《太平经》动词及相关基本句法研究
摘要
在现代汉语语法学界,动词及与之相关的句法问题一直是研究热点,但对于动词系统本身缺少反思;在汉语语法的历时研究中,与动词相关的句法问题研究也是热点,但对动词本身也不够重视。道藏文献《太平经》残本是反映东汉时期语言面貌的重要资料,迄今未见对其动词系统进行全面研究的论著。
本文以《太平经》动词为平台,在全面考察的基础上,着重探讨:《太平经》动词系统是怎样的?其基本句法特征是怎样的?此系统有何特色?《太平经》动词系统和现代汉语动词系统有多大共性和差异?有没有跨时代的动词范畴?选择什么标准判别动词?动词的定义是什么?动词的发展概况如何?同时,本文还探讨以下问题:动词在向其它词类的演变过程到底有哪些变化?使令范畴是怎么产生的?动结式该如何判别?
本着意义和形式相结合的原则,本文在写作中坚持做到:共时描写和历时比较相结合、定量分析和定性分析相结合、静态描写和分析归纳相结合、共性研究与个性研究相结合、描写和解释相结合、事实描写与理论思考相结合,用普通语言学理论,揭示动词的本质特征,说明相关语法现象,进而探讨汉语史动词的使用和演变规律。
全文包括共八章,主要内容如下:
第一章为绪论,第一节概要介绍《太平经》文献语言的特点,充分肯定《太平经》动词的研究价值,第二节回顾汉语语法史的动词研究概况,对给动词立类的各种标准做出评价,第三节提出《太平经》动词研究的范围和方法,第四节是凡例。
第二章介绍《太平经》的行为动词,本章根据能否侧重几个论旨角色之间的关系将动词分为非关系动词和关系动词。第一节概括介绍《太平经》行为动词的特点;第二节首先介绍《太平经》的非关系行为动词,分六小类依次介绍,然后介绍《太平经》的关系动词,分八小类依次介绍;第三节总结《太平经》行为动词的基本特征。
第三章介绍《太平经》的言语动词,分不侧重关系的、侧重交际双方的、侧重话语所涉及对象的、侧重话语内容的和侧重直接引语的五类依次介绍,然后归纳《太平经》言语动词的特征。
第四章介绍《太平经》的心理动词,本章将心理动词分为感知动词和情感动词两类依次介绍,然后分别归纳各种类型的特征。
第五章介绍《太平经》的致使动词,本章将致使动词分为致使-行为动词、致使-情状动词和使令动词三类依次介绍,并分别归纳各种类型的特征;本章对重要的单音节使令动词在《太平经》中的状况和来源作了粗略介绍。
第六章总结《太平经》动词系统的特点,归纳《太平经》动词系统与现代汉语动词的共性与个性,在比较的基础上对传统语法系统中关于动词的论述进行反思,指出传统语法系统沿袭的西方语法系统存在的问题:在指出问题的基础上,提出动词是一个跨时代、跨语言存在的范畴,并提出新的确立跨时代的汉语动词系统的语义标准,本文将动词定义为:动词是用来叙述动作/事件的词。
第七章谈《太平经》动词对《汉语大词典》修订的价值,本章指出,在《太平经》中有350个动词《汉语大词典》未收,有139个动词《汉语大词典》例证欠晚,有48个词语注释不完整,有12个词语注释不完整并且例证欠晚。文章将《汉语大词典》未收的《太平经》动词在《十三经》、《史记》、《汉书》、《论衡》、《三国志》和八部东汉佛经中的使用情况作了调查分析,并对产生这些问题的原因作了探讨。
第八章在《太平经》动词系统的基础上考察汉语动词的历时演变问题。本章分五节依次探讨以下专题:一、双音化:汉语动词结构的变化;二、汉语动词的虚化;去事件化:三、隐含与侧重;汉语动词论元结构的变化;四、由综合到分析;汉语使令动词的形成;五、汉语“指宾动结式”的判别和产生年代。在探讨上述各种问题的同时,对学术界一些看法提出质疑,并提出了一些新的见解。第一节指出,将并列式复合词通通视为语法学构词明显不足;第二节将行为动词向形容词、介词、副词、连词、助动词等方面演变的语义淡化现象概括为“去事件化”;第三节对学术界关于古今汉语动词属于不同类型的看法提出了质疑,指出古今动词系统实质上是类型相同,变化只存在于局部;第四节探讨了汉语使令动词的形成及其功能扩展现象,并指出汉语使令动词的形成和功能扩展是促使“形容词使动用法”衰落的重要条件;第五节总结了学术界对动补结构研究的重要成果,并提出了动补结构的一种类型——指宾动结式的判别标准,文章指出,汉语“指宾动结式”至迟产生于东汉。
Verb and its related syntactic problems in modern Chinese grammar have been research hot spots,but they lack re-examination of the verb system.For the diachronic research of Chinese grammar,verb-related syntactic problems have also been hot spots,yet they still do not draw much attention to the verb itself.The remains of Daoist Literature,Tai Ping Jing(《太平经》),is an important piece of information which reflects the linguistic situation of East Han Dynasty.However,until now there are no comprehensive research papers on its verb system.
