基于绕组回路平衡方程的变压器保护研究
|
摘要
变压器是完成不同电压等级电能转换的枢纽,是电力系统最重要的电气主设备之一,其运行状态直接影响着电力系统的安全稳定运行。变压器也是造价十分昂贵的电气主设备,应根据需要设置相应的保护。近年来,变压器保护动作正确率一直较低,远远低于线路保护和发电机保护,且有原因不明的误动,现有的变压器保护已不能满足电力系统的需要。因此,研究更为有效、可靠的变压器保护原理,对提高变压器保护的性能具有非常重要的意义。
论文首先介绍了现有的变压器差动原理以及存在的不足,对变压器主保护方案的一些新思路做了较全面的综述。
论文对现有的基于变压器模型的保护原理存在的不足进行了分析,指出其根源在于忽略了含有三角形绕组时三相绕组不平衡对绕组回路的影响。从变压器基本回路方程出发,利用三角形侧绕组内的不平衡电流来联系三相回路方程,得到了表示正常运行的变压器绕组回路平衡方程模型,该模型考虑了三角形侧不平衡三相绕组中任意一相绕组对原、副边其他两相绕组的影响。根据变压器发生内部故障时,绕组参数发生变化,该等式不再成立这一特征,提出了基于绕组平衡方程的变压器保护原理,并给出了判据。
实现基于绕组回路平衡方程的变压器保护原理的关键在于准确获取绕组回路平衡方程的系数。由于被估计的参数,可根据其物理特性及变压器铭牌数据,获得比较多的信息。因此,提出了利用约束最小二乘估计算法来对变压器绕组平衡方程的系数进行估计。
针对变压器保护研究的需要,在分析和总结前人经验的基础上,建立变压器数字仿真和动模仿真模型,仿真了典型的变压器运行工况,并记录了电压、电流数据。利用仿真数据对提出的新原理进行了验证,取得了良好的效果。
Transformer, as one of the most important and costly major apparatuses in the power system, is the hinge to transform electric energy in different voltage, whose running state will affect the safety and stability of the power system. It should be set corresponding protection. Recently, transformer protection is always in poor performance, which is far less than line protection and generator protection, and exist unknown reasons mal-operate. The existing transformer protections haven’t satisfied the demand of the power system. Therefore, research on more effective and more reliable transformer protection scheme is very important for improvement the performance of transformer protection.
The paper firstly introduces the existing transformer differential protection and its shortage, and summarizes the new ideas of transformer main protection.
The shortage of existing transformer protection principle based on the transformer model is analyzed, and which stems from ignoring the effect of three-phase unbalance winding in delta side to winding loop is be pointed out. Based on the loop equations of transformer, utilizing the unbalance current in the delta windings to contact the three phases loop equations, the winding loop equilibrium equation model represented the normal running transformer is obtained. The novel model takes into account the impact that a random phase of delta windings acts on the other two phases of primary and secondary windings. According to the characteristic that the equation is not valid while the winding parameters change due to the occurrence of internal fault, a novel transformer protection principle based on the winding loop equilibrium equation and its criteria are proposed.
The key problem of realizing the novel transformer protection principle is how to obtain accurate parameters of winding loop equilibrium equation. On account of more parameters information getting from the physical characteristic and data plate of transformer, constrained least squares algorithm is put forward to estimate the parameters.
For the demand of transformer protection research, on the basis of analyzing and summing up previous experience, digital simulation model and dynamic imitation model are established, and the representative running states of transformer are simulated, recording the voltage and current data. Adopting the simulated data to verify the proposed principle, good performance is shown from the calculated results.
