utility Reform Unit,Ministry of Finance,Planning,and Economic Development, Kampala,Uganda,June20,2001.
② Susan Dicklitch,The Elusive Promise ofNGOs in Africa:Lessons from Uganda,New York:St. Martin'sPress,1998,p.66.
①参见http://www.frnprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gj/fz/1206_45_7/
② Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda:Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999),p91.
③ op cit, p91.
①李永刚：《当代发展中国家的民族主义》 ,《社会科学》,1999年第12期,第27页;三好将夫：《没有边界的世界?从殖民主义到跨国主义及民族国家的衰落》,载汪晖、陈燕谷主编《文化与公共性》,生活·读书·新知三联书店1998年版,第487页。
②李永刚, 《当代发展中国家的民族主义》, 《社会科学》,1999,12,第27页。
① Compiled from Hovil,Lucy and Zachary Lomo.2004(Feb.).Working Paper11:Behind the Violence:Causes, Consequences and the Search for Solutions to the War inNorthern Uganda. Kampala:Refugee Law Project.4;and Hovil,Lucy and Zachary Lomo.2005(Feb.).Working Paper 15:Whose Justice? Perceptions of Uganda's Amnesty Act 2000:The Potential for Conflict Resolution and Long-Term Reconcilation.Kampala:Refugee LawProject.6.
② Pawns of Politics:Children, Conflict and Peace in Northern Uganda, Kampala,World Vision,2004(4).
③ See Allen,Tim.2005(Feb.). War and Justice in Northern Uganda:An Assessment of the International Criminal Court's Intervention, London:Crisis States Research Centre, Development Studies Institute,London School of Economics.iii.
④ erg-Schlosser,Dirk,and Rainer Siegler.Ibid.199;Khiddu-Makubuya,Edward.198"Paramilitarism and Human Rights"In Kumar Rupesinghe(ed.), Conflict Resolution in Uganda.p132.
① Joanna R.Quinn, "Social Reconstruction in Uganda:The Role of Customary Mechanisms in Transitional Justice ", Transitional Justice: Local and International Dimensions, at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting,2 June 2005.
① World Bank.2000,Uganda:Post-Conflict Resolution,Washington:World Bank,p9.
②参见：http://www.ukun.org/search/search_show.asp?Aid=779T=1.
① See J.Oloka-Onyango,'Constitutional Transitions in Museveni's Uganda:New Horizons or Another False Start?'Journal of African Law,39,2(1995), p174.
② Joanna R.Quinn, " Social Reconstruction in Uganda:The Role of Customary Mechanisms in Transitional Justice", Transitional Justice:Local andInternational Dimensions"at the Canadian Political Science Association Annual Meeting,2 June 2005.
① Susan A.Cohen, "Beyond Slogans:Lessons From Uganda's Experience With ABC and HIV/AIDS, " The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, Dec2003.p1.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda:Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold? Dec.,2003,p561.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003),p.555.
②参见：http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A61981-2003 Mayl5.html.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003), p.561.
② http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/200606/25/t20060625_7500973.shtml
③ http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/pds/gjhdq/gj/fz/1206_45_7/
① Susan A.Cohen, "Beyond Slogans:Lessons From Uganda's Experience With ABC and HIV/AIDS, " The Guttmacher Report on Public Policy, December2003, p2.
① Brooke Grundfest Schoepf, "Uganda: Lessons for AIDS Control in Africa", Review of African Political Economy,Vol.30,No.98,Zimbabwe out in the Cold?(Dec.,2003),p.557.
① Uganda Constitutional Commission Statute, Statute 5 of 1995.
② Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda:Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism " African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p92.
① Dan Ottemoeller,"The Politics of Gender in Uganda: Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p93.
① Dan Ottemoeller," The Politics of Gender in Uganda: Symbolism in the Service of Pragmatism", African Studies Review,Vol.42,No.2(Sep.,1999), p 96.
①笔者注：至今国内学者还未探讨穆塞韦尼模式,国外学者Ronald Kassimir在1999年就使用了穆塞韦尼模式的概念。
② Roger K. Tangri, The Politics of Patronage in Africa: Parastatals, Privatization, and Private Enterprises, Africa World Press,Inc1999,p143.
① Ronald Kassimir, "Reading Museveni:Structure,Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics", Canadian Journal of African Studies, Vol.33,No.2/3,Special Issue:French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations(1999),p660.
② op cit, p662.
① See Ronald Kassimir, "Reading Museveni:Structure,Agency and Pedagogy in Ugandan Politics", Canadian Journal of African Studies Vol.33,No.2/3,Special Issue:French-Speaking Central Africa: Political Dynamics of Identities and Representations(1999),p660.
① Oloka-Onyango,Joseph,'"New-Breed'Leadership,Conflict,and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa:A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Africa Today,Volume 50,Number 3,Spring 2004,p34.
① Giovanni Carbone, "'Populism'Visits Africa: The Case of Yoweri Museveni and No-Party Democracy in Uganda", Crisis States Programme Working Papers series No.1, Giovanni Carbone,2005,p1.
①op cit,p4.
① op cit, p5.
② Quoted from a speech by Museveni to the NRC,undated,at http://www.museveni.co.ug.
③ Mette Kjaer,'Fundamental change or no change? The process of constitutionalising Uganda',Democratization,6:4(1999),pp.94-113,on Museveni's move from revolutionary to neo-liberal economicpolicies.
① Nelson Kasfir, "'Movement' Democracy, Legitimacy and Power in Uganda", in Justus Mugaju and Joe Oloka-Onyango(eds), No-party democratcy in Uganda: Myths and realities, Kampala: Fountain,2000,p76.
① The Monitor,Kampala,4 November 1999.
① Mugisha Muntu, MP in the East African Legislative Assembly and Former Army Officer, Interview, Kampala,21 October 2004.
① See Roger Tangri&Andrew Mwenda,'Military corruption and Ugandan politics since the late 1990s',Review of African Political Economy,98(2003),pp.539-552.
② Jonathan D. John & James Putzel, "Crisis States Research and'Failed States'Debate:An Introduction to the Workshop", Paper presented at the Crisis States Annual Workshop,Delhi,13-15 December 2004.
③亨廷顿： 《变革社会的政治秩序》,张岱云等译,上海译文出版社,1989年,第496页。
① Marina Ottaway, Africa's New Leaders, Democracy or State Reconstruction? Washington:Car-negie Endowment for International Peace,1999.
② See Jean-Francois Bayart, "The State in Africa", The Politics of the Belly, London: Longman,1993; and Nugent 1995.
③ See J. Oloka-Onyango,Joseph,'"New-Breed'Leadership,Conflict,and Reconstruction in the Great Lakes Region of Africa:A Sociopolitical Biography of Uganda's Yoweri Kaguta Museveni", Africa Today, Volume 50,Number 3,Spring 2004, p.172.
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2.联合国中文网站：http://www.un.org/zh
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