This paper uses verbs in Tai Ping Jing as the platform,and based on comprehensive examinations,focus the exploration on:what is the verb system in Tai Ping Jing? What are the specialities of Tai Ping Jing? What is the basic syntactic characteristic of verbs in Tai Ping Jing? How is the development situation of verbs? To what extent are the similarities and differences between the verb system of Tai Ping Jing and that of modern Chinese? Is there any diachronic coverage of the verb? Which standards should be chosen to distinguish verbs? What is the definition of the verb? At the same time this paper also explores the following issues:What are the changes during the tranformation of verbs to other parts of speech? How does the scope of causative category? How to judge a verb- completement format?
Based on the principle of combination of grammatical form and meaning,this paper has firmly done:combination of synchronic description and diachronic comparision,combination of fixed quantitiy analysis and fixed quality analysis, combination of static description and analysis-indution,combination of common-property research and individual-property research,combination of description and explanation,combination of factual description and theoretical thought.By means of general linguistic theory,it reveals the nature and characteristic of the verb,and explains grammar-related phenomena,and hence explores the usage and the rules of transformation of verbs in Chinese linguistic history.
The whole paper includes eihht chapters.The main contents are summerised as follow:
The First chapter is the Introduction:first part on general introduction of the characteristic of linguistic literature in Tai Ping Jing,full assurance of the research value of verbs in Tai Ping Jing;second part on tracing back the verb-research situation in the history of Chinese grammar,giving comments on various standards of verb classification;third part on suggestions of the research and method for verbs in Tai Ping Jing;the last part on general examples.
The second chapter fully describes behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.It divides the verb into relation verbs and non-relation verbs according to whether they can be biased towards the relation among several thematic roles.In the first part it generally introduces the characteristic of behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The second part describes non-relation verbs in Tai Ping Jing with six small groups,then it describes relation verbs with eight small groups.After the description of every group of behavior verbs,there is an introduction to the characteristic of this group of behavior verbs,including structural characteristic,semantical characteristic and basic syntactical charactristic.The third part summarises the basic characteristic of behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.
The third chapter describes lexical verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The first part describes respectively non-emphatic relationship of lexical verbs,emphatic hi-directional intereaction of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a word-target of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a word-content of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a direct quotation of lexical verbs.The second part induces the structural,semantical and basic syntatical characteristics of lexical verbs in Tai Ping Jing.
The fourth chapter describes fully psychology verbs in Tai Ping Jing.It divides psychology verbs into two categories of cognition verbs and sensation verbs.The first part describes cognition verbs which do not include cognitive results,and then describes cognition verbs which include cognitive results,and then induces the structural,semantical and basic syntactical characteristics.The second part describes every sensation verb,then induces the structural,semantical and basic syntactical characteristics of sensation verbs.
The fifth chapter describes fully causative verbs.It divides causative verbs into three categories of causative-behavior verbs,causative-situation verbs and exclusively causative(使令) verbs.The first part describes causative-behavior verbs,then induces in short its structural,semantical and syntatical characteristics.The second part describes causative- situation verbs,then induces in short its structural,semantic and syntatic characteristics.The third part describes exclusively causative verbs.It describes important monosyllabic exclusively causative verbs in Tai Ping Jing,and roughly outlines their sources.This part also simply introduces the polysyllabic exclusively causative verbs.