论文首先介绍了现有的变压器差动原理以及存在的不足,对变压器主保护方案的一些新思路做了较全面的综述。
论文对现有的基于变压器模型的保护原理存在的不足进行了分析,指出其根源在于忽略了含有三角形绕组时三相绕组不平衡对绕组回路的影响。从变压器基本回路方程出发,利用三角形侧绕组内的不平衡电流来联系三相回路方程,得到了表示正常运行的变压器绕组回路平衡方程模型,该模型考虑了三角形侧不平衡三相绕组中任意一相绕组对原、副边其他两相绕组的影响。根据变压器发生内部故障时,绕组参数发生变化,该等式不再成立这一特征,提出了基于绕组平衡方程的变压器保护原理,并给出了判据。
实现基于绕组回路平衡方程的变压器保护原理的关键在于准确获取绕组回路平衡方程的系数。由于被估计的参数,可根据其物理特性及变压器铭牌数据,获得比较多的信息。因此,提出了利用约束最小二乘估计算法来对变压器绕组平衡方程的系数进行估计。
针对变压器保护研究的需要,在分析和总结前人经验的基础上,建立变压器数字仿真和动模仿真模型,仿真了典型的变压器运行工况,并记录了电压、电流数据。利用仿真数据对提出的新原理进行了验证,取得了良好的效果。
Transformer, as one of the most important and costly major apparatuses in the power system, is the hinge to transform electric energy in different voltage, whose running state will affect the safety and stability of the power system. It should be set corresponding protection. Recently, transformer protection is always in poor performance, which is far less than line protection and generator protection, and exist unknown reasons mal-operate. The existing transformer protections haven’t satisfied the demand of the power system. Therefore, research on more effective and more reliable transformer protection scheme is very important for improvement the performance of transformer protection.
The paper firstly introduces the existing transformer differential protection and its shortage, and summarizes the new ideas of transformer main protection.
The shortage of existing transformer protection principle based on the transformer model is analyzed, and which stems from ignoring the effect of three-phase unbalance winding in delta side to winding loop is be pointed out. Based on the loop equations of transformer, utilizing the unbalance current in the delta windings to contact the three phases loop equations, the winding loop equilibrium equation model represented the normal running transformer is obtained. The novel model takes into account the impact that a random phase of delta windings acts on the other two phases of primary and secondary windings. According to the characteristic that the equation is not valid while the winding parameters change due to the occurrence of internal fault, a novel transformer protection principle based on the winding loop equilibrium equation and its criteria are proposed.
The key problem of realizing the novel transformer protection principle is how to obtain accurate parameters of winding loop equilibrium equation. On account of more parameters information getting from the physical characteristic and data plate of transformer, constrained least squares algorithm is put forward to estimate the parameters.
For the demand of transformer protection research, on the basis of analyzing and summing up previous experience, digital simulation model and dynamic imitation model are established, and the representative running states of transformer are simulated, recording the voltage and current data. Adopting the simulated data to verify the proposed principle, good performance is shown from the calculated results.
引文
[1]周玉兰. 1990～1999年220kV及以上变压器保护运行情况[J].电力自动化设备, 2001, 21(05): 51～53.
[2]周玉兰,许勇,王俊永,等. 2000年全国电力系统继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2001, 25(8): 63～66,75.
[3]周玉兰,王俊永,王玉玲,等. 2001年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2002, 26(9): 58～63.
[4]周玉兰,王俊永,舒治淮,等. 2002年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2003, 27(9): 55～60.
[5]周玉兰,詹荣荣,舒治淮,等. 2003年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2004, 5(12): 74～79.
[6]周玉兰,王玉玲,赵曼勇. 2004年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2005, 29(16): 42～48.
[7]王维俭.电气主设备继电保护原理与应用[M].第二版.北京:中国电力出版社, 2002.
[8]王维俭,王祥珩,王赞基.大型发电机变压器内部故障分析与继电保护[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2006.
[9]李永丽,贺家李.电力变压器新型微机保护原理的研究电力系统自动化[J].电力系统自动化, 1995, 19(7): 15～19.
[10] A. Guzman, S. Zocholl, G. Benmouyal, et al. A current-based solution for transformer differential protection. Part I: problem statement. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2001, 16(10): 485-491.
[11]王祖光.间断角原理的变压器差动保护[J].电力系统自动化,1979,3 (1): 18～30.
[12]朱亚明,郑玉平,叶锋,等.间断角原理的变压器差动保护的性能特点及微机实现[J].电力系统自动化.1996,8(11):36-40.
[13]孙志杰,陈云仑.波形对称原理的变压器差动保护[J].电力系统自动化. 1996,5(04): 42-46.
