刺参急性口围肿胀病和皱纹盘鲍肌肉萎缩症的病理学研究
|
摘要
本论文以大连沿海养殖刺参劾皱纹盘鲍为研究对象,利用组织学、超微病理学、病理生理学的方法,开展了患病病理学研究,并对可能诱发刺参和皱纹盘鲍病害的原因,以及病变过程进行了初步探讨。
中国北方养殖刺参[Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)]幼参和成参的急性口围肿胀病。急性口围肿胀病是爆发于中国北方辽宁省和山东省沿岸养殖刺参群体中的一种新发现的疾病,并且从2004年开始已经引起刺参的大面积死亡现象,经济损失重大。本文报道在养殖患病刺参的肠上皮细胞内发现大量的病毒样颗粒。这是首次报道病毒样粒子感染刺参。组织学检查表明该病毒具有包涵体结构,寄生于肠上皮细胞中。电镜检查的结果表明,该病毒粒子呈球形,直径80-100纳米,螺旋状核衣壳,具有囊膜结构且囊膜表面具有纤突结构。进一步的形态学和病理学分析发现该病毒具有许多报道的关于冠状病毒的特征。细胞质内的病毒颗粒大部分以团聚方式存在于一个完整的包膜内,形成典型的病毒包涵体结构。最明显的细胞病理学特征是细胞质内大面积的粒状物质的存在,该区域相对缺少相应的细胞器。在病毒包涵体内的管状结构,核衣壳包涵体以及双层膜囊泡也在病变细胞内发现。在病参体内未发现立克次氏体,衣原体,细菌以及其他寄生生物。
中国北方养殖皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的肌肉萎缩症病理研究。在2004年和2005年的中国北方海区,养殖皱纹盘鲍幼体和成体群体中爆发了严重的肌肉萎缩症。肌电图监测显示病鲍的肌肉萎缩是肌源性的而不是神经源性的。与正常对照组对比结果显示,病鲍的肌纤维数量和肌纤维直径都显著降低。肌酶谱测定结果显示,病鲍血清中的肌酸激酶水平,肌酸激酶—肌同工酶水平和乳酸脱氢酶水平,与正常血清对比,呈显著升高状态,说明病鲍体内发生了肌细胞损伤。超薄切片电镜检测结果显示在发生病变的肌细胞内存在双螺旋丝状结构的包涵体(Paired helical filaments, PHFs),该结构是人类患包涵体肌炎的主要的病理特征。本文首次报道在无脊椎动物中发现双螺旋丝包涵体结构。对损伤的肌纤维的进一步研究发现了异常增生的小圆柱体结构(Small Cylinder Structure, SCS)和致密小体(Dense colored particles, DCP),同时观察到这两种异常结构与肌纤维的损伤直接相关。本文还对该病的感染机制作了探讨。
中国北方皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)肌肉萎缩的病理生理研究。严重的足肌肉萎缩症是鲍的一种慢性致死性疾病。在中国北方的养殖皱纹盘鲍群体中第一次发现是在2000年,随后在各养殖海区,自然海区及实验室养殖过程中都发现了该病的暴发。超微结构电镜检测显示肌肉纤维损伤严重,其内的大部分肌原纤维断裂或消失。大量的花瓣状的糖原颗粒聚集在断裂的肌原纤维中,还有一些被包裹在包膜内。这说明在病鲍体内的糖原代谢处于被抑制状态(或停止状态),随后的血清学检测表明病鲍血清中的葡萄糖含量与正常对照的含量显著降低,也证明了糖代谢途径的终止。病鲍血清中胆固醇和甘油三酯的量显著降低,伴随着高密度脂蛋白的水平显著升高,说明脂肪代谢途径的亢进状态。病鲍血清中的二氧化碳水平的显著降低说明出现了酸碱平衡紊乱,通过病因学分析可知该酸碱平衡紊乱应属于代谢性酸中毒。病鲍血清中的钠离子和钾离子浓度显著升高,无机磷和镁离子浓度显著降低说明出现了患病皱纹盘鲍体内出现了电解质紊乱。病鲍血清中蛋白质含量的检测表明患病皱纹盘鲍已出现低蛋白血症,说明病鲍出现了严重的营养不良。病鲍血清中的尿酸含量,胆碱酯酶水平和γ-转肽酶水平与正常对照组相比显著降低。各项指标检测的结果说明糖代谢途径的终止造成了病鲍一系列的调节体系的不平衡和各种生理功能的紊乱,甚至造成了鲍的最终死亡。
Acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers [Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)] reared in North China. Acute peristome edema disease (APED) is a new disease that broke out in cultured sea cucumber along the Shangdong and Liaoning province coasts in China, PR, and has caused a great deal of death in Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)since 2004. Here we report virus-like particles found in intestine epithelium of sea cucumbers reared in North China. It is the first time that sea cucumbers are reported to be infected by virus. Histological examinations showed that the viral inclusion bodies existed in intestine epithelium cells. Electron microscopic examinations show that the virions were spherical, 80—100 nm in diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. Detailed studies on the morphogenesis of these viruses found many characteristics previously described for coronaviruses. Virus particles always congregated, and formed a virus vesicle with an encircling membrane. The most obvious cellular pathologic feature is large granular areas of cytoplasm, relatively devoid of organelles. Tubular structures within virus-containing vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and double-membrane vesicles are also found in the cytopathic cells. No rickettsia, chlamydia, bacteria, or other parasitic organisms were found.
Pathology of atrophic muscle in abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) reared in North China. Severe muscle atrophy disease in cultured abalone juveniles and adults were reported in 2004 and 2005 in North China. Electromyography test shows that the atrophy of abalones is myogenetic but not neurogenetic. Comparing to the control group, the number of intact myofibrils and the diameter of myofibrils of the diseased ones significantly decreased statistically. The levels of Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine kinase—MM(CK--MM) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum of diseased abalones increased significantly comparing to the control, which suggests that damage of muscle cells occurred. Ultrathin-section electron microscopic examination was performed and paired helical filaments (PHFs) inclusion bodies were found in cytopathic cells of muscle, which is the pathologic feature reported for atrophic muscles of human patients with inclusion body myositis. It is the first time that PHFs inclusion bodies were reported found in invertebrate. Further research on myofibril damages demonstrated that two abnormal structures, Small Cylinder Structure (SCS) and Dense-Colored Particles (DCPs), proliferated in broken myofibrils, which were observed to be related directly to myofibril damage. The mechanism of the infection was discussed.
Pathophysiology of muscle atrophy in abalones (Haliotis discus hanni) reared in China. Severe amyotrophy syndrome of cultured abalone was a chronic disease and the disease breaks out in North China in May every year. Ultrathin-section electron microscopic examination was performed and myofibers were observed to be damaged severely, within which most of myofibrils were broken. Large numbers of petaloid glycogen particles, some of which were encircled in membranes, were observed accumulated among broken myofibrils. It suggests that the glucose metabolism were inhibited in the disease, which is proved by the low level glucose detected in blood. Lower levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, together with high level of high-density lipoprotein in blood suggest the promotion of lipolysis. Low levels of total carbon dioxide in blood suggest acid-base disturbance, which belongs to metabolic acidosis by its etiologic analyses. Electrolytes imbalances were characterized by low levels of sodium and potassium accompanied with high levels of phosphate and magnesium in blood. Hypoproteinemia also appeared in diseased abalones, which suggest the diseased abalones were in severe dystrophia. The content uric acid and the levels of choline esterase andγ-transpeptidase in blood all decreased sharply compared to the control. It can be concluded from the results that the inhibition of glucose metabolism brings series of imbalances and disturbances to the physiological functions of the abalones, and even caused them to death.
中国北方养殖刺参[Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)]幼参和成参的急性口围肿胀病。急性口围肿胀病是爆发于中国北方辽宁省和山东省沿岸养殖刺参群体中的一种新发现的疾病,并且从2004年开始已经引起刺参的大面积死亡现象,经济损失重大。本文报道在养殖患病刺参的肠上皮细胞内发现大量的病毒样颗粒。这是首次报道病毒样粒子感染刺参。组织学检查表明该病毒具有包涵体结构,寄生于肠上皮细胞中。电镜检查的结果表明,该病毒粒子呈球形,直径80-100纳米,螺旋状核衣壳,具有囊膜结构且囊膜表面具有纤突结构。进一步的形态学和病理学分析发现该病毒具有许多报道的关于冠状病毒的特征。细胞质内的病毒颗粒大部分以团聚方式存在于一个完整的包膜内,形成典型的病毒包涵体结构。最明显的细胞病理学特征是细胞质内大面积的粒状物质的存在,该区域相对缺少相应的细胞器。在病毒包涵体内的管状结构,核衣壳包涵体以及双层膜囊泡也在病变细胞内发现。在病参体内未发现立克次氏体,衣原体,细菌以及其他寄生生物。
中国北方养殖皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)的肌肉萎缩症病理研究。在2004年和2005年的中国北方海区,养殖皱纹盘鲍幼体和成体群体中爆发了严重的肌肉萎缩症。肌电图监测显示病鲍的肌肉萎缩是肌源性的而不是神经源性的。与正常对照组对比结果显示,病鲍的肌纤维数量和肌纤维直径都显著降低。肌酶谱测定结果显示,病鲍血清中的肌酸激酶水平,肌酸激酶—肌同工酶水平和乳酸脱氢酶水平,与正常血清对比,呈显著升高状态,说明病鲍体内发生了肌细胞损伤。超薄切片电镜检测结果显示在发生病变的肌细胞内存在双螺旋丝状结构的包涵体(Paired helical filaments, PHFs),该结构是人类患包涵体肌炎的主要的病理特征。本文首次报道在无脊椎动物中发现双螺旋丝包涵体结构。对损伤的肌纤维的进一步研究发现了异常增生的小圆柱体结构(Small Cylinder Structure, SCS)和致密小体(Dense colored particles, DCP),同时观察到这两种异常结构与肌纤维的损伤直接相关。本文还对该病的感染机制作了探讨。
中国北方皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)肌肉萎缩的病理生理研究。严重的足肌肉萎缩症是鲍的一种慢性致死性疾病。在中国北方的养殖皱纹盘鲍群体中第一次发现是在2000年,随后在各养殖海区,自然海区及实验室养殖过程中都发现了该病的暴发。超微结构电镜检测显示肌肉纤维损伤严重,其内的大部分肌原纤维断裂或消失。大量的花瓣状的糖原颗粒聚集在断裂的肌原纤维中,还有一些被包裹在包膜内。这说明在病鲍体内的糖原代谢处于被抑制状态(或停止状态),随后的血清学检测表明病鲍血清中的葡萄糖含量与正常对照的含量显著降低,也证明了糖代谢途径的终止。病鲍血清中胆固醇和甘油三酯的量显著降低,伴随着高密度脂蛋白的水平显著升高,说明脂肪代谢途径的亢进状态。病鲍血清中的二氧化碳水平的显著降低说明出现了酸碱平衡紊乱,通过病因学分析可知该酸碱平衡紊乱应属于代谢性酸中毒。病鲍血清中的钠离子和钾离子浓度显著升高,无机磷和镁离子浓度显著降低说明出现了患病皱纹盘鲍体内出现了电解质紊乱。病鲍血清中蛋白质含量的检测表明患病皱纹盘鲍已出现低蛋白血症,说明病鲍出现了严重的营养不良。病鲍血清中的尿酸含量,胆碱酯酶水平和γ-转肽酶水平与正常对照组相比显著降低。各项指标检测的结果说明糖代谢途径的终止造成了病鲍一系列的调节体系的不平衡和各种生理功能的紊乱,甚至造成了鲍的最终死亡。
Acute peristome edema disease in juvenile and adult sea cucumbers [Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka)] reared in North China. Acute peristome edema disease (APED) is a new disease that broke out in cultured sea cucumber along the Shangdong and Liaoning province coasts in China, PR, and has caused a great deal of death in Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)since 2004. Here we report virus-like particles found in intestine epithelium of sea cucumbers reared in North China. It is the first time that sea cucumbers are reported to be infected by virus. Histological examinations showed that the viral inclusion bodies existed in intestine epithelium cells. Electron microscopic examinations show that the virions were spherical, 80—100 nm in diameter, and composed of a helical nucleocapsid within an envelope with surface projections. Detailed studies on the morphogenesis of these viruses found many characteristics previously described for coronaviruses. Virus particles always congregated, and formed a virus vesicle with an encircling membrane. The most obvious cellular pathologic feature is large granular areas of cytoplasm, relatively devoid of organelles. Tubular structures within virus-containing vesicles, nucleocapsid inclusions, and double-membrane vesicles are also found in the cytopathic cells. No rickettsia, chlamydia, bacteria, or other parasitic organisms were found.