The sixth chapter concludes the characteristic of the verb system in Tai Ping Jing. It induces the common properties and individual properties of the verb system in Tai Ping Jing and the verb in modern Chinese linguistics.This chapter divides into four parts.The first part concludes the structural,semantical and basic syntatical characteristics of the verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The second chapter concludes the structural,semantical and basic syntactic characteristics of modern-Chinese verbs in the prevailing grammar system.The third part compares the verbs in the two systems from three aspects of the structural,semantic and basic syntatic characteristics,and found out the common and individual characteristics.The fourth part re-examines the description of verbs in the traditional grammar system based on comparision.It points out the problems in traditional Chinese verb system.It reckons that the verb in western grammar system is classified according to the characteristic of its form and mode,not according to that of its oringinal property,and that traditional grammar system copies the western grammar system.Based on the problem pointed out,the paper reckons that the verb is the part of speech that crosses the scope of time and languages,and suggests a new standard to establish the diachronic verb system.It defines the verb as the part of speech that expresses actions and events.
The seventh chapter talks about the contribution to the amendment value of Hanyu Dacidian by the verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The chapter points out there are 350 verbs in Tai Ping Jing that Hanyu Dacidian does not include,139 ones in Hanyu Dacidian with examples late of Tai Ping Jing,48 ones with explanation incomplete, 12 ones with both explanation incomplete and examples late of Tai Ping Jing.The chapter investigates and analyzes the useage in Thirteen Jing,Shi Ji,Han Shu,Lun Heng,San Guo Zhi(十三经、《史记》、《汉书》、《论衡》、《三国志》),and eihgt sutras of east Han Dynasty of the verbs in Tai Ping Jing but not in Hanyu Dacidian.The chapter also explores the causes of produce these problems.
The eighth chapter explores the diachronic problem of the Chinese verb based on the the verb system in Tai Ping Jing.The chapter divides into five parts,exploring respectively the following special topics:1.becoming bisyllable,which is the structural change in the Chinese verb,2."de-eventualization",which is the weakening of Chinese verbs,3.implication and stress,the change of Chinese verb argument structure,4.from synthesis to analysis,the formation of Chinese exclusively causative verbs,5.the distinction and age of production of Chinese "Object- Indicating V-C" struture.While exploring various problems mentioned above,the chapter doubts about certain academic opinions.It suggests the author's view points.The first part of this chapter points out the deficiency in academics to treat all parallel compound words as syntactical words.The second part deals with the semantics-disappearance phenomenon due to the transformation of behavior verbs into adjectives,prepositions, adverbs,conjunctions and particles,and it generalizes this phenomenon as "de-eventualization".The third part questions the belonging of modern and old Chinese verbs to different parts of speech as viewed by academicians.It indicates that modern and old Chinese verb systems actually belong to the same type,only with little local changes.The fourth part explores the phynomenon of the formation and expansion of the function of Chinese exclusively causative verbs.It mentions that the formation and expansion of the function of Chinese exclusively causative verbs is an important factor to cause "causative-verb of adjective" usage to deteriorate.The fifth part summefises important research results of verb-complement structure in academics,and suggests a standard to differentiate one type of verb-complement structure:"Object-Indicating V-C" structure.It points out that the latest occurrence of "Object- Indicating V-C" structure was in East Han Dynasty.
本文以《太平经》动词为平台,在全面考察的基础上,着重探讨:《太平经》动词系统是怎样的?其基本句法特征是怎样的?此系统有何特色?《太平经》动词系统和现代汉语动词系统有多大共性和差异?有没有跨时代的动词范畴?选择什么标准判别动词?动词的定义是什么?动词的发展概况如何?同时,本文还探讨以下问题:动词在向其它词类的演变过程到底有哪些变化?使令范畴是怎么产生的?动结式该如何判别?