[14]焦邵华,刘万顺.区分变压器励磁涌流和内部短路的积分型波形对称原理[J].中国电机工程学报[J].1999,19(8):35-38.
[15]李贵存,刘万顺,滕林,等.基于波形相关性分析的变压器励磁涌流识别新算法[J].电力系统自动化[J]. 2001,2 5( 17 ): 25 -28.
[16]焦邵华,刘万顺.区分变压器励磁涌流和内部短路的积分型波形对称原理[J].中国电机工程学报[J].1999, 19(08): 35～38.
[17]林湘宁,刘沛,杨春明,等.利用改进型波形相关法鉴别励磁涌流的研究[J].中国电机工程学报[J]. 2001,21 (5):56 -60,70 .
[18]林湘宁,刘世明,杨春明,等.几种波形对称法变压器差动保护原理的比较研究[J].电工技术学报. 2001,16(4):44-49.
[19]陈德树,尹项根,张哲,等.虚拟三次谐波制动式变压器差动保护[J].中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(8):19-23.
[20]焦邵华,刘万顺,刘建飞,等.用小波理论区分变压器的励磁涌流和短路电流的新原理[J].中国电机工程学报, 1999,19(7):1-5.
[21]林湘宁,刘沛,称时杰.基于小波包变换的变压器励磁涌流识别新方法[J].中国电机工程学报, 1999,19 (8):5- 19.
[22] Ozgonenel O, Ozgonenel O, Onbilgin G, et al. Wavelet based transformer protection[A]. Electrotechnical Conference, 2004. MELECON 2004. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean[C]. 2004. 915～918.
[23] Ozgonenel O, Ozgonenel O. Protection of Power Transformers By Using Continuous Wavelet Transform[A]. Electrotechnical Conference, 2006. MELECON 2006. IEEE Mediterranean[C]. 2006. 1106～1109.
[24]王维俭.变压器保护运行不良的反思[J].电力自动化设备, 2001, 21(10): 1～3.
[25]王增平,徐岩,王雪,等.基于变压器模型的新型变压器保护原理的研究[J].中国电机工程学报, 2003, 23(12): 54～58.
[26]郝治国,张保会,褚云龙,等.基于等值回路平衡方程的变压器保护原理[J].中国电机工程学报, 2006,26(10) :67-72.
[27]熊小伏,邓祥力,游波.基于参数辨识的变压器微机保护[J].电力系统自动化, 1999, (11): 18～21.
[28] Phadke A G,Thorp J S.A new computer-based flux-restrained current-differential relay for power transformer protection[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1997,12(3):1109-1118.
[29] Yabe K. Power differential method for discrimination between fault and magnetizing inrush current in transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1983, 102(11):3624-3629.
[30]宗洪良,金华烽,朱振飞,等.基于励磁阻抗变化的变压器励磁涌流判别方法[J].中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(7):91-94.
[31] Inagaki K, Higaki M, Matsui Y, et al. Digital protection method for power transformers based on an quivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1988, 3(4): 1501～1510.
[32]范文涛,王广延.基于模糊集理论的变压器微机差动保护新判据,中国电机工程学报,1997, 17(6):403-407.
[33]王增平,高中德,张举,等.模糊理论在变压器保护中的应用[J].电力系统自动化, 1998, 22(02): 13～1645.
[34] Surya K M, Surya K M, Ravindranath R B, et al. Transformer fault diagnosis using fuzzy logic and neural network[A]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2005. CEIDP '05. 2005 Annual Report Conference on[C]. 2005. 486～489.
[35] Perez L G, Flechsig A J, Meador J L, et al. Training an artificial neural network to discriminate between agnetizing inrush and internal faults[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1994, 9(1): 434～441.
[36] Bastard P, Meunier M, Regal H. Neural network-based algorithm for power transformer differential elays[J]. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-, 1995, 142(4): 386～392.
[37] Segatto E C, Segatto E C, Coury D V. A differential relay for power transformers using intelligent tools[J]. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 2006, 21(3): 1154～1162.