Pathology of atrophic muscle in abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) reared in North China. Severe muscle atrophy disease in cultured abalone juveniles and adults were reported in 2004 and 2005 in North China. Electromyography test shows that the atrophy of abalones is myogenetic but not neurogenetic. Comparing to the control group, the number of intact myofibrils and the diameter of myofibrils of the diseased ones significantly decreased statistically. The levels of Creatine Kinase (CK), Creatine kinase—MM(CK--MM) and Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum of diseased abalones increased significantly comparing to the control, which suggests that damage of muscle cells occurred. Ultrathin-section electron microscopic examination was performed and paired helical filaments (PHFs) inclusion bodies were found in cytopathic cells of muscle, which is the pathologic feature reported for atrophic muscles of human patients with inclusion body myositis. It is the first time that PHFs inclusion bodies were reported found in invertebrate. Further research on myofibril damages demonstrated that two abnormal structures, Small Cylinder Structure (SCS) and Dense-Colored Particles (DCPs), proliferated in broken myofibrils, which were observed to be related directly to myofibril damage. The mechanism of the infection was discussed.
Pathophysiology of muscle atrophy in abalones (Haliotis discus hanni) reared in China. Severe amyotrophy syndrome of cultured abalone was a chronic disease and the disease breaks out in North China in May every year. Ultrathin-section electron microscopic examination was performed and myofibers were observed to be damaged severely, within which most of myofibrils were broken. Large numbers of petaloid glycogen particles, some of which were encircled in membranes, were observed accumulated among broken myofibrils. It suggests that the glucose metabolism were inhibited in the disease, which is proved by the low level glucose detected in blood. Lower levels of cholesterol and triglyceride, together with high level of high-density lipoprotein in blood suggest the promotion of lipolysis. Low levels of total carbon dioxide in blood suggest acid-base disturbance, which belongs to metabolic acidosis by its etiologic analyses. Electrolytes imbalances were characterized by low levels of sodium and potassium accompanied with high levels of phosphate and magnesium in blood. Hypoproteinemia also appeared in diseased abalones, which suggest the diseased abalones were in severe dystrophia. The content uric acid and the levels of choline esterase andγ-transpeptidase in blood all decreased sharply compared to the control. It can be concluded from the results that the inhibition of glucose metabolism brings series of imbalances and disturbances to the physiological functions of the abalones, and even caused them to death.
引文
相建海, 2001. 海水养殖生物病害发生与控制[M] . 北京:海洋出版社,. 2 ,19.
常亚青,丁 君,宋 坚等, 2004 .海参、海胆的生物学研究与养殖[M] . 北京:海洋出版社,. 113.
邓欢,隋锡林,2004. 刺参育苗期常见疾病[J]. 水产科学, 23(3):40.
廖玉麟, 1997. 中国动物志棘皮动物门海参纲[M] . 北京:科学出版社,. 39 - 47.
孟庆显,俞开康,战文斌等,1996. 海水养殖动物病害学[M] . 北京:中国农业出版社, 54 - 59.
隋锡林,邓欢,2004. 刺参池塘养殖的病害及防治对策[J]. 水产科学, 23(6):22-23.
隋锡林, 1990.海参增养殖 [M] . 北京:中国农业出版社, 107 -153.
王印庚, 荣小军, 2004. 我国刺参养殖存在的主要问题与疾病综合防治技术要点。[J]齐鲁渔业, 21(10):29-31.
王印庚,荣小军,张春云,2004. 养殖刺参暴发性疾病—— “腐皮综合症”的初步研究与防治[J].齐鲁渔业,21(5):44—47.
战文斌,俞开康,l993.海参和海胆的疾病[J].海洋湖沼通报,l:95 -100.
张春云,王印庚,荣小军,2004.国内外海参自然资源、养殖状况及存在问题[J].海洋水产研究,(3):89— 97.
Altstatt, J.M., R.F. Ambrose, J.M. Engle, P.L. Haaker, K.D. Lafferty and P.T. Raimondi. 1996. Recent declines of black abalone Haliotis cracherodii on the mainland coast of central California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 142: 185-192.
álvarez Tinajero, M. del C., J. Cáceres-Martínez and J.G. Gonzáles Avilés. 2002.
Histopathological evaluation of the yellow abalone Haliotis corrugata and the blue abalone Haliotis flugens from Baja California, México. Journal of Shellfish Research 21: 825-830.
Andree, K.B., C.S. Friedman, J.D. Moore and R.P. Hedrick. 2000. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of genomic DNA of a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote associated with withering syndrome in California abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 213-218.
Andree, K.B., Friedman, C.S., Moore, J.D., Hedrick, R.P., 2000. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of genomic DNA of a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote associated with withering syndrome in California abalone. J. Shellfish Res. 19, 213-218
Antonio, D.B., Andree, K.B., Moore, J.D., Friedman C.S., Hedrick R.P., 2000. Detection of Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes by in situ hybridization in balck abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, with withering syndrome. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75, 180-182.
Antonio, D.B., K.B. Andree, J.D. Moore, C.S. Friedman and R.P. Hedrick. 2000. Detection of Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes by in situ hybridization in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, with withering syndrome. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75: 180-182.
Arahata, K., Engel, A.G., 1986. Monoclonol antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies Ⅱ :Immunoelectron microscopy aspects of cell mediated muscle fiber injury.Ann. Neurol. 28, 112-125.
Askanas, V., Bilak, M., Engel, W. K., Alvarez, R.B., Tome, F., Leclerc, A., 1993. Prion protein is abnormally accumulated in inclusion-body myositis. .Neuroreport. 25 (1), 25-8
Benoit, F., Didier, V., Hubert, L, Graca, R., 2005. Exosomes: A bubble ride for prion? Traffic 6, 10-17.
Askanas, V., Engel, W. K., 1998. Sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion-body myopathies: current concepts of diagnosis and pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 10 (6), 530-42.
Becker, P., Gillan, D., Lanterbecq, D., Jangoux, M., Rasolofonirina, R., Rakotovao, J. & Eeckhaut, I. 20 November 2003. The skin ulceration disease in cultivated juveniles of Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata). Aquaculture. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.018
Becker, W. B., McIntosh, K., Dess, J. H. & Chanock, R.M. 1967. Morphogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus and a related human virus (strain 229E). J. Virol. 1, 1019-1027
Bill T., 2005. An Overview of Iuclusion Body Myositis. In: Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM) [online]. Available at: http://members.shaw.ca/btillieribm/essay.htm
Botes, H., L. Basson and J.G. Van As. 1998. Ectosymbiotic ellobiophryid peritrichs associated with abalone. Proceeding of the Microscopy Society of Southern Africa 28: 75.
Botes, H., L. Basson and L.L. Van As. 1999. Digenean trematodes found associated with Haliotis spadicea Donovan, 1808. Proceeding of the Microscopy Society of Southern Africa 29:76.
Bower, S., E. Burreson and K. Reece. 2003. Annex 10: Review of molecular techniques used to differentiate the various species/isolates of Perkinsus. Report of the Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms, Aberdeen, UK, 11-15 March 2003. Mariculture Committee, ICES CM 2003/F:03, Ref. ACME, pg. 54-60 ( for electronic version see: http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/2003/F/F0303.PDF (pg 60 of 101)).
Bower, S.M. 1987a. Labyrinthuloides haliotidis n. sp. (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a pathogenic parasite of small juvenile abalone in a British Columbia mariculture facility. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1996-2007.
Bower, S.M. 1987b. Pathogenicity and host specificity of Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of juvenile abalone. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2008-2012.
Bower,S.M. 1987c. Artificial culture of Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a pathogenic parasite of abalone. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2013-2020.
Bower, S.M. 1989. Disinfectants and therapeutic agents for controlling Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), an abalone pathogen. Aquaculture 78: 207-215.
Bower, S.M. 2000. Infectious diseases of abalone (Haliotis spp.) and risks associated with transplantation. In: Campbell, A. (Editor), Workshop on Rebuilding Abalone Stocks in British Columbia. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 130: 111-122.
Bower, S.M. 2003. Update on emerging abalone diseases and techniques for health assessment. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 805-810.
Bower, S.M. 2005. Labyrinthomorpha (labyrinthomorphs). In: Rohde, K. (ed.), Marine Parasitology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 20-23.
Bower, S.M., D.J. Whitaker and D. Voltolina. 1989. Resistance to ozone of zoospores of the thraustochytrid abalone parasite, Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha). Aquaculture 78: 147-152.
Bower, S.M., D.J. Whitaker and R.A. Elston. 1989. Detection of the abalone parasite Labyrinthuloides haliotidis by a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53: 281-283.
Bower, S.M., N. McLean and D.J. Whitaker. 1989. Mechanism of infection by Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53: 401-409.
Cáceres Martínez, J., C. álvarez Tinajero, Y. Guerrero Rentería and J.G. González Avilés. 2000. Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes in cultured and natural populations of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, blue abalone, Haliotis fulgens, and the yellow abalone Haliotis corrugata from Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 503. (Abstract).
Caceres-Martinez, J. and G.D. Tinoco-Orta. 2001. Symbionts of cultured red abalone, Haliotis rufescens from Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 875-881.
Carpenter, S., Karpati, G.,Helle, I., 1978. Inclusion body myositis:a distinct variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.Neurology 28, 8-17.
Chang Yaqing , Yu Changqing , Song Xin., 2004Pond culture of seacucumber , A postichopus japonicus , in Dalian[A] . Advances insea cucumber aquaculture and management [C] . FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper , (463) :269 - 272
Chen, M.Z.; Jiang, Z.M., 2000: Clinical water and electrolytes balance, 2nd edn. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Chen, Y., 2002: Free radicals pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC. Cheng, T.C. 1978. Larval nematodes parasitic in shellfish. Marine Fisheries Review 40: 39-42.
Cochennec, N., F. LeRoux, F. Berthe and A. Gerard. 2000. Detection of Bonamia ostreae based on small subunit ribosomal probe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 76: 26-32.
Cook, P. 1998. The current status of abalone farming in South Africa. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 601-602.
Culver, C.S., A. Kuris and C.S. Friedman. 1996. Abalone aquaculture, health management and sabellid polychaetes. Abstract of oral presentation for Fish Health Session invited speakers. 1 p. Dalakas, M.C., Reinhard, H., 2003. Polymyositis and dermatomyosits. Lancet 362, 971-982.
Dang, J.X., 2005. Clinical Electromyogram. People’ medical house, Beijing. Davis, G.E. 1993. Mysterious demise of southern California black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 183-184.
Day, R., C. Culver, A. Kuris, A. Belcher and D. Morse. 2000. The parasite Terebrasabella heteroncinata (Polychaeta) manipulates shell synthesis in Haliotis rufescens. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 507. (Abstract).
Desser, S.S. and S.M. Bower. 1997. Margolisiella kabatai gen. et sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a parasite of native littleneck clams, Protothaca staminea, from British Columbia, Canada, with a taxonomic revision of the coccidian parasites of bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Folia Parasitologica 44: 241-247.
Deuff, R. M. L. & Renault, T., 1999. Purification and partial genome characterization of a herpers-like virus infecting the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 1317-1322.
Diggles, B.K. and M. Oliver. 2005. Diseases of cultured paua (Haliotis iris) in New Zealand. In: Walker, P.J., R.G. Lester, M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. pp. 275-287.
Diggles, B.K., J. Nichol, P.M. Hine, S. Wakefield, N. Cochennec-Laureau, R.D. Roberts and C.S. Friedman. 2002. Pathology of cultured paua Haliotis iris infected with a novel haplosporidian parasite, with some observations on the course of disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 219-231.
Dixon, M.G., T. Hecht and C.R. Brandt. 1991. Identification and treatment of a Clostridium and Vibrio infection in South African abalone, Haliotis midae L. Journal of Fish Diseases 14: 693-695.
Drosten, C., Gunther, S, Preiser, W &24 other authors ,2003. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1967-1976.
Dubois, D. M. E., Doller, W. W., Haspel, M. V. &Holes, K. V. ,1982. Cell tropism and expression of mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV) in mouse spinal cord cultures. Virology 119, 317-331
Ebert, E.E. and J.L. Houk. 1989. Abalone cultivation methods used at the California Department of Fish and Game's marine resources laboratory. In: K. O. Hahn, K.O. (Editor), Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 239-254.