本着意义和形式相结合的原则,本文在写作中坚持做到:共时描写和历时比较相结合、定量分析和定性分析相结合、静态描写和分析归纳相结合、共性研究与个性研究相结合、描写和解释相结合、事实描写与理论思考相结合,用普通语言学理论,揭示动词的本质特征,说明相关语法现象,进而探讨汉语史动词的使用和演变规律。
全文包括共八章,主要内容如下:
第一章为绪论,第一节概要介绍《太平经》文献语言的特点,充分肯定《太平经》动词的研究价值,第二节回顾汉语语法史的动词研究概况,对给动词立类的各种标准做出评价,第三节提出《太平经》动词研究的范围和方法,第四节是凡例。
第二章介绍《太平经》的行为动词,本章根据能否侧重几个论旨角色之间的关系将动词分为非关系动词和关系动词。第一节概括介绍《太平经》行为动词的特点;第二节首先介绍《太平经》的非关系行为动词,分六小类依次介绍,然后介绍《太平经》的关系动词,分八小类依次介绍;第三节总结《太平经》行为动词的基本特征。
第三章介绍《太平经》的言语动词,分不侧重关系的、侧重交际双方的、侧重话语所涉及对象的、侧重话语内容的和侧重直接引语的五类依次介绍,然后归纳《太平经》言语动词的特征。
第四章介绍《太平经》的心理动词,本章将心理动词分为感知动词和情感动词两类依次介绍,然后分别归纳各种类型的特征。
第五章介绍《太平经》的致使动词,本章将致使动词分为致使-行为动词、致使-情状动词和使令动词三类依次介绍,并分别归纳各种类型的特征;本章对重要的单音节使令动词在《太平经》中的状况和来源作了粗略介绍。
第六章总结《太平经》动词系统的特点,归纳《太平经》动词系统与现代汉语动词的共性与个性,在比较的基础上对传统语法系统中关于动词的论述进行反思,指出传统语法系统沿袭的西方语法系统存在的问题:在指出问题的基础上,提出动词是一个跨时代、跨语言存在的范畴,并提出新的确立跨时代的汉语动词系统的语义标准,本文将动词定义为:动词是用来叙述动作/事件的词。
第七章谈《太平经》动词对《汉语大词典》修订的价值,本章指出,在《太平经》中有350个动词《汉语大词典》未收,有139个动词《汉语大词典》例证欠晚,有48个词语注释不完整,有12个词语注释不完整并且例证欠晚。文章将《汉语大词典》未收的《太平经》动词在《十三经》、《史记》、《汉书》、《论衡》、《三国志》和八部东汉佛经中的使用情况作了调查分析,并对产生这些问题的原因作了探讨。
第八章在《太平经》动词系统的基础上考察汉语动词的历时演变问题。本章分五节依次探讨以下专题:一、双音化:汉语动词结构的变化;二、汉语动词的虚化;去事件化:三、隐含与侧重;汉语动词论元结构的变化;四、由综合到分析;汉语使令动词的形成;五、汉语“指宾动结式”的判别和产生年代。在探讨上述各种问题的同时,对学术界一些看法提出质疑,并提出了一些新的见解。第一节指出,将并列式复合词通通视为语法学构词明显不足;第二节将行为动词向形容词、介词、副词、连词、助动词等方面演变的语义淡化现象概括为“去事件化”;第三节对学术界关于古今汉语动词属于不同类型的看法提出了质疑,指出古今动词系统实质上是类型相同,变化只存在于局部;第四节探讨了汉语使令动词的形成及其功能扩展现象,并指出汉语使令动词的形成和功能扩展是促使“形容词使动用法”衰落的重要条件;第五节总结了学术界对动补结构研究的重要成果,并提出了动补结构的一种类型——指宾动结式的判别标准,文章指出,汉语“指宾动结式”至迟产生于东汉。
Verb and its related syntactic problems in modern Chinese grammar have been research hot spots,but they lack re-examination of the verb system.For the diachronic research of Chinese grammar,verb-related syntactic problems have also been hot spots,yet they still do not draw much attention to the verb itself.The remains of Daoist Literature,Tai Ping Jing(《太平经》),is an important piece of information which reflects the linguistic situation of East Han Dynasty.However,until now there are no comprehensive research papers on its verb system.
This paper uses verbs in Tai Ping Jing as the platform,and based on comprehensive examinations,focus the exploration on:what is the verb system in Tai Ping Jing? What are the specialities of Tai Ping Jing? What is the basic syntactic characteristic of verbs in Tai Ping Jing? How is the development situation of verbs? To what extent are the similarities and differences between the verb system of Tai Ping Jing and that of modern Chinese? Is there any diachronic coverage of the verb? Which standards should be chosen to distinguish verbs? What is the definition of the verb? At the same time this paper also explores the following issues:What are the changes during the tranformation of verbs to other parts of speech? How does the scope of causative category? How to judge a verb- completement format?
Based on the principle of combination of grammatical form and meaning,this paper has firmly done:combination of synchronic description and diachronic comparision,combination of fixed quantitiy analysis and fixed quality analysis, combination of static description and analysis-indution,combination of common-property research and individual-property research,combination of description and explanation,combination of factual description and theoretical thought.By means of general linguistic theory,it reveals the nature and characteristic of the verb,and explains grammar-related phenomena,and hence explores the usage and the rules of transformation of verbs in Chinese linguistic history.