[38]段玉倩,贺家李,贺继红.基于人工人工神经网络方法的微机变压器保护[J].中国电机工程学报, 1998,(03) .190-194.
[39]刘世明,林湘宁,杨春明.变压器卞保护中的自适应方案.继电器.2001,29(3):39-43.
[40] Adly A ,Girgis, David G .Hart, W.BinC hang. An adaptive scheme for digital protection of power transformers. IEEE,1991(5):51-54.
[41] T.C.Hsia著,熊光楞、李芳芸译.系统辨识与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1983.
[42]方崇智.过程辨识[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1988.
[43]沈善德.电力系统辨识[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1993.
[44] The Math Works, 2004, Optimization Toolbox user’s guide, Natick,MA
[45] Alternative Transients Program(ATP) Rule Book[M], Canadian/American EMTP Users Group,1987-1995.
[46]王雪,王增平,徐岩.电力变压器励磁涌流和故障电流的仿真研究[J].高压电器, 2003, 39(06): 11～13,16.
[47] Bastard P, Bertrand P, Meunier M. A transformer model for winding fault studies[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1994, 9(2): 690～699.
[48] Kezunovic M, Yong G. Modeling and simulation of the power transformer faults and related rotective relay behavior[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 2000, 15(1): 44～50.
[49] Palmer-Buckle P, Palmer-Buckle P, Butler K L, et al. Characteristics of transformerparameters during internal winding faults based on experimental measurements[A]. Transmission and Distribution Conference, 1999 IEEE[C]. 1999. 882～887.
[50]高景德.电力系统动态模拟论文集[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.
[2]周玉兰,许勇,王俊永,等. 2000年全国电力系统继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2001, 25(8): 63～66,75.
[3]周玉兰,王俊永,王玉玲,等. 2001年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2002, 26(9): 58～63.
[4]周玉兰,王俊永,舒治淮,等. 2002年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2003, 27(9): 55～60.
[5]周玉兰,詹荣荣,舒治淮,等. 2003年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2004, 5(12): 74～79.
[6]周玉兰,王玉玲,赵曼勇. 2004年全国电网继电保护与安全自动装置运行情况[J].电网技术, 2005, 29(16): 42～48.
[7]王维俭.电气主设备继电保护原理与应用[M].第二版.北京:中国电力出版社, 2002.
[8]王维俭,王祥珩,王赞基.大型发电机变压器内部故障分析与继电保护[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2006.
[9]李永丽,贺家李.电力变压器新型微机保护原理的研究电力系统自动化[J].电力系统自动化, 1995, 19(7): 15～19.
[10] A. Guzman, S. Zocholl, G. Benmouyal, et al. A current-based solution for transformer differential protection. Part I: problem statement. IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2001, 16(10): 485-491.
[11]王祖光.间断角原理的变压器差动保护[J].电力系统自动化,1979,3 (1): 18～30.
[12]朱亚明,郑玉平,叶锋,等.间断角原理的变压器差动保护的性能特点及微机实现[J].电力系统自动化.1996,8(11):36-40.
[13]孙志杰,陈云仑.波形对称原理的变压器差动保护[J].电力系统自动化. 1996,5(04): 42-46.
[14]焦邵华,刘万顺.区分变压器励磁涌流和内部短路的积分型波形对称原理[J].中国电机工程学报[J].1999,19(8):35-38.
[15]李贵存,刘万顺,滕林,等.基于波形相关性分析的变压器励磁涌流识别新算法[J].电力系统自动化[J]. 2001,2 5( 17 ): 25 -28.
[16]焦邵华,刘万顺.区分变压器励磁涌流和内部短路的积分型波形对称原理[J].中国电机工程学报[J].1999, 19(08): 35～38.
[17]林湘宁,刘沛,杨春明,等.利用改进型波形相关法鉴别励磁涌流的研究[J].中国电机工程学报[J]. 2001,21 (5):56 -60,70 .
[18]林湘宁,刘世明,杨春明,等.几种波形对称法变压器差动保护原理的比较研究[J].电工技术学报. 2001,16(4):44-49.
[19]陈德树,尹项根,张哲,等.虚拟三次谐波制动式变压器差动保护[J].中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(8):19-23.