Elston, R.A. and G.S. Lockwood. 1983. Pathogenesis of vibriosis in cultured juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Journal of Fish Diseases 6: 111-128.
Engel, A.G., Arahata, K., 1984. Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies: I Phenotypes of autoinvasive cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis.Ann. Neurol. 86, 209-215.
Engel, A.G.,Banker, B.Q., 1986. Myology.Vol I.New York:McGraw Hillt. 1700-1736.
Eppenberger-Eberhardt, M., Riesinger, I., Messerli, M., Schwarb, P., Muller, M., Eppenberger, H.M., Wallimann, T., 1991. Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured I creatine-deficinet medium display large mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions, enriched for creatine kinase. J. Cell. Biol. 113, 289-302.
Eppengerger-Eberhardt, M.; Riesinger, I.; Messerli, M.; Schwarb, P.; Muller, M.; Eppenberger, H.M.; Wallimann, T.; 1991: Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured I creatine-deficinet medium display large mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions, enriched for creatine kinase. Journal of Cell Biolology 113, 289-302.
Ferreira, J. F. D. & Manker, R. A.,1965. An electron microscope study of the development of a mouse hepatitis virus in tissue culture cells. J. Cell. Biol. 24, 57-78.
Fields, R.C. and F.R. Oakes. 1993. Infestation of Haliotis rufescens shells by a sabellid polychaete. Second International Abalone Symposium in Tasmania, Australia. 10 p. Finley, C.A. and C.S. Friedman. 2000. Examination of the geographic distribution of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in red abalone, Haliotis rufescens in northern California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 512-513.
Finley, C.A. and C.S. Friedman. 2000b. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: influence of temperature and fertilization strategy. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 645. (Abstract).
Finley, C.A., C.S. Friedman and T.J. Mulligan. 2000a. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: influence of temperature and fertilization strategy. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 513. (Abstract).
Finley, C.A., T.J. Mulligan and C.S. Friedman. 2001. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: fertilization strategy and influence of temperature on reproduction. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 883-888.
Finley, C.A., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2003. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: fertilization strategy and influence of temperature on reproduction. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 602-603. (Abstract).
Fitzhugh, K. and Q.W. Rouse. 1999. A remarkable new genus and species of fan worm (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) associated with some marine gastropods. Invertebrate Biology 118: 357-390.
Ford, S.E., Z. Xu and G. Debrosse. 2001. Use of particle filtration and UV irradiation to prevent infection by Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) in hatchery-reared larval and juvenile oysters. Aquaculture 94: 37-49.
Friedman, C.S. 1991. Coccidiosis of California abalone, Haliotis spp. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 10: 236.
Friedman, C.S. 1996. Update on abalone withering syndrome. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 9: 9.
Friedman, C.S., Andree, K.B., Beauchamp, K.A., Moore, J.D., Robbins, T.T., Shields, J.D., Hedrick, R.P., 2000. ‘Casndidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis’, a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 847-855
Friedman, C.S., G. Trevelyan, T.T. Robbins, E.P. Mulder and R. Fields. 2003a. Development of an oral administration of oxytetracycline to control losses due to withering syndrome in cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 224: 1-23.
Friedman, C.S., G.R. Gardner, R.P. Hedrick, M. Stephenson, R.J. Cawthorn and S.J. Upton. 1995. Pseudoklossia haliotis sp.n. (Apicomplexa) from the kidney of California abalone, Haliotis spp. (Mollusca). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 33-38.
Friedman, C.S., J.D. Moore, T.T. Robbins, B.A. Braid, C.A. Finley, R.P. Hedrick, D.V. Baxa, K.B. Andree, E. Rosenblum, M.R. Viant, R.S. Tjeerdema, P.L. Haaker, M.J. Tegner and L. Vilchis. 2003b. Withering syndrome of abalone in California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 603.
Friedman, C.S., K.B. Andree, K.A. Beauchamp, J.D. Moore, T.T. Robbins, J.D. Shields, and R.P. Hedrick. 2000d. 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis', a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America. International Journal of Systematic Evolution and Microbiology 50: 487-855.
Friedman, C.S., K.B. Andree, T.T. Robbins, J.D. Shields, J.D. Moore, K. Beauchamp and R.P. Hedrick. 2000c. "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis," a newly described bacterial pathogen and etiological agent of withering syndrome found in abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 513.
Friedman, C.S., M. Thomson, C. Chun, P. Haaker and R.P. Hedrick. 1997. Withering syndrome of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii (Leach): water temperature, food availability, and parasites as possible causes. Journal of Shellfish Research 16: 403-411.
Friedman, C.S., R. Grindley and J.A. Keogh. 1997. Isolation of a fungus from shell lesions of New Zealand abalone, Haliotis iris Martyn and H. australis Gmelin. Molluscan Research 18: 313-324.
Friedman, C.S., T. Robbins, J.L. Jacobsen and J.D. Shields. 2000a. The cellular immune response of black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, with and without Withering Syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 514.
Friedman, C.S., T. Robbins, J.L. Jacobsen, and J.D. Shields. 1999. Examination of the cellular immune response of black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii with and without Withering Syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 322.
Friedman, C.S., T.T. Robbins, J.D. Moore, J.D. Shields, K.B. Andree, K.A. Beauchamp, D.B. Antonio and R.P. Hedrick. 2000b. "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis", a newly described bacterial pathogen and etiological agent of abalone withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 645.
Friedman, C.S., Trevelyan, G., Robbins, T.T., Mulder, E.P., Fields, R., 2003. Development of an oral administration of oxytetracycline to control losses due to withering syndrome in cultured red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 224, 1-23.
Friedman, C.S., W. Biggs, J.D. Shields and R.P. Hedrick. 2002. Transmission of withering syndrome in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach. Journal of Shellfish Research 21: 817-824.
Friedman, C.S., W. Roberts, G. Kismohandaka and R.P. Hedrick. 1993. Transmissibility of a coccidian parasite of abalone, Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 201-205.
Gábor, G. K., Ognian, K., Ellen, G., Christine, H., Julia, W., Michaela, S., Mária, J. M., Lajos, L., Herbert, B., 2004. The prion protein in human neuromuscular diseases. J. Pathol. 204, 241-247.
Gabor, G.K., Elisabeth, L.P., Leila, C., 2003. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and inclusion body myositis: abundant disease-associated prion protein in muscle. Ann. Neurol. 55, 121-125.
Gardner, G.R., J.C. Harshbarger, J.L. Lake, T.K. Sawyer, K.L. Price, M.D. Stephenson, P.L. Haaker and H.A. Togstad. 1995. Association of prokaryotes with symptomatic appearance of withering syndrome in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 111-120.
Gilad, R., Giladi, N., Korczyn, A. D., Gurevich, T., Sadeh, M., 2001. Quantitative anal sphincter EMG in multisystem. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 71, 596-599.
Goggin, C.L. 1994. Variation in the two internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S ribosomal RNA from five isolates of the marine parasite Perkinsus (Protista, Apicomplexa). Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 65: 179-182.
Goggin, C.L. and R.J.G. Lester. 1995. Perkinsus, a protistan parasite of abalone in Australia: a review. Marine Fisheries Research 46: 639-646.
Goggin, C.L., K.B. Sewell and R.G.J. Lester. 1989. Cross-infection experiments with Australian Perkinsus species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 7: 55-59
Goggin, C.L., K.B. Sewell and R.J. Lester. 1990. Tolerances of Perkinsus spp. (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) to temperature, chlorine and salinity. Journal of Shellfish Research 9: 145-148.
Goldsmith, C. S., Tatti, K. M., Ksiazek, T. G. & 7 other authors, 2004. Ultrastrucutral characterization of SARS coronavirus. Emerg, Infect. Dis. 10, 320-326.
Gosert, R., Kanjanahaluethai, A., Egger, D., Bienz, K. & Baker, S. C., 2002. RNA replication of mouse hepatitis virus takes place at double-membrane vesicles. J. Virol. 76, 3697-3708.
Griggs, R.C., Askarms, V.,Dimauro, S., 1995.Inclusion body myositis and myopathies.Ann Neurol 38(5), 708-713.
Grindley, R.M., J.A. Keogh and C.S. Friedman. 1998. Shell lesions in New Zealand Haliotis spp. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 805-811.
Guo, H.Y., 2005: Water, electrolytes imbalance. In: Chen, Z.C., Pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Guo, X., S.E. Ford and F. Zhang. 1999. Molluscan aquaculture in China. Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 19-31.
Haaker, P.L. 1997. Abalone at the Channel Islands. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 10: 4.
Haaker, P.L., D.O. Parker, H. Togstad, D. Richards V, G.E. Davis and C.S. Friedman. 1992. Mass mortality and withering foot syndrome in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, in California. In: S.A. Shepard, M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds.), Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Cambridge, p. 214-224.
Halperin, M.L.; Goldstein, M.B., 1999: Fluid, electrolytes and acid-base physiology, 3rd edn. Harcourt publishers limited, Toronto, Canada.
Handlinger, J., D. Taylor and J. Carson. 2001. Flavobacterium-like infection of abalone. (Abstract). Book of Abstracts, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Tenth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 9 - 14 September 2001. pg. 209.
Handlinger, J., J. Carson, L. Donachie, L. Gabor and D. Taylor. 2002. Bacterial infection in Tasmanian farmed abalone: causes, pathology, farm factors and control options. (Abstract). Handbook and Abstracts, Fifth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Queensland, Australia, 24-28 November 2002. Pg. 139.
Handlinger, J., J. Carson, L. Donachie, L. Gabor and D. Taylor. 2005. Bacterial infection in Tasmanian farmed abalone: causes, pathology, farm factors and control options. In: Walker, P.J., R.G. Lester, M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. pp. 289-299.
Hao, L.Y., 2002: Metabolic disorders. In: Zhang, D.Y., Diagnosis and treatments of kidney failure. Anhui science and technology press. Hefei, PRC.
Hara, M., Sekino, M., Kumagai, A., Yoshinage, T., 2004. The identification of genetic resistance to amyotrophia in japanese abalone, Haliotis discus discus. J. Shellfish Res. 23, 1157-1161.
Harrison, A.J. and J.F. Grant. 1971. Progress in abalone research. Tasmanian Fisheries Research 5:1-10.
Hatai, K. 1982. On the fungus Haliphthorous milfordensis isolated from temporarily held abalone (Haliotis sieboldii). Fish Pathology (Tokyo) 17: 199-204.
Hauser, H. 1997. The future of abalone. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 10: 5.
Hayward, C., R. Lester, S. Barker, H. McCallum, A. Murrell and S. Kleeman. 2002. Transmission of Perkinsus olseni among wild blacklip abalone in South Australia. (Abstract). Handbook and Abstracts, Fifth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Queensland, Australia, 24-28 November 2002. Pg. 139.
Hine, P.M., S. Wakefield, B.K. Diggles, V.L. Webb and E.W. Maas. 2002. Ultrastructure of a haplosporidian containing Rickettsiae, associated with mortalities among cultured paua Haliotis iris. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49: 207-219.
Huang, C.Y., 2004: Protein-energy malnutrition. In: Ge, K.Y., An overview of nutrition sciences. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
James, P.K.; Edward, M.S., 1972: On the mechanism of rhabdomyolysis in potassium depletion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 51, 1750–1758.
Jin, H.M.; Wang, J.Z., 2005: Pathophysiology, 6th edn. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Jin, L., 2004: Analysis GGT and CHE in patients with renal glomerulus nephntis. Chinese Journal of Today’s Medicine 4, 58.
Jurgen, V.M., 2003: Magnesium: Nutrition and metabolism. Aspects of Medicine 24, 27-37.
Kaufman, C.E.; Mckee, P.A., 2002: Essential of pathophysiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
Kimura, J., 1989. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle. Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company.
Kismohandaka, G., C.S. Friedman, W. Roberts and R.P. Hedrick. 1993. Investigation of physiological parameters of black abalone with withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 131-132.
Kismohandaka, G., W. Roberts, R.P. Hedrick and C.S. Friedman. 1995. Physiological alterations of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, with withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 269-270
Ksiazek, T. G., Erdman, D., Godsmith, C.S. & 23 other authors, 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1953—1966.
Kuris, A.M. and C.S. Culver. 1999. An introduced sabellid polychaete pest infesting cultured abalones and its potential spread to other California gastropods. Invertebrate Biology 118: 391-403.