The whole paper includes eihht chapters.The main contents are summerised as follow:
The First chapter is the Introduction:first part on general introduction of the characteristic of linguistic literature in Tai Ping Jing,full assurance of the research value of verbs in Tai Ping Jing;second part on tracing back the verb-research situation in the history of Chinese grammar,giving comments on various standards of verb classification;third part on suggestions of the research and method for verbs in Tai Ping Jing;the last part on general examples.
The second chapter fully describes behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.It divides the verb into relation verbs and non-relation verbs according to whether they can be biased towards the relation among several thematic roles.In the first part it generally introduces the characteristic of behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The second part describes non-relation verbs in Tai Ping Jing with six small groups,then it describes relation verbs with eight small groups.After the description of every group of behavior verbs,there is an introduction to the characteristic of this group of behavior verbs,including structural characteristic,semantical characteristic and basic syntactical charactristic.The third part summarises the basic characteristic of behavior verbs in Tai Ping Jing.
The third chapter describes lexical verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The first part describes respectively non-emphatic relationship of lexical verbs,emphatic hi-directional intereaction of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a word-target of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a word-content of lexical verbs,emphatic relationship between an agent and a direct quotation of lexical verbs.The second part induces the structural,semantical and basic syntatical characteristics of lexical verbs in Tai Ping Jing.
The fourth chapter describes fully psychology verbs in Tai Ping Jing.It divides psychology verbs into two categories of cognition verbs and sensation verbs.The first part describes cognition verbs which do not include cognitive results,and then describes cognition verbs which include cognitive results,and then induces the structural,semantical and basic syntactical characteristics.The second part describes every sensation verb,then induces the structural,semantical and basic syntactical characteristics of sensation verbs.
The fifth chapter describes fully causative verbs.It divides causative verbs into three categories of causative-behavior verbs,causative-situation verbs and exclusively causative(使令) verbs.The first part describes causative-behavior verbs,then induces in short its structural,semantical and syntatical characteristics.The second part describes causative- situation verbs,then induces in short its structural,semantic and syntatic characteristics.The third part describes exclusively causative verbs.It describes important monosyllabic exclusively causative verbs in Tai Ping Jing,and roughly outlines their sources.This part also simply introduces the polysyllabic exclusively causative verbs.
The sixth chapter concludes the characteristic of the verb system in Tai Ping Jing. It induces the common properties and individual properties of the verb system in Tai Ping Jing and the verb in modern Chinese linguistics.This chapter divides into four parts.The first part concludes the structural,semantical and basic syntatical characteristics of the verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The second chapter concludes the structural,semantical and basic syntactic characteristics of modern-Chinese verbs in the prevailing grammar system.The third part compares the verbs in the two systems from three aspects of the structural,semantic and basic syntatic characteristics,and found out the common and individual characteristics.The fourth part re-examines the description of verbs in the traditional grammar system based on comparision.It points out the problems in traditional Chinese verb system.It reckons that the verb in western grammar system is classified according to the characteristic of its form and mode,not according to that of its oringinal property,and that traditional grammar system copies the western grammar system.Based on the problem pointed out,the paper reckons that the verb is the part of speech that crosses the scope of time and languages,and suggests a new standard to establish the diachronic verb system.It defines the verb as the part of speech that expresses actions and events.
The seventh chapter talks about the contribution to the amendment value of Hanyu Dacidian by the verbs in Tai Ping Jing.The chapter points out there are 350 verbs in Tai Ping Jing that Hanyu Dacidian does not include,139 ones in Hanyu Dacidian with examples late of Tai Ping Jing,48 ones with explanation incomplete, 12 ones with both explanation incomplete and examples late of Tai Ping Jing.The chapter investigates and analyzes the useage in Thirteen Jing,Shi Ji,Han Shu,Lun Heng,San Guo Zhi(十三经、《史记》、《汉书》、《论衡》、《三国志》),and eihgt sutras of east Han Dynasty of the verbs in Tai Ping Jing but not in Hanyu Dacidian.The chapter also explores the causes of produce these problems.