[20]焦邵华,刘万顺,刘建飞,等.用小波理论区分变压器的励磁涌流和短路电流的新原理[J].中国电机工程学报, 1999,19(7):1-5.
[21]林湘宁,刘沛,称时杰.基于小波包变换的变压器励磁涌流识别新方法[J].中国电机工程学报, 1999,19 (8):5- 19.
[22] Ozgonenel O, Ozgonenel O, Onbilgin G, et al. Wavelet based transformer protection[A]. Electrotechnical Conference, 2004. MELECON 2004. Proceedings of the 12th IEEE Mediterranean[C]. 2004. 915～918.
[23] Ozgonenel O, Ozgonenel O. Protection of Power Transformers By Using Continuous Wavelet Transform[A]. Electrotechnical Conference, 2006. MELECON 2006. IEEE Mediterranean[C]. 2006. 1106～1109.
[24]王维俭.变压器保护运行不良的反思[J].电力自动化设备, 2001, 21(10): 1～3.
[25]王增平,徐岩,王雪,等.基于变压器模型的新型变压器保护原理的研究[J].中国电机工程学报, 2003, 23(12): 54～58.
[26]郝治国,张保会,褚云龙,等.基于等值回路平衡方程的变压器保护原理[J].中国电机工程学报, 2006,26(10) :67-72.
[27]熊小伏,邓祥力,游波.基于参数辨识的变压器微机保护[J].电力系统自动化, 1999, (11): 18～21.
[28] Phadke A G,Thorp J S.A new computer-based flux-restrained current-differential relay for power transformer protection[J].IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery,1997,12(3):1109-1118.
[29] Yabe K. Power differential method for discrimination between fault and magnetizing inrush current in transformer [J]. IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, 1983, 102(11):3624-3629.
[30]宗洪良,金华烽,朱振飞,等.基于励磁阻抗变化的变压器励磁涌流判别方法[J].中国电机工程学报, 2001,21(7):91-94.
[31] Inagaki K, Higaki M, Matsui Y, et al. Digital protection method for power transformers based on an quivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1988, 3(4): 1501～1510.
[32]范文涛,王广延.基于模糊集理论的变压器微机差动保护新判据,中国电机工程学报,1997, 17(6):403-407.
[33]王增平,高中德,张举,等.模糊理论在变压器保护中的应用[J].电力系统自动化, 1998, 22(02): 13～1645.
[34] Surya K M, Surya K M, Ravindranath R B, et al. Transformer fault diagnosis using fuzzy logic and neural network[A]. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2005. CEIDP '05. 2005 Annual Report Conference on[C]. 2005. 486～489.
[35] Perez L G, Flechsig A J, Meador J L, et al. Training an artificial neural network to discriminate between agnetizing inrush and internal faults[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1994, 9(1): 434～441.
[36] Bastard P, Meunier M, Regal H. Neural network-based algorithm for power transformer differential elays[J]. Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-, 1995, 142(4): 386～392.
[37] Segatto E C, Segatto E C, Coury D V. A differential relay for power transformers using intelligent tools[J]. Power Systems, IEEE Transactions on, 2006, 21(3): 1154～1162.
[38]段玉倩,贺家李,贺继红.基于人工人工神经网络方法的微机变压器保护[J].中国电机工程学报, 1998,(03) .190-194.
[39]刘世明,林湘宁,杨春明.变压器卞保护中的自适应方案.继电器.2001,29(3):39-43.
[40] Adly A ,Girgis, David G .Hart, W.BinC hang. An adaptive scheme for digital protection of power transformers. IEEE,1991(5):51-54.
[41] T.C.Hsia著,熊光楞、李芳芸译.系统辨识与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1983.
[42]方崇智.过程辨识[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1988.
[43]沈善德.电力系统辨识[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1993.
[44] The Math Works, 2004, Optimization Toolbox user’s guide, Natick,MA
[45] Alternative Transients Program(ATP) Rule Book[M], Canadian/American EMTP Users Group,1987-1995.
[46]王雪,王增平,徐岩.电力变压器励磁涌