Kuris, A.M., R.J. Schmitt and R. Hedrick. 1994. Abalone wasting disease: role of coccidian parasites and environmental factors. In: none (eds), California Sea Grant Biennial Report of Completed Projects 1990-92. California Sea Grant College, La Jolla, CA, pp. 120-123.
Lafferty, K.D. and A.M. Kuris. 1993. Mass mortality of abalone Haliotis cracherodii on the California Channel Islands: tests of epidemiological hypotheses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96: 239-248.
Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases of Mollusca: Bivalvia. In: O. Kinne (ed.). Diseases of Marine Animals. Volume II: Introduction, Bivalvia to Scaphopoda. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, p. 732-750.
Laura, M.C., 2003: Rhabdomyolysis pathophysiology, recognition and management. Critical Care Nurse 23, 14-30.
LeBlanc, R. 1995. Transmission of parasitic sabellid polychaete in red cultured abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Bodega Marine Laboratory Summer Program Report, Bodega Bay, California. 9 p. Lee, J.V., P. Shread, A.L. Furniss and T.N. Bryant. 1981. Taxonomy and description of Vibrio fluvialis sp. nov. (synonym Group F vibrios, Group EF6). Journal of Applied Bacteriology 50: 73-94.
Leighton, D.L. 1998. Control of sabellid infestations in green and pink abalones, Haliotidis fulgens and H. corrugata, by exposure to elevated water temperatures. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 701-705.
Leipe, D.D., S.M. Tong, C.L. Goggin, S.B. Slemenda, N.J. Pieniazek and M.L. Sogin. 1996. 16S-like rDNA sequences from Developayella elegans, Labyrinthyloides haliotidis and Proteromonas lacertae confirm that the stramenopiles are a primarily heterotrophic group. European Journal of Protistology 32: 449-458.
Lester, R.J.G. 1986. Abalone dieback caused by protozoan infection? Australian Fisheries 45: 26-27.
Lester, R.J.G. and C.J. Hayward. 2005. Control of Perkinsus disease in abalone. Final Report for FRDC Project no. 2000/151, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Australian Government, and The University of Queensland - Marine Parasitology, Brisbane. Pg. 50.
Lester, R.J.G. and G.H.G. Davis. 1981. A new Perkinsus species (Apicomplexa, Perkinsea) from the abalone Haliotis ruber. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 37: 181187.
Lester, R.J.G., C.L. Goggin and K.B. Sewell. 1990. Perkinsus in Australia. p. 189-199. In F.O. Perkins and T.C. Cheng [ed.]. Pathology in Marine Science. Academic Press Inc., San Diego. CA. Lester, R.J.G., S.N. Kleeman, S.C. Barker and H.I. McCallum. 2001. Epidemiology of Perkinsus olseni, pathogen of abalone. (Abstract). Book of Abstracts, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Tenth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 9 - 14 September 2001. pg. O-006.
Li, T.-W., J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1996a. Comprehensive studies and control of disease of cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai..
Li, T.-W., J. Zhang, M.-J. Ding, S.-J. Wang, P. Shi, J.-H. Xiang and R.-Y. Liu. 1997b. Histology and ultrastructure of pustule disease in abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Acta Zoologica Sinica 43: 238-242.
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1997a. Immunological studies on Haliotis discus hannai with Vibrio fluvialia II. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 28: 27-32. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, J. Zhang, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1998. Studies on the pustule disease of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) on the Dalian coast. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 707-711.
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, X. Song, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1996b. Preliminary studies on the mechanism of Vibrio fluvialis II resistance to antibiotics. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 27: 637-645. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Liguori, R., Fuglsand-Frederiksen, A., Nix, W., Fawcett, P.R, Dnderen, K., 1997. Electromyography in myopathy. Neurophy. Clin. 27, 200-203.
Lindal, S., Lund, I., Torbergsen, T., Aasly, J., Mellgren, S.I., Borud, O., Monstad, P., 1992. Mitochondrial diseases and myopathies: a series of muscle biopsy specimens with ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria. Ultrastructural Pathology 16, 263–275.
Liu, J., L. Nie, T. Li, M. Ding, X. Song and R. Zhao. 1995. A study on pustule disease of Haliotis discus. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 2: 78-84. (In Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Y.X.; Yue, B.G.; Zhu, L.Q., 2003: Relation study on cholinesterase activity and neuromuscular injury. Chinese Test Medicine and Clinic 43, 36.
Lizárraga-Partida, M.L., C. Anguiano-Beltrán, R. Searcy-Bernal and E. Vázquez-Moreno. 1998. Bacterial water quality in abalone farms of Baja California. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 689-692.
Lotz, B.P., Engel, A.G., Nishino, H., 1989. Inclusion body myositis.Brain 118, 727—747.
Loubser, N.C. and N. Dormehl. 2000. The use of ultrasound in the treatment of sabellid infestations in South African abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 524. (Abstract).
Marra, M. A., Jone, S. J. M., Astell, G. R., & 50 other authors, 2003. The genome sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus. Science 300, 1399-1404.
Martínez, J.C. and G.D.T. Orta. 2000. Symbionts of red abalone Haliotis rufescens from Baja California, Mexico. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 503.
McBride, S.C. 1998a. Current status of abalone aquaculture in the Californias. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 593-600.
McBride, S.C. 1998b. Current status of abalone (Family Haliotidae) aquaculture in the Californias. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 332. (Abstract).
Millemann, R. E. 1963. Studies on the taxonomy and life history of Echinocephalid worms (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) with a complete description of Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951. Journal of Parasitology 49: 754-764.
Millemann, R.E. 1951. Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus n.sp., a nematode parasite of the abalone. The Journal of Parasitology 37: 435-439.
Moore, J., T. Robbins, C. Friedman, N. Hooker, T. McCormick and M. Neuman. 2003.
Preliminary pathological investigation of the white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 345-346. (Abstract).
Moore, J.D., Cherr, G.N., Friedman, C.S., 2001. Detection of ‘Candidatus xenohaliotis californensis’ (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) in clusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nuclei acid fluorochrome. Dis. Aquat. Org. 46, 147-152
Moore, J.D., Finley, C.A., Robbins, T.T., 2002. Withering syndrome and restoration of southern california abalone populations. Calcofi. Rep. 43, 112-117.
Moore, J.D., G.N. Cherr and C.S. Friedman. 2001a. Detection of `Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis' (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) inclusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nucleic acid fluorochrome. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46: 147-152.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 1999. Withering syndrome in farmed red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 319.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2000a. The role of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in withering syndrome in California red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 525-526.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2000b. Withering syndrome in farmed red abalone Haliotis rufescens: thermal induction and association with a gastrointestinal Rickettsiales-like prokaryote. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12: 26-34.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins, R.P. Hedrick and C.S. Friedman. 2001b. Transmission of the Rickettsiales-like prokaryote "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis" and its role in withering syndrome of California abalone, Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 867-874.
Moreno, R.A., P.E. Neill and N. Rozbaczylo. 2006. Poliquetos perforadores nativos y no indígenas en Chile: una amenaza para moluscos nativos y comerciales. (Native and non-indigenous boring polychaetes in Chile: a threat to native and commercial mollusc species.). Revista chilena de historia natural 79: 263-278.
Mouton, A. 2000. Health management and disease surveillance in abalone, Haliotis midae, in South Africa. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 526.
Murrell, A., S.N. Kleeman, S.C. Barker and R.J.G. Lester. 2002. Synonymy of Perkinsus olseni Lester & Davis, 1981 and Perkinsus atlanticus Azevedo, 1989 and an update on the phylogenetic position of the genus Prekinsus. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 22: 258-265.
Nakatsugawa, T., Nagai, T., Hiya, K., Nishizawa, T., Muroga, K., 1999. A virus isolated from juvenile japanese balck abalone (Nordotis discus discus ) affected with amyotrophia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36, 159-161.
Nakatsugawa, T., Okabe, M., Muroga, K., 2000. Horizaontal transmission of amyotrphia in japanese balck abalone. Fish Pathol. 35, 11-14.
Nakatsugawa, T., T. Nagai, K. Hiya, T. Nishizawa and K. Muroga. 1999. A virus isolated from juvenile Japanese black abalone Nordotis discus discus affected with amyotrophia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 36: 159-161.
Nicolas, J.L., O. Basuyaux, J. Mazurié and A. Thébault. 2002. Vibrio carchariae, a pathogen of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 35-43.
Nie, L., J. Liu and T. Li. 1995. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the pathogen of pustule disease of H. discus. Chinese Journal of Microecology 7: 33-36. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Nishimori, E., O. Hasegawa, T. Numata and H. Wakabayashi. 1998. Vibrio carchariae causes mass mortalities in Japanese abalone, Sulculus diversicolor supratexta. Fish Pathology (Tokyo) 33: 495-502.
Nollens, H.H., J.C. Schofield, J.A. Keogh and P.K. Probert. 2002. Evaluation of radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy for detection of shell lesions in live abalone Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 145-152.
Oakes, F.R., R.C. Fields, P.F. Arthur and G.A. Trevelyan. 1995. The use of wax to control the shell parasites of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 273. (Abstract).
O'Donoghue, P.J., P.H. Phillips and S.A. Shepherd. 1991. Perkinsus (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) infections in abalone from South Australian waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115: 77-82.
Oldfors, A., Lindberg, C., 2005. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of inclusion body myositis. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18, 497-503.
Oshiro, L. S., Schieble, J. H. & Lennette, E. H. ,1971. Electron microscopic studies of coronavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 12, 161-168.
Otsu, R. and K. Sasaki. 1997. Virus-like particles detected from juvenile abalones (Nordotis discus discus) reared with an epizootic fatal wasting disease. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 70: 167-168.
Pan, J.; Wei, M.J., 2000: Clinical meaning of decreased concentration of plasma uric acid. Chinese Test Medicine and Clinic 40,169-170.
Pearse, J.S. and R.W. Timm. 1971. Juvenile nematodes (Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus) in the gonad of sea urchins (Centrostephanus coronatus) and their effect on host gametogenesis. The Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole, Mass.) 104: 95-103.
Pedersen, K.W., Van, D.M.Y., Roos, N. & Snijder, E. J.,1999. Open reading frame la-encoded subunits of the artervirus replicase induce endoplasmic reticulum-derived double-membrane vesicles which carry the virual replication complex. J. Virol .73, 2016-2026.
Peiris, J. S. M., Lai, S. T., Poon, L. L. M., & 16 other authors. 8 April 2003. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. [Online.] http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art3477web.pdf.
Pen H.C., Shu T.K., san, H.L., Hong S.Y., Yun Y.T., Ching, L.H., Hon, C.C., 2005. Herpes-like virus infection causing mortality of cultured abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexa in taiwan. Dis Aquat Org 65:23-27.
Pen, B.X., 2004: Nutrition and oxidation stress. In: Ge, K.Y., An overview of nutrition sciences. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
Pen, C.E.; Niu, J.Z., 2003: Molecular biology and disease. People’s Medical House, Beijing, PRC.
Peng, L.X.; Xu, X.P., 2003: Metabolism diseases. In: Wu, Z.B.; Zhou, X.J., Ultrastructural pathology and diagnosis. Shanghai Science and technology press, Shanghai, PRC.
Peter, H. F., J. Samuel, Z., Patricia, N. F., Deborah, A. C., 2000. Prion protein expression in mammalian lenses Curr. Eye Res. 20 (2), 137-143
Preston, D.C., Shapiro, B.E., 1998. Electrmyograph and Nuromuscular Disorders. Boston MA, Butter worth-Heinemann.
Reece, K.S. and N.A. Stokes. 2003. Molecular analysis of a haplosporidian parasite from cultured New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53: 61-66.
Reuter, R.E. and S. McOrist. 1999. Mortality due to Vibrio harveyi in farmed blacklip abalone, Notohaliotis ruber. In: C.L. Browdy and R. Fletcher (co-program chairs). Book of Abstracts. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, 26 April-2 May, 1999, Sydney, Australia. p. 629.
Richards, D.V. and G.E. Davis. 1993. Early warnings of modern population collapse in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii, Leach, 1814 at the California Channel Islands. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 189-194.
Ruck, K.R. and P.A. Cook. 1998. Sabellid infestations in the shells of South African molluscs: implications for abalone mariculture. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 693-699.