The eighth chapter explores the diachronic problem of the Chinese verb based on the the verb system in Tai Ping Jing.The chapter divides into five parts,exploring respectively the following special topics:1.becoming bisyllable,which is the structural change in the Chinese verb,2."de-eventualization",which is the weakening of Chinese verbs,3.implication and stress,the change of Chinese verb argument structure,4.from synthesis to analysis,the formation of Chinese exclusively causative verbs,5.the distinction and age of production of Chinese "Object- Indicating V-C" struture.While exploring various problems mentioned above,the chapter doubts about certain academic opinions.It suggests the author's view points.The first part of this chapter points out the deficiency in academics to treat all parallel compound words as syntactical words.The second part deals with the semantics-disappearance phenomenon due to the transformation of behavior verbs into adjectives,prepositions, adverbs,conjunctions and particles,and it generalizes this phenomenon as "de-eventualization".The third part questions the belonging of modern and old Chinese verbs to different parts of speech as viewed by academicians.It indicates that modern and old Chinese verb systems actually belong to the same type,only with little local changes.The fourth part explores the phynomenon of the formation and expansion of the function of Chinese exclusively causative verbs.It mentions that the formation and expansion of the function of Chinese exclusively causative verbs is an important factor to cause "causative-verb of adjective" usage to deteriorate.The fifth part summefises important research results of verb-complement structure in academics,and suggests a standard to differentiate one type of verb-complement structure:"Object-Indicating V-C" structure.It points out that the latest occurrence of "Object- Indicating V-C" structure was in East Han Dynasty.
引文
[1]王明《太平经合校·前言》,中华书局,1960:1。
[1]王明《太平经合校·前言》,中华书局,1960:11。
[1]集各种材料于一书固然有助于全面理解《太》的思想内容,但也增加了语言分析的负担,因为杂厕的材料并非来自一时,研究时有必要剔除。
[2]初稿完成后,我找到了由文物出版社等三家于1988年联合影印出版的正统道藏所收《太》残卷,我又将所选的例句跟影印资料做了比较,未发现王氏《合校》文字录入的讹误。
[1]同动字即后人所谓表存现、消失、关系、判断的动词,助动字即后人所谓助动词。
[2]《吕叔湘先生在语法理论上的重大贡献》,《中国语文》1994年,第1期。
[1]这些文章主要是,《关于汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1953年10月号)、《再论汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1954第8期)、《三论汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1955第1期)。
[1]转引自邓守信(1986)《汉语动词的时间结构》,北京语言学院出版社,第30-37页。
[2]马庆株还根据是否自主将动词分为自主动词和非自主动词两类,见《自主动词和非自主动词》,载《中国语言学报》第三期第157-180页,商务印书馆,1988。
[3]转引自邓守信(1986)。
[1]格语法和配价语法都是探讨名词性成分与动词在句法上的共现,以下统称配价语法。
[1]王力《中国现代语法》也曾区分“事件/状态”,但多年来不曾受学术界重视。当然,王力的“事件/状态”含义有些不同,他把某些状态也包括到事件中了。
[1]参杨成凯《菲尔墨的格语法理论》,载胡明扬译《格辨》附二,第137-187页,商务印书馆。
[1]《动词词义在结构中的游移与实现》,《中国语文》第5期,第419-430页。
[1]《“的”字结构和判断句》,1978年《中国语文》第1期。
[1]转引自石毓智(2005),《汉语研究的类型学视野》第241页,江西教育出版社。
[2]石毓智所说的方向不单指空间方向,还包括行为的指向,如“买、卖”、“受、授”分别指向不同的对象。本节我们只谈空间方向。
[1]转引自(朱庆之1992:228)。
[1]刘丹青、徐烈炯《焦点与背景、话题及汉语“连”字句》,《中国语文》1998年4期。
[1]引自《现代汉语词典》第5版,商务印书馆。2005年。
[1]也有一种说法认为,使令动词带有三个论元,除了致使关系的双方外,还把常出现在客体后面的谓词性成分也视为一个论元。(赫林,2006)(长江学术第四期,第112-116页)
[1]参陆锦林《切夫语法概述》,载《国外语言学》1980年第2期第7-17页。
[2]参布龙菲尔德《语言论》中译本第210-211页,商务印书馆。
[3]参徐志民《欧美语言学简史》第19-21页,学林出版社,2005年第一版。
[4]上世纪中国现代语法学界流行合成谓语说,正和柏拉图的看法相近。
[1]转引自徐志民《欧美语言学简史》第25页,学林出版社,2005年第一版。
[2]在他的第十一章“句子类型”中,可以看到他是把be视为动词的,如他在第210页中说“不定式动词可以伴有you这个词作为施事者:You be good!(你得乖点!)”。
[1]见Goldberg《构式--论元结构的构式语法研究》中译本序,北京大学出版社,2007。
[1]原文为:In the orthodox view,basic grammatical categories are defined for a particular language according to their morphosyntactic behavior(e.g.,the class of verbs in English might be identified by their ability to inflect for tense and for subject agreement).This is eminently reasonable as a matter of analysis and practi- cal description,since it is the parallel grammatical behavior of a set of expressions that alerts us to their status as a category.However,the behavioral properties responsible for our initial discovery of a category must be distinguished from its ultimate characterization.I maintain that the grammatical behavior of the noun or verb class is best regarded as symptomatic of its semantic value,not the sole or final basis for a criterial definition.(1987:54)
[2]原文为:If the schematic characterizations to be proposed are essentially correct,they are no doubt universal rather than language-specific.It has,of course,been questioned whether the noun/verb distinction is valid for all languages;but this is really a non-issue.Even ira language has a single class of stems that function as either nouns or verbs,a stem nevertheless takes on the differentiating properties of one class or the other whenever it is employed in a particular construction.(54)
[1]蒋绍愚(2007)说:“80年代在国内流行的是‘义素分析法'(conponential analysis)。‘义素'是由处于同一语义场中的相邻或相关的词相比较而得出的……它主要适用于同一个共时平面的同一种语言的词汇系统,要用于不同历史时期的语言的词汇系统的比较,或者两种不同的词汇系统的比较,就有相当大的局限。”我们这里采用术语“概念要素”而不用“义素”。
[2]见黄伯荣、廖序东主编《现代汉语》增订本,高等教育出版社,1999。
[1]原文为:A number of scholars have suggested that physical objects are prototypical for nouns,and overt physical actions for verbs.Though I accept this analysis and the importance of prototypes in general,I claim that nouns and verbs also lend themselves to schematic semantic characterization.
[2]原文为:In the context of a conceptualist semantics which accommodates conventional imagery,standard arguments against the semantic basis of fundamental grammatical classes lose most of their force.One such argument is that either a noun or a verb can be used to describe the same event(e.g.explode and explosion).(57)
[3]我们把名词定义为指称实体的词,形容词定义为表述实体属性的词。
[1]吴福祥《<语法化的世界词库>导读》,世界图书出版公司,2007,第14页:Heine Bernd &Tania Kuteva《语法化的世界词库》,第28页。
[1]转引自石毓智(2005),《汉语研究的类型学视野》第241页,江西教育出版社。
[1]吴福祥(1999)虽然认为动结式最早出现于两汉,但这只限于指动动结式,指受动结式“V 破O、V坏O、V折O”等最早产生于六朝。
[2]王明《太平经合校·前言》,中华书局,1960:2。
[1]“愈”还可以表示“超越”,带对象宾语,而非受事宾语。不在考察之列。
[2]汪维辉老师告知笔者,《伤寒杂病论》和下文所引的《金匮要略论注》等语料的时代均可疑,但用于证明“愈”有使动用法是没问题的。
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[1]王明《太平经合校·前言》,中华书局,1960:11。
[1]集各种材料于一书固然有助于全面理解《太》的思想内容,但也增加了语言分析的负担,因为杂厕的材料并非来自一时,研究时有必要剔除。
[2]初稿完成后,我找到了由文物出版社等三家于1988年联合影印出版的正统道藏所收《太》残卷,我又将所选的例句跟影印资料做了比较,未发现王氏《合校》文字录入的讹误。
[1]同动字即后人所谓表存现、消失、关系、判断的动词,助动字即后人所谓助动词。
[2]《吕叔湘先生在语法理论上的重大贡献》,《中国语文》1994年,第1期。
[1]这些文章主要是,《关于汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1953年10月号)、《再论汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1954第8期)、《三论汉语的词类分别》(中国语文,1955第1期)。
[1]转引自邓守信(1986)《汉语动词的时间结构》,北京语言学院出版社,第30-37页。
[2]马庆株还根据是否自主将动词分为自主动词和非自主动词两类,见《自主动词和非自主动词》,载《中国语言学报》第三期第157-180页,商务印书馆,1988。
[3]转引自邓守信(1986)。
[1]格语法和配价语法都是探讨名词性成分与动词在句法上的共现,以下统称配价语法。