Ruck, K.R. and P.A. Cook. 1999. Polychaete worms: a threat to abalone farming? In: C.L. Browdy and R. Fletcher (co-program chairs). Book of Abstracts. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, 26 April-2 May, 1999, Sydney, Australia. p. 658.
Ruediger, J.L. and G.R. VanBlaricom. 1993. Abalone withering syndrome at San Nicolas Island, California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 132.
Sales, J. and P.J. Britz. 2000. South African abalone culture succeeds through collaboration. World Aquaculture 31: 44,45,49,50,61. Saran, B., 2002: Metabolism and nutrition. Science press, Beijing, PRC.
Sayers, M.E.,Chou, S.M., Calabrese, L.H., l992. Inclusion body myositis:analysis of 32 cases. J. Rheumatol .19, 1385-1389.
Shepherd, S.A. and P.A. Breen. 1992. Mortality in abalone: its estimation, variability and causes. In: Shepherd, S.A., M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds), Abalone of the World. Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, pp. 276-304.
Shields, J.D., F.O. Perkins and C.S. Friedman. 1996. Hematological pathology of wasting syndrome in black abalone. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 15: 498.
Shields, J.D., M.A. Buchal and C.S. Friedman. 1998. Microencapsulation as a potential control technique against sabellid worms in abalone culture. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 79-83.
Siddell, S., Wege, H. & Ter, M. V. ,1983. The biology of coronaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 64, 761-776.
Simon, C., H. Kaiser and P.J. Britz. 2004. Infestation of the abalone Haliotis midae, by the sabellid, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, under intensive culture conditions, and the influence of infestation on abalone growth. Aquaculture 232: 29-40.
Sorour, J. & Larink, O.,2001. Toxic effects of benomyl on the ultrastructure during spermatogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia fetid. Ecotoxicol, Environ, Saf, 50, 180-188
Stachowiak, O., Dolder, M., Wallimann, T., Richter, C., 1998. Mitochondrial creatine kinase is a prime target of peroxynitriteinduced modification and inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16694–16699.
Steinbeck, J. R. S., Groft, J. M., Friedman, C. S., McDowelly, T. and R.P. Hedrick, R. P. 1989. A coccidianlike protozoan from the California black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. In: Abstracts, First International Symposium on Abalone Biology, Fisheries, and Culture, 2125 Nov. 1989, La Paz, Mexico, p. 23.
Steinbeck, J.R., J.M. Groff, C.S. Friedman, T. McDowell and R.P. Hedrick. 1992. Investigations into a mortality among populations of the California black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, on the central coast of California, USA. In: S.A. Shepard, M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds.), Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Cambridge, p. 203213.
Susanna, K. P. L, Patrick, C. Y. W., Kenneth, S. M. L., 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.102, 14040-14045.
Tai-wu, L. (same author as Li, T.-W.), J. Xiang and R. Liu. 2000. Studies on phage control of pustule disease in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 535. (Abstract).
Tannen, R.L., 1996: Potassium disorders. In: Kokko, J.P.; Tannen, R.L., 3rd edn. Fluids and electrolytes. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphis, USA.
Tissot, B.N. 1995. Recruitment, growth, and survivorship of black abalone on Santa Cruz Island following mass mortality. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 94: 179-189.
Tooze, J., Tooze, S. & Warren, G., 1984. Replication of coronavirus MHV-A59 in sac-cells: determination of the first site of budding of progeny virions. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 33, 281-293.
VanBlaricom, G.R., J.L. Ruediger, C.S. Friedman, D.D. Woodard and R.P. Hedrick. 1993.
Discovery of withering syndrome among black abalone Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814,
populations at San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 185-188.
Wang Yin Geng,Zhang Chun Yun,Rong Xiao Jun,et a1.2004.Diseases of cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in China[A].Alessandro Lovatelli,Chantal Conand,Steven Purcell,et a1.Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management[C].Rome:Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, 297—3l0.
Wang, J.Y., Zhu, S.G., Xu, C.F., 2002. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Higher education press, Beijing
Wang, J.Y.; Zhu, S.G., 2002: Biochemistry. High education press, Beijing, PRC.
Wang, J.Z.; Chen, G.Q., 2005: Text book of pathophysiology. Science press, Beijing, PRC.
Wang, P.H., Chang, Y.Q., Xu, G. R. & Song, L.S.,2005. Isolation and ultrastructure of an enveloped virus in cultured sea cucumber. J. Fish. Sci. Sin. 12, 766-771.
Wilbourn, A.J., 1993. The electrodiagnostic examination with mopathies. J. Clin. Neurophysiol.10, 132-148.
Wu, Z. B. & Yuan, Y. B.,2003. Cytoskeletal System. Chapter Ⅳ.10. In Ultrastructural Pathology, 1st ed, pp.110-119. Edited by Wu, Z. B., Zhou, X. J. & 20 other editors. Shang Hai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Xu, X.H., Zhang ,H., Guo, H., Wang, C.D., Wen, S.G., Peng, D.T., Hou, S.F., Qiao, L.Y., Yin, J., Wang, H., Wei, X.F., Liu, J.H., Jiao, M.J., Xie, Y.C., 2003. Weakness, 2nd ed. Peking Union Medical Press, Beijing.
Yan, Z.Y.; Xu, W.Z., 2006: Discussion on pathogeny of rhabdomyolysis. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology 7, 308-310.
Ye, S.D.; Zhu, X.M., 2005: Clinical diabetes. Anhui Science and technology press, Hefei, PRC. You, J.L., 2005: Acid-base imbalance. In: Chen, Z.C., Pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
Yunis, E.J., Samaha, F.J., 1971. Inclusion body myositis. Lab. Invest. 25(3), 240-248.
Zar, J.H., 1999: Biostatistical analysis, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. Zhang, Q. F., Cui, J. M., Huang, X. J., 2003. Morphology and morphogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—associated virus. Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 35, 587-591.
Zhou, A.R., 2001: Biochemistry. People’s medical publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Zhou, X., 2005: Metabolism imbalance examination. In: Wang, H.L., Laboratory diagnosis. Peoples’ medical publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
常亚青,丁 君,宋 坚等, 2004 .海参、海胆的生物学研究与养殖[M] . 北京:海洋出版社,. 113.
邓欢,隋锡林,2004. 刺参育苗期常见疾病[J]. 水产科学, 23(3):40.
廖玉麟, 1997. 中国动物志棘皮动物门海参纲[M] . 北京:科学出版社,. 39 - 47.
孟庆显,俞开康,战文斌等,1996. 海水养殖动物病害学[M] . 北京:中国农业出版社, 54 - 59.
隋锡林,邓欢,2004. 刺参池塘养殖的病害及防治对策[J]. 水产科学, 23(6):22-23.
隋锡林, 1990.海参增养殖 [M] . 北京:中国农业出版社, 107 -153.
王印庚, 荣小军, 2004. 我国刺参养殖存在的主要问题与疾病综合防治技术要点。[J]齐鲁渔业, 21(10):29-31.
王印庚,荣小军,张春云,2004. 养殖刺参暴发性疾病—— “腐皮综合症”的初步研究与防治[J].齐鲁渔业,21(5):44—47.
战文斌,俞开康,l993.海参和海胆的疾病[J].海洋湖沼通报,l:95 -100.
张春云,王印庚,荣小军,2004.国内外海参自然资源、养殖状况及存在问题[J].海洋水产研究,(3):89— 97.
Altstatt, J.M., R.F. Ambrose, J.M. Engle, P.L. Haaker, K.D. Lafferty and P.T. Raimondi. 1996. Recent declines of black abalone Haliotis cracherodii on the mainland coast of central California. Marine Ecology Progress Series 142: 185-192.
álvarez Tinajero, M. del C., J. Cáceres-Martínez and J.G. Gonzáles Avilés. 2002.
Histopathological evaluation of the yellow abalone Haliotis corrugata and the blue abalone Haliotis flugens from Baja California, México. Journal of Shellfish Research 21: 825-830.
Andree, K.B., C.S. Friedman, J.D. Moore and R.P. Hedrick. 2000. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of genomic DNA of a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote associated with withering syndrome in California abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 213-218.
Andree, K.B., Friedman, C.S., Moore, J.D., Hedrick, R.P., 2000. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of genomic DNA of a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote associated with withering syndrome in California abalone. J. Shellfish Res. 19, 213-218
Antonio, D.B., Andree, K.B., Moore, J.D., Friedman C.S., Hedrick R.P., 2000. Detection of Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes by in situ hybridization in balck abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, with withering syndrome. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 75, 180-182.
Antonio, D.B., K.B. Andree, J.D. Moore, C.S. Friedman and R.P. Hedrick. 2000. Detection of Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes by in situ hybridization in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, with withering syndrome. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 75: 180-182.
Arahata, K., Engel, A.G., 1986. Monoclonol antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies Ⅱ :Immunoelectron microscopy aspects of cell mediated muscle fiber injury.Ann. Neurol. 28, 112-125.
Askanas, V., Bilak, M., Engel, W. K., Alvarez, R.B., Tome, F., Leclerc, A., 1993. Prion protein is abnormally accumulated in inclusion-body myositis. .Neuroreport. 25 (1), 25-8
Benoit, F., Didier, V., Hubert, L, Graca, R., 2005. Exosomes: A bubble ride for prion? Traffic 6, 10-17.
Askanas, V., Engel, W. K., 1998. Sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion-body myopathies: current concepts of diagnosis and pathogenesis. Curr. Opin. Rheumatol. 10 (6), 530-42.
Becker, P., Gillan, D., Lanterbecq, D., Jangoux, M., Rasolofonirina, R., Rakotovao, J. & Eeckhaut, I. 20 November 2003. The skin ulceration disease in cultivated juveniles of Holothuria scabra (Holothuroidea, Echinodermata). Aquaculture. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2003.11.018
Becker, W. B., McIntosh, K., Dess, J. H. & Chanock, R.M. 1967. Morphogenesis of avian infectious bronchitis virus and a related human virus (strain 229E). J. Virol. 1, 1019-1027
Bill T., 2005. An Overview of Iuclusion Body Myositis. In: Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM) [online]. Available at: http://members.shaw.ca/btillieribm/essay.htm
Botes, H., L. Basson and J.G. Van As. 1998. Ectosymbiotic ellobiophryid peritrichs associated with abalone. Proceeding of the Microscopy Society of Southern Africa 28: 75.
Botes, H., L. Basson and L.L. Van As. 1999. Digenean trematodes found associated with Haliotis spadicea Donovan, 1808. Proceeding of the Microscopy Society of Southern Africa 29:76.
Bower, S., E. Burreson and K. Reece. 2003. Annex 10: Review of molecular techniques used to differentiate the various species/isolates of Perkinsus. Report of the Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms, Aberdeen, UK, 11-15 March 2003. Mariculture Committee, ICES CM 2003/F:03, Ref. ACME, pg. 54-60 ( for electronic version see: http://www.ices.dk/products/CMdocs/2003/F/F0303.PDF (pg 60 of 101)).
Bower, S.M. 1987a. Labyrinthuloides haliotidis n. sp. (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a pathogenic parasite of small juvenile abalone in a British Columbia mariculture facility. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 1996-2007.
Bower, S.M. 1987b. Pathogenicity and host specificity of Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of juvenile abalone. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2008-2012.
Bower,S.M. 1987c. Artificial culture of Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a pathogenic parasite of abalone. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2013-2020.
Bower, S.M. 1989. Disinfectants and therapeutic agents for controlling Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), an abalone pathogen. Aquaculture 78: 207-215.
Bower, S.M. 2000. Infectious diseases of abalone (Haliotis spp.) and risks associated with transplantation. In: Campbell, A. (Editor), Workshop on Rebuilding Abalone Stocks in British Columbia. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 130: 111-122.
Bower, S.M. 2003. Update on emerging abalone diseases and techniques for health assessment. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 805-810.
Bower, S.M. 2005. Labyrinthomorpha (labyrinthomorphs). In: Rohde, K. (ed.), Marine Parasitology. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 20-23.
Bower, S.M., D.J. Whitaker and D. Voltolina. 1989. Resistance to ozone of zoospores of the thraustochytrid abalone parasite, Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha). Aquaculture 78: 147-152.
Bower, S.M., D.J. Whitaker and R.A. Elston. 1989. Detection of the abalone parasite Labyrinthuloides haliotidis by a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53: 281-283.
Bower, S.M., N. McLean and D.J. Whitaker. 1989. Mechanism of infection by Labyrinthuloides haliotidis (Protozoa: Labyrinthomorpha), a parasite of abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53: 401-409.
Cáceres Martínez, J., C. álvarez Tinajero, Y. Guerrero Rentería and J.G. González Avilés. 2000. Rickettsiales-like prokaryotes in cultured and natural populations of the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, blue abalone, Haliotis fulgens, and the yellow abalone Haliotis corrugata from Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 503. (Abstract).
Caceres-Martinez, J. and G.D. Tinoco-Orta. 2001. Symbionts of cultured red abalone, Haliotis rufescens from Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 875-881.
Carpenter, S., Karpati, G.,Helle, I., 1978. Inclusion body myositis:a distinct variety of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy.Neurology 28, 8-17.
Chang Yaqing , Yu Changqing , Song Xin., 2004Pond culture of seacucumber , A postichopus japonicus , in Dalian[A] . Advances insea cucumber aquaculture and management [C] . FAO FisheriesTechnical Paper , (463) :269 - 272
Chen, M.Z.; Jiang, Z.M., 2000: Clinical water and electrolytes balance, 2nd edn. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Chen, Y., 2002: Free radicals pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC. Cheng, T.C. 1978. Larval nematodes parasitic in shellfish. Marine Fisheries Review 40: 39-42.
Cochennec, N., F. LeRoux, F. Berthe and A. Gerard. 2000. Detection of Bonamia ostreae based on small subunit ribosomal probe. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 76: 26-32.
Cook, P. 1998. The current status of abalone farming in South Africa. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 601-602.
Culver, C.S., A. Kuris and C.S. Friedman. 1996. Abalone aquaculture, health management and sabellid polychaetes. Abstract of oral presentation for Fish Health Session invited speakers. 1 p. Dalakas, M.C., Reinhard, H., 2003. Polymyositis and dermatomyosits. Lancet 362, 971-982.
Dang, J.X., 2005. Clinical Electromyogram. People’ medical house, Beijing. Davis, G.E. 1993. Mysterious demise of southern California black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 183-184.
Day, R., C. Culver, A. Kuris, A. Belcher and D. Morse. 2000. The parasite Terebrasabella heteroncinata (Polychaeta) manipulates shell synthesis in Haliotis rufescens. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 507. (Abstract).
Desser, S.S. and S.M. Bower. 1997. Margolisiella kabatai gen. et sp. n. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae), a parasite of native littleneck clams, Protothaca staminea, from British Columbia, Canada, with a taxonomic revision of the coccidian parasites of bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia). Folia Parasitologica 44: 241-247.
Deuff, R. M. L. & Renault, T., 1999. Purification and partial genome characterization of a herpers-like virus infecting the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 1317-1322.
Diggles, B.K. and M. Oliver. 2005. Diseases of cultured paua (Haliotis iris) in New Zealand. In: Walker, P.J., R.G. Lester, M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. pp. 275-287.
Diggles, B.K., J. Nichol, P.M. Hine, S. Wakefield, N. Cochennec-Laureau, R.D. Roberts and C.S. Friedman. 2002. Pathology of cultured paua Haliotis iris infected with a novel haplosporidian parasite, with some observations on the course of disease. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 219-231.
Dixon, M.G., T. Hecht and C.R. Brandt. 1991. Identification and treatment of a Clostridium and Vibrio infection in South African abalone, Haliotis midae L. Journal of Fish Diseases 14: 693-695.
Drosten, C., Gunther, S, Preiser, W &24 other authors ,2003. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1967-1976.
Dubois, D. M. E., Doller, W. W., Haspel, M. V. &Holes, K. V. ,1982. Cell tropism and expression of mouse hepatitis viruses (MHV) in mouse spinal cord cultures. Virology 119, 317-331
Ebert, E.E. and J.L. Houk. 1989. Abalone cultivation methods used at the California Department of Fish and Game's marine resources laboratory. In: K. O. Hahn, K.O. (Editor), Handbook of Culture of Abalone and Other Marine Gastropods. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL. pp. 239-254.
Elston, R.A. and G.S. Lockwood. 1983. Pathogenesis of vibriosis in cultured juvenile red abalone, Haliotis rufescens Swainson. Journal of Fish Diseases 6: 111-128.
Engel, A.G., Arahata, K., 1984. Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies: I Phenotypes of autoinvasive cells in polymyositis and inclusion body myositis.Ann. Neurol. 86, 209-215.
Engel, A.G.,Banker, B.Q., 1986. Myology.Vol I.New York:McGraw Hillt. 1700-1736.
Eppenberger-Eberhardt, M., Riesinger, I., Messerli, M., Schwarb, P., Muller, M., Eppenberger, H.M., Wallimann, T., 1991. Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured I creatine-deficinet medium display large mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions, enriched for creatine kinase. J. Cell. Biol. 113, 289-302.
Eppengerger-Eberhardt, M.; Riesinger, I.; Messerli, M.; Schwarb, P.; Muller, M.; Eppenberger, H.M.; Wallimann, T.; 1991: Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured I creatine-deficinet medium display large mitochondria with paracrystalline inclusions, enriched for creatine kinase. Journal of Cell Biolology 113, 289-302.
Ferreira, J. F. D. & Manker, R. A.,1965. An electron microscope study of the development of a mouse hepatitis virus in tissue culture cells. J. Cell. Biol. 24, 57-78.
Fields, R.C. and F.R. Oakes. 1993. Infestation of Haliotis rufescens shells by a sabellid polychaete. Second International Abalone Symposium in Tasmania, Australia. 10 p. Finley, C.A. and C.S. Friedman. 2000. Examination of the geographic distribution of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in red abalone, Haliotis rufescens in northern California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 512-513.
Finley, C.A. and C.S. Friedman. 2000b. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: influence of temperature and fertilization strategy. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 645. (Abstract).
Finley, C.A., C.S. Friedman and T.J. Mulligan. 2000a. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: influence of temperature and fertilization strategy. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 513. (Abstract).
Finley, C.A., T.J. Mulligan and C.S. Friedman. 2001. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: fertilization strategy and influence of temperature on reproduction. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 883-888.
Finley, C.A., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2003. Life history of an exotic sabellid polychaete, Terebrasabella heterouncinata: fertilization strategy and influence of temperature on reproduction. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 602-603. (Abstract).
Fitzhugh, K. and Q.W. Rouse. 1999. A remarkable new genus and species of fan worm (Polychaeta: Sabellidae: Sabellinae) associated with some marine gastropods. Invertebrate Biology 118: 357-390.
Ford, S.E., Z. Xu and G. Debrosse. 2001. Use of particle filtration and UV irradiation to prevent infection by Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus (Dermo) in hatchery-reared larval and juvenile oysters. Aquaculture 94: 37-49.
Friedman, C.S. 1991. Coccidiosis of California abalone, Haliotis spp. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 10: 236.
Friedman, C.S. 1996. Update on abalone withering syndrome. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 9: 9.
Friedman, C.S., Andree, K.B., Beauchamp, K.A., Moore, J.D., Robbins, T.T., Shields, J.D., Hedrick, R.P., 2000. ‘Casndidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis’, a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America, Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 50, 847-855
Friedman, C.S., G. Trevelyan, T.T. Robbins, E.P. Mulder and R. Fields. 2003a. Development of an oral administration of oxytetracycline to control losses due to withering syndrome in cultured red abalone Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 224: 1-23.
Friedman, C.S., G.R. Gardner, R.P. Hedrick, M. Stephenson, R.J. Cawthorn and S.J. Upton. 1995. Pseudoklossia haliotis sp.n. (Apicomplexa) from the kidney of California abalone, Haliotis spp. (Mollusca). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 33-38.
Friedman, C.S., J.D. Moore, T.T. Robbins, B.A. Braid, C.A. Finley, R.P. Hedrick, D.V. Baxa, K.B. Andree, E. Rosenblum, M.R. Viant, R.S. Tjeerdema, P.L. Haaker, M.J. Tegner and L. Vilchis. 2003b. Withering syndrome of abalone in California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 603.
Friedman, C.S., K.B. Andree, K.A. Beauchamp, J.D. Moore, T.T. Robbins, J.D. Shields, and R.P. Hedrick. 2000d. 'Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis', a newly described pathogen of abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America. International Journal of Systematic Evolution and Microbiology 50: 487-855.
Friedman, C.S., K.B. Andree, T.T. Robbins, J.D. Shields, J.D. Moore, K. Beauchamp and R.P. Hedrick. 2000c. "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis," a newly described bacterial pathogen and etiological agent of withering syndrome found in abalone, Haliotis spp., along the west coast of North America. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 513.
Friedman, C.S., M. Thomson, C. Chun, P. Haaker and R.P. Hedrick. 1997. Withering syndrome of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii (Leach): water temperature, food availability, and parasites as possible causes. Journal of Shellfish Research 16: 403-411.
Friedman, C.S., R. Grindley and J.A. Keogh. 1997. Isolation of a fungus from shell lesions of New Zealand abalone, Haliotis iris Martyn and H. australis Gmelin. Molluscan Research 18: 313-324.
Friedman, C.S., T. Robbins, J.L. Jacobsen and J.D. Shields. 2000a. The cellular immune response of black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, with and without Withering Syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 514.
Friedman, C.S., T. Robbins, J.L. Jacobsen, and J.D. Shields. 1999. Examination of the cellular immune response of black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii with and without Withering Syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 322.
Friedman, C.S., T.T. Robbins, J.D. Moore, J.D. Shields, K.B. Andree, K.A. Beauchamp, D.B. Antonio and R.P. Hedrick. 2000b. "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis", a newly described bacterial pathogen and etiological agent of abalone withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 645.
Friedman, C.S., Trevelyan, G., Robbins, T.T., Mulder, E.P., Fields, R., 2003. Development of an oral administration of oxytetracycline to control losses due to withering syndrome in cultured red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Aquaculture 224, 1-23.
Friedman, C.S., W. Biggs, J.D. Shields and R.P. Hedrick. 2002. Transmission of withering syndrome in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach. Journal of Shellfish Research 21: 817-824.
Friedman, C.S., W. Roberts, G. Kismohandaka and R.P. Hedrick. 1993. Transmissibility of a coccidian parasite of abalone, Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 201-205.
Gábor, G. K., Ognian, K., Ellen, G., Christine, H., Julia, W., Michaela, S., Mária, J. M., Lajos, L., Herbert, B., 2004. The prion protein in human neuromuscular diseases. J. Pathol. 204, 241-247.
Gabor, G.K., Elisabeth, L.P., Leila, C., 2003. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and inclusion body myositis: abundant disease-associated prion protein in muscle. Ann. Neurol. 55, 121-125.
Gardner, G.R., J.C. Harshbarger, J.L. Lake, T.K. Sawyer, K.L. Price, M.D. Stephenson, P.L. Haaker and H.A. Togstad. 1995. Association of prokaryotes with symptomatic appearance of withering syndrome in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 66: 111-120.
Gilad, R., Giladi, N., Korczyn, A. D., Gurevich, T., Sadeh, M., 2001. Quantitative anal sphincter EMG in multisystem. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 71, 596-599.
Goggin, C.L. 1994. Variation in the two internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S ribosomal RNA from five isolates of the marine parasite Perkinsus (Protista, Apicomplexa). Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 65: 179-182.
Goggin, C.L. and R.J.G. Lester. 1995. Perkinsus, a protistan parasite of abalone in Australia: a review. Marine Fisheries Research 46: 639-646.
Goggin, C.L., K.B. Sewell and R.G.J. Lester. 1989. Cross-infection experiments with Australian Perkinsus species. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 7: 55-59
Goggin, C.L., K.B. Sewell and R.J. Lester. 1990. Tolerances of Perkinsus spp. (Protozoa, Apicomplexa) to temperature, chlorine and salinity. Journal of Shellfish Research 9: 145-148.
Goldsmith, C. S., Tatti, K. M., Ksiazek, T. G. & 7 other authors, 2004. Ultrastrucutral characterization of SARS coronavirus. Emerg, Infect. Dis. 10, 320-326.
Gosert, R., Kanjanahaluethai, A., Egger, D., Bienz, K. & Baker, S. C., 2002. RNA replication of mouse hepatitis virus takes place at double-membrane vesicles. J. Virol. 76, 3697-3708.
Griggs, R.C., Askarms, V.,Dimauro, S., 1995.Inclusion body myositis and myopathies.Ann Neurol 38(5), 708-713.
Grindley, R.M., J.A. Keogh and C.S. Friedman. 1998. Shell lesions in New Zealand Haliotis spp. (Mollusca, Gastropoda). Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 805-811.
Guo, H.Y., 2005: Water, electrolytes imbalance. In: Chen, Z.C., Pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Guo, X., S.E. Ford and F. Zhang. 1999. Molluscan aquaculture in China. Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 19-31.
Haaker, P.L. 1997. Abalone at the Channel Islands. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 10: 4.
Haaker, P.L., D.O. Parker, H. Togstad, D. Richards V, G.E. Davis and C.S. Friedman. 1992. Mass mortality and withering foot syndrome in black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, in California. In: S.A. Shepard, M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds.), Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Cambridge, p. 214-224.
Halperin, M.L.; Goldstein, M.B., 1999: Fluid, electrolytes and acid-base physiology, 3rd edn. Harcourt publishers limited, Toronto, Canada.
Handlinger, J., D. Taylor and J. Carson. 2001. Flavobacterium-like infection of abalone. (Abstract). Book of Abstracts, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Tenth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 9 - 14 September 2001. pg. 209.
Handlinger, J., J. Carson, L. Donachie, L. Gabor and D. Taylor. 2002. Bacterial infection in Tasmanian farmed abalone: causes, pathology, farm factors and control options. (Abstract). Handbook and Abstracts, Fifth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Queensland, Australia, 24-28 November 2002. Pg. 139.
Handlinger, J., J. Carson, L. Donachie, L. Gabor and D. Taylor. 2005. Bacterial infection in Tasmanian farmed abalone: causes, pathology, farm factors and control options. In: Walker, P.J., R.G. Lester, M.G. Bondad-Reantaso (eds.) Diseases in Asian Aquaculture V. Proceedings of the 5th Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture. Fish Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila. pp. 289-299.
Hao, L.Y., 2002: Metabolic disorders. In: Zhang, D.Y., Diagnosis and treatments of kidney failure. Anhui science and technology press. Hefei, PRC.
Hara, M., Sekino, M., Kumagai, A., Yoshinage, T., 2004. The identification of genetic resistance to amyotrophia in japanese abalone, Haliotis discus discus. J. Shellfish Res. 23, 1157-1161.
Harrison, A.J. and J.F. Grant. 1971. Progress in abalone research. Tasmanian Fisheries Research 5:1-10.
Hatai, K. 1982. On the fungus Haliphthorous milfordensis isolated from temporarily held abalone (Haliotis sieboldii). Fish Pathology (Tokyo) 17: 199-204.
Hauser, H. 1997. The future of abalone. Alolkoy, The Publication of the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary 10: 5.
Hayward, C., R. Lester, S. Barker, H. McCallum, A. Murrell and S. Kleeman. 2002. Transmission of Perkinsus olseni among wild blacklip abalone in South Australia. (Abstract). Handbook and Abstracts, Fifth Symposium on Diseases in Asian Aquaculture, Queensland, Australia, 24-28 November 2002. Pg. 139.
Hine, P.M., S. Wakefield, B.K. Diggles, V.L. Webb and E.W. Maas. 2002. Ultrastructure of a haplosporidian containing Rickettsiae, associated with mortalities among cultured paua Haliotis iris. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 49: 207-219.
Huang, C.Y., 2004: Protein-energy malnutrition. In: Ge, K.Y., An overview of nutrition sciences. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
James, P.K.; Edward, M.S., 1972: On the mechanism of rhabdomyolysis in potassium depletion. Journal of Clinical Investigation 51, 1750–1758.
Jin, H.M.; Wang, J.Z., 2005: Pathophysiology, 6th edn. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Jin, L., 2004: Analysis GGT and CHE in patients with renal glomerulus nephntis. Chinese Journal of Today’s Medicine 4, 58.
Jurgen, V.M., 2003: Magnesium: Nutrition and metabolism. Aspects of Medicine 24, 27-37.
Kaufman, C.E.; Mckee, P.A., 2002: Essential of pathophysiology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, USA.
Kimura, J., 1989. Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle. Philadelphia, F. A. Davis Company.
Kismohandaka, G., C.S. Friedman, W. Roberts and R.P. Hedrick. 1993. Investigation of physiological parameters of black abalone with withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 131-132.
Kismohandaka, G., W. Roberts, R.P. Hedrick and C.S. Friedman. 1995. Physiological alterations of the black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii Leach, with withering syndrome. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 269-270
Ksiazek, T. G., Erdman, D., Godsmith, C.S. & 23 other authors, 2003. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 1953—1966.
Kuris, A.M. and C.S. Culver. 1999. An introduced sabellid polychaete pest infesting cultured abalones and its potential spread to other California gastropods. Invertebrate Biology 118: 391-403.
Kuris, A.M., R.J. Schmitt and R. Hedrick. 1994. Abalone wasting disease: role of coccidian parasites and environmental factors. In: none (eds), California Sea Grant Biennial Report of Completed Projects 1990-92. California Sea Grant College, La Jolla, CA, pp. 120-123.
Lafferty, K.D. and A.M. Kuris. 1993. Mass mortality of abalone Haliotis cracherodii on the California Channel Islands: tests of epidemiological hypotheses. Marine Ecology Progress Series 96: 239-248.
Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases of Mollusca: Bivalvia. In: O. Kinne (ed.). Diseases of Marine Animals. Volume II: Introduction, Bivalvia to Scaphopoda. Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg, p. 732-750.
Laura, M.C., 2003: Rhabdomyolysis pathophysiology, recognition and management. Critical Care Nurse 23, 14-30.
LeBlanc, R. 1995. Transmission of parasitic sabellid polychaete in red cultured abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Bodega Marine Laboratory Summer Program Report, Bodega Bay, California. 9 p. Lee, J.V., P. Shread, A.L. Furniss and T.N. Bryant. 1981. Taxonomy and description of Vibrio fluvialis sp. nov. (synonym Group F vibrios, Group EF6). Journal of Applied Bacteriology 50: 73-94.
Leighton, D.L. 1998. Control of sabellid infestations in green and pink abalones, Haliotidis fulgens and H. corrugata, by exposure to elevated water temperatures. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 701-705.
Leipe, D.D., S.M. Tong, C.L. Goggin, S.B. Slemenda, N.J. Pieniazek and M.L. Sogin. 1996. 16S-like rDNA sequences from Developayella elegans, Labyrinthyloides haliotidis and Proteromonas lacertae confirm that the stramenopiles are a primarily heterotrophic group. European Journal of Protistology 32: 449-458.
Lester, R.J.G. 1986. Abalone dieback caused by protozoan infection? Australian Fisheries 45: 26-27.
Lester, R.J.G. and C.J. Hayward. 2005. Control of Perkinsus disease in abalone. Final Report for FRDC Project no. 2000/151, Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Australian Government, and The University of Queensland - Marine Parasitology, Brisbane. Pg. 50.
Lester, R.J.G. and G.H.G. Davis. 1981. A new Perkinsus species (Apicomplexa, Perkinsea) from the abalone Haliotis ruber. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 37: 181187.
Lester, R.J.G., C.L. Goggin and K.B. Sewell. 1990. Perkinsus in Australia. p. 189-199. In F.O. Perkins and T.C. Cheng [ed.]. Pathology in Marine Science. Academic Press Inc., San Diego. CA. Lester, R.J.G., S.N. Kleeman, S.C. Barker and H.I. McCallum. 2001. Epidemiology of Perkinsus olseni, pathogen of abalone. (Abstract). Book of Abstracts, European Association of Fish Pathologists, Tenth International Conference "Diseases of Fish and Shellfish. Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 9 - 14 September 2001. pg. O-006.
Li, T.-W., J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1996a. Comprehensive studies and control of disease of cultured abalone Haliotis discus hannai..
Li, T.-W., J. Zhang, M.-J. Ding, S.-J. Wang, P. Shi, J.-H. Xiang and R.-Y. Liu. 1997b. Histology and ultrastructure of pustule disease in abalone Haliotis discus hannai (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Acta Zoologica Sinica 43: 238-242.
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1997a. Immunological studies on Haliotis discus hannai with Vibrio fluvialia II. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 28: 27-32. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, J. Zhang, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1998. Studies on the pustule disease of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino) on the Dalian coast. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 707-711.
Li, T.-W., M. Ding, X. Song, J. Xiang and R. Liu. 1996b. Preliminary studies on the mechanism of Vibrio fluvialis II resistance to antibiotics. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica 27: 637-645. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Liguori, R., Fuglsand-Frederiksen, A., Nix, W., Fawcett, P.R, Dnderen, K., 1997. Electromyography in myopathy. Neurophy. Clin. 27, 200-203.
Lindal, S., Lund, I., Torbergsen, T., Aasly, J., Mellgren, S.I., Borud, O., Monstad, P., 1992. Mitochondrial diseases and myopathies: a series of muscle biopsy specimens with ultrastructural changes in the mitochondria. Ultrastructural Pathology 16, 263–275.
Liu, J., L. Nie, T. Li, M. Ding, X. Song and R. Zhao. 1995. A study on pustule disease of Haliotis discus. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China 2: 78-84. (In Chinese with English abstract). Liu, Y.X.; Yue, B.G.; Zhu, L.Q., 2003: Relation study on cholinesterase activity and neuromuscular injury. Chinese Test Medicine and Clinic 43, 36.
Lizárraga-Partida, M.L., C. Anguiano-Beltrán, R. Searcy-Bernal and E. Vázquez-Moreno. 1998. Bacterial water quality in abalone farms of Baja California. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 689-692.
Lotz, B.P., Engel, A.G., Nishino, H., 1989. Inclusion body myositis.Brain 118, 727—747.
Loubser, N.C. and N. Dormehl. 2000. The use of ultrasound in the treatment of sabellid infestations in South African abalone. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 524. (Abstract).
Marra, M. A., Jone, S. J. M., Astell, G. R., & 50 other authors, 2003. The genome sequence of the SARS-Associated coronavirus. Science 300, 1399-1404.
Martínez, J.C. and G.D.T. Orta. 2000. Symbionts of red abalone Haliotis rufescens from Baja California, Mexico. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 503.
McBride, S.C. 1998a. Current status of abalone aquaculture in the Californias. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 593-600.
McBride, S.C. 1998b. Current status of abalone (Family Haliotidae) aquaculture in the Californias. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 332. (Abstract).
Millemann, R. E. 1963. Studies on the taxonomy and life history of Echinocephalid worms (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) with a complete description of Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus Millemann, 1951. Journal of Parasitology 49: 754-764.
Millemann, R.E. 1951. Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus n.sp., a nematode parasite of the abalone. The Journal of Parasitology 37: 435-439.
Moore, J., T. Robbins, C. Friedman, N. Hooker, T. McCormick and M. Neuman. 2003.
Preliminary pathological investigation of the white abalone, Haliotis sorenseni. Journal of Shellfish Research 22: 345-346. (Abstract).
Moore, J.D., Cherr, G.N., Friedman, C.S., 2001. Detection of ‘Candidatus xenohaliotis californensis’ (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) in clusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nuclei acid fluorochrome. Dis. Aquat. Org. 46, 147-152
Moore, J.D., Finley, C.A., Robbins, T.T., 2002. Withering syndrome and restoration of southern california abalone populations. Calcofi. Rep. 43, 112-117.
Moore, J.D., G.N. Cherr and C.S. Friedman. 2001a. Detection of `Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis' (Rickettsiales-like prokaryote) inclusions in tissue squashes of abalone (Haliotis spp.) gastrointestinal epithelium using a nucleic acid fluorochrome. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 46: 147-152.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 1999. Withering syndrome in farmed red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 18: 319.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2000a. The role of a Rickettsia-like prokaryote in withering syndrome in California red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 525-526.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins and C.S. Friedman. 2000b. Withering syndrome in farmed red abalone Haliotis rufescens: thermal induction and association with a gastrointestinal Rickettsiales-like prokaryote. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health 12: 26-34.
Moore, J.D., T.T. Robbins, R.P. Hedrick and C.S. Friedman. 2001b. Transmission of the Rickettsiales-like prokaryote "Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis" and its role in withering syndrome of California abalone, Haliotis spp. Journal of Shellfish Research 20: 867-874.
Moreno, R.A., P.E. Neill and N. Rozbaczylo. 2006. Poliquetos perforadores nativos y no indígenas en Chile: una amenaza para moluscos nativos y comerciales. (Native and non-indigenous boring polychaetes in Chile: a threat to native and commercial mollusc species.). Revista chilena de historia natural 79: 263-278.
Mouton, A. 2000. Health management and disease surveillance in abalone, Haliotis midae, in South Africa. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 526.
Murrell, A., S.N. Kleeman, S.C. Barker and R.J.G. Lester. 2002. Synonymy of Perkinsus olseni Lester & Davis, 1981 and Perkinsus atlanticus Azevedo, 1989 and an update on the phylogenetic position of the genus Prekinsus. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 22: 258-265.
Nakatsugawa, T., Nagai, T., Hiya, K., Nishizawa, T., Muroga, K., 1999. A virus isolated from juvenile japanese balck abalone (Nordotis discus discus ) affected with amyotrophia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36, 159-161.
Nakatsugawa, T., Okabe, M., Muroga, K., 2000. Horizaontal transmission of amyotrphia in japanese balck abalone. Fish Pathol. 35, 11-14.
Nakatsugawa, T., T. Nagai, K. Hiya, T. Nishizawa and K. Muroga. 1999. A virus isolated from juvenile Japanese black abalone Nordotis discus discus affected with amyotrophia. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 36: 159-161.
Nicolas, J.L., O. Basuyaux, J. Mazurié and A. Thébault. 2002. Vibrio carchariae, a pathogen of the abalone Haliotis tuberculata. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 35-43.
Nie, L., J. Liu and T. Li. 1995. Physiological and biochemical characteristics of the pathogen of pustule disease of H. discus. Chinese Journal of Microecology 7: 33-36. (In Chinese with English abstract).
Nishimori, E., O. Hasegawa, T. Numata and H. Wakabayashi. 1998. Vibrio carchariae causes mass mortalities in Japanese abalone, Sulculus diversicolor supratexta. Fish Pathology (Tokyo) 33: 495-502.
Nollens, H.H., J.C. Schofield, J.A. Keogh and P.K. Probert. 2002. Evaluation of radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy for detection of shell lesions in live abalone Haliotis iris (Mollusca: Gastropoda). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 50: 145-152.
Oakes, F.R., R.C. Fields, P.F. Arthur and G.A. Trevelyan. 1995. The use of wax to control the shell parasites of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens. Journal of Shellfish Research 14: 273. (Abstract).
O'Donoghue, P.J., P.H. Phillips and S.A. Shepherd. 1991. Perkinsus (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) infections in abalone from South Australian waters. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 115: 77-82.
Oldfors, A., Lindberg, C., 2005. Diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of inclusion body myositis. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 18, 497-503.
Oshiro, L. S., Schieble, J. H. & Lennette, E. H. ,1971. Electron microscopic studies of coronavirus. J. Gen. Virol. 12, 161-168.
Otsu, R. and K. Sasaki. 1997. Virus-like particles detected from juvenile abalones (Nordotis discus discus) reared with an epizootic fatal wasting disease. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 70: 167-168.
Pan, J.; Wei, M.J., 2000: Clinical meaning of decreased concentration of plasma uric acid. Chinese Test Medicine and Clinic 40,169-170.
Pearse, J.S. and R.W. Timm. 1971. Juvenile nematodes (Echinocephalus pseudouncinatus) in the gonad of sea urchins (Centrostephanus coronatus) and their effect on host gametogenesis. The Biological Bulletin (Woods Hole, Mass.) 104: 95-103.
Pedersen, K.W., Van, D.M.Y., Roos, N. & Snijder, E. J.,1999. Open reading frame la-encoded subunits of the artervirus replicase induce endoplasmic reticulum-derived double-membrane vesicles which carry the virual replication complex. J. Virol .73, 2016-2026.
Peiris, J. S. M., Lai, S. T., Poon, L. L. M., & 16 other authors. 8 April 2003. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet. [Online.] http://image.thelancet.com/extras/03art3477web.pdf.
Pen H.C., Shu T.K., san, H.L., Hong S.Y., Yun Y.T., Ching, L.H., Hon, C.C., 2005. Herpes-like virus infection causing mortality of cultured abalone Haliotis diversicolor supertexa in taiwan. Dis Aquat Org 65:23-27.
Pen, B.X., 2004: Nutrition and oxidation stress. In: Ge, K.Y., An overview of nutrition sciences. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
Pen, C.E.; Niu, J.Z., 2003: Molecular biology and disease. People’s Medical House, Beijing, PRC.
Peng, L.X.; Xu, X.P., 2003: Metabolism diseases. In: Wu, Z.B.; Zhou, X.J., Ultrastructural pathology and diagnosis. Shanghai Science and technology press, Shanghai, PRC.
Peter, H. F., J. Samuel, Z., Patricia, N. F., Deborah, A. C., 2000. Prion protein expression in mammalian lenses Curr. Eye Res. 20 (2), 137-143
Preston, D.C., Shapiro, B.E., 1998. Electrmyograph and Nuromuscular Disorders. Boston MA, Butter worth-Heinemann.
Reece, K.S. and N.A. Stokes. 2003. Molecular analysis of a haplosporidian parasite from cultured New Zealand abalone Haliotis iris. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 53: 61-66.
Reuter, R.E. and S. McOrist. 1999. Mortality due to Vibrio harveyi in farmed blacklip abalone, Notohaliotis ruber. In: C.L. Browdy and R. Fletcher (co-program chairs). Book of Abstracts. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, 26 April-2 May, 1999, Sydney, Australia. p. 629.
Richards, D.V. and G.E. Davis. 1993. Early warnings of modern population collapse in black abalone Haliotis cracherodii, Leach, 1814 at the California Channel Islands. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 189-194.
Ruck, K.R. and P.A. Cook. 1998. Sabellid infestations in the shells of South African molluscs: implications for abalone mariculture. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 693-699.
Ruck, K.R. and P.A. Cook. 1999. Polychaete worms: a threat to abalone farming? In: C.L. Browdy and R. Fletcher (co-program chairs). Book of Abstracts. The Annual International Conference and Exposition of the World Aquaculture Society, 26 April-2 May, 1999, Sydney, Australia. p. 658.
Ruediger, J.L. and G.R. VanBlaricom. 1993. Abalone withering syndrome at San Nicolas Island, California. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 132.
Sales, J. and P.J. Britz. 2000. South African abalone culture succeeds through collaboration. World Aquaculture 31: 44,45,49,50,61. Saran, B., 2002: Metabolism and nutrition. Science press, Beijing, PRC.
Sayers, M.E.,Chou, S.M., Calabrese, L.H., l992. Inclusion body myositis:analysis of 32 cases. J. Rheumatol .19, 1385-1389.
Shepherd, S.A. and P.A. Breen. 1992. Mortality in abalone: its estimation, variability and causes. In: Shepherd, S.A., M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds), Abalone of the World. Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, pp. 276-304.
Shields, J.D., F.O. Perkins and C.S. Friedman. 1996. Hematological pathology of wasting syndrome in black abalone. (Abstract) Journal of Shellfish Research 15: 498.
Shields, J.D., M.A. Buchal and C.S. Friedman. 1998. Microencapsulation as a potential control technique against sabellid worms in abalone culture. Journal of Shellfish Research 17: 79-83.
Siddell, S., Wege, H. & Ter, M. V. ,1983. The biology of coronaviruses. J. Gen. Virol. 64, 761-776.
Simon, C., H. Kaiser and P.J. Britz. 2004. Infestation of the abalone Haliotis midae, by the sabellid, Terebrasabella heterouncinata, under intensive culture conditions, and the influence of infestation on abalone growth. Aquaculture 232: 29-40.
Sorour, J. & Larink, O.,2001. Toxic effects of benomyl on the ultrastructure during spermatogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia fetid. Ecotoxicol, Environ, Saf, 50, 180-188
Stachowiak, O., Dolder, M., Wallimann, T., Richter, C., 1998. Mitochondrial creatine kinase is a prime target of peroxynitriteinduced modification and inactivation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 16694–16699.
Steinbeck, J. R. S., Groft, J. M., Friedman, C. S., McDowelly, T. and R.P. Hedrick, R. P. 1989. A coccidianlike protozoan from the California black abalone Haliotis cracherodii. In: Abstracts, First International Symposium on Abalone Biology, Fisheries, and Culture, 2125 Nov. 1989, La Paz, Mexico, p. 23.
Steinbeck, J.R., J.M. Groff, C.S. Friedman, T. McDowell and R.P. Hedrick. 1992. Investigations into a mortality among populations of the California black abalone, Haliotis cracherodii, on the central coast of California, USA. In: S.A. Shepard, M.J. Tegner and S.A. Guzman del Proo (eds.), Abalone of the World: Biology, Fisheries and Culture. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Abalone. Fishing News Books, Cambridge, p. 203213.
Susanna, K. P. L, Patrick, C. Y. W., Kenneth, S. M. L., 2005. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-like virus in chinese horseshoe bats. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.102, 14040-14045.
Tai-wu, L. (same author as Li, T.-W.), J. Xiang and R. Liu. 2000. Studies on phage control of pustule disease in abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Journal of Shellfish Research 19: 535. (Abstract).
Tannen, R.L., 1996: Potassium disorders. In: Kokko, J.P.; Tannen, R.L., 3rd edn. Fluids and electrolytes. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphis, USA.
Tissot, B.N. 1995. Recruitment, growth, and survivorship of black abalone on Santa Cruz Island following mass mortality. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Science 94: 179-189.
Tooze, J., Tooze, S. & Warren, G., 1984. Replication of coronavirus MHV-A59 in sac-cells: determination of the first site of budding of progeny virions. Eur. J. Cell. Biol. 33, 281-293.
VanBlaricom, G.R., J.L. Ruediger, C.S. Friedman, D.D. Woodard and R.P. Hedrick. 1993.
Discovery of withering syndrome among black abalone Haliotis cracherodii Leach, 1814,
populations at San Nicolas Island, California. Journal of Shellfish Research 12: 185-188.
Wang Yin Geng,Zhang Chun Yun,Rong Xiao Jun,et a1.2004.Diseases of cultured sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus in China[A].Alessandro Lovatelli,Chantal Conand,Steven Purcell,et a1.Advances in sea cucumber aquaculture and management[C].Rome:Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, 297—3l0.
Wang, J.Y., Zhu, S.G., Xu, C.F., 2002. Biochemistry, 3rd ed. Higher education press, Beijing
Wang, J.Y.; Zhu, S.G., 2002: Biochemistry. High education press, Beijing, PRC.
Wang, J.Z.; Chen, G.Q., 2005: Text book of pathophysiology. Science press, Beijing, PRC.
Wang, P.H., Chang, Y.Q., Xu, G. R. & Song, L.S.,2005. Isolation and ultrastructure of an enveloped virus in cultured sea cucumber. J. Fish. Sci. Sin. 12, 766-771.
Wilbourn, A.J., 1993. The electrodiagnostic examination with mopathies. J. Clin. Neurophysiol.10, 132-148.
Wu, Z. B. & Yuan, Y. B.,2003. Cytoskeletal System. Chapter Ⅳ.10. In Ultrastructural Pathology, 1st ed, pp.110-119. Edited by Wu, Z. B., Zhou, X. J. & 20 other editors. Shang Hai: Shanghai Science and Technology Press.
Xu, X.H., Zhang ,H., Guo, H., Wang, C.D., Wen, S.G., Peng, D.T., Hou, S.F., Qiao, L.Y., Yin, J., Wang, H., Wei, X.F., Liu, J.H., Jiao, M.J., Xie, Y.C., 2003. Weakness, 2nd ed. Peking Union Medical Press, Beijing.
Yan, Z.Y.; Xu, W.Z., 2006: Discussion on pathogeny of rhabdomyolysis. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Nephrology 7, 308-310.
Ye, S.D.; Zhu, X.M., 2005: Clinical diabetes. Anhui Science and technology press, Hefei, PRC. You, J.L., 2005: Acid-base imbalance. In: Chen, Z.C., Pathophysiology. Peoples’ Medical Publishing house. Beijing, PRC.
Yunis, E.J., Samaha, F.J., 1971. Inclusion body myositis. Lab. Invest. 25(3), 240-248.
Zar, J.H., 1999: Biostatistical analysis, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA. Zhang, Q. F., Cui, J. M., Huang, X. J., 2003. Morphology and morphogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)—associated virus. Acta. Biochim. Biophys. Sin. 35, 587-591.
Zhou, A.R., 2001: Biochemistry. People’s medical publishing house, Beijing, PRC.
Zhou, X., 2005: Metabolism imbalance examination. In: Wang, H.L., Laboratory diagnosis. Peoples’ medical publishing house. Beijing, PRC.