[1]王力《中国现代语法》也曾区分“事件/状态”,但多年来不曾受学术界重视。当然,王力的“事件/状态”含义有些不同,他把某些状态也包括到事件中了。
[1]参杨成凯《菲尔墨的格语法理论》,载胡明扬译《格辨》附二,第137-187页,商务印书馆。
[1]《动词词义在结构中的游移与实现》,《中国语文》第5期,第419-430页。
[1]《“的”字结构和判断句》,1978年《中国语文》第1期。
[1]转引自石毓智(2005),《汉语研究的类型学视野》第241页,江西教育出版社。
[2]石毓智所说的方向不单指空间方向,还包括行为的指向,如“买、卖”、“受、授”分别指向不同的对象。本节我们只谈空间方向。
[1]转引自(朱庆之1992:228)。
[1]刘丹青、徐烈炯《焦点与背景、话题及汉语“连”字句》,《中国语文》1998年4期。
[1]引自《现代汉语词典》第5版,商务印书馆。2005年。
[1]也有一种说法认为,使令动词带有三个论元,除了致使关系的双方外,还把常出现在客体后面的谓词性成分也视为一个论元。(赫林,2006)(长江学术第四期,第112-116页)
[1]参陆锦林《切夫语法概述》,载《国外语言学》1980年第2期第7-17页。
[2]参布龙菲尔德《语言论》中译本第210-211页,商务印书馆。
[3]参徐志民《欧美语言学简史》第19-21页,学林出版社,2005年第一版。
[4]上世纪中国现代语法学界流行合成谓语说,正和柏拉图的看法相近。
[1]转引自徐志民《欧美语言学简史》第25页,学林出版社,2005年第一版。
[2]在他的第十一章“句子类型”中,可以看到他是把be视为动词的,如他在第210页中说“不定式动词可以伴有you这个词作为施事者:You be good!(你得乖点!)”。
[1]见Goldberg《构式--论元结构的构式语法研究》中译本序,北京大学出版社,2007。
[1]原文为:In the orthodox view,basic grammatical categories are defined for a particular language according to their morphosyntactic behavior(e.g.,the class of verbs in English might be identified by their ability to inflect for tense and for subject agreement).This is eminently reasonable as a matter of analysis and practi- cal description,since it is the parallel grammatical behavior of a set of expressions that alerts us to their status as a category.However,the behavioral properties responsible for our initial discovery of a category must be distinguished from its ultimate characterization.I maintain that the grammatical behavior of the noun or verb class is best regarded as symptomatic of its semantic value,not the sole or final basis for a criterial definition.(1987:54)
[2]原文为:If the schematic characterizations to be proposed are essentially correct,they are no doubt universal rather than language-specific.It has,of course,been questioned whether the noun/verb distinction is valid for all languages;but this is really a non-issue.Even ira language has a single class of stems that function as either nouns or verbs,a stem nevertheless takes on the differentiating properties of one class or the other whenever it is employed in a particular construction.(54)
[1]蒋绍愚(2007)说:“80年代在国内流行的是‘义素分析法'(conponential analysis)。‘义素'是由处于同一语义场中的相邻或相关的词相比较而得出的……它主要适用于同一个共时平面的同一种语言的词汇系统,要用于不同历史时期的语言的词汇系统的比较,或者两种不同的词汇系统的比较,就有相当大的局限。”我们这里采用术语“概念要素”而不用“义素”。
[2]见黄伯荣、廖序东主编《现代汉语》增订本,高等教育出版社,1999。
[1]原文为:A number of scholars have suggested that physical objects are prototypical for nouns,and overt physical actions for verbs.Though I accept this analysis and the importance of prototypes in general,I claim that nouns and verbs also lend themselves to schematic semantic characterization.
[2]原文为:In the context of a conceptualist semantics which accommodates conventional imagery,standard arguments against the semantic basis of fundamental grammatical classes lose most of their force.One such argument is that either a noun or a verb can be used to describe the same event(e.g.explode and explosion).(57)
[3]我们把名词定义为指称实体的词,形容词定义为表述实体属性的词。
[1]吴福祥《<语法化的世界词库>导读》,世界图书出版公司,2007,第14页:Heine Bernd &Tania Kuteva《语法化的世界词库》,第28页。
[1]转引自石毓智(2005),《汉语研究的类型学视野》第241页,江西教育出版社。
[1]吴福祥(1999)虽然认为动结式最早出现于两汉,但这只限于指动动结式,指受动结式“V 破O、V坏O、V折O”等最早产生于六朝。
[2]王明《太平经合校·前言》,中华书局,1960:2。
[1]“愈”还可以表示“超越”,带对象宾语,而非受事宾语。不在考察之列。
[2]汪维辉老师告知笔者,《伤寒杂病论》和下文所引的《金匮要略论注》等语料的时代均可疑,但用于证明“愈”有使动用法是没问题的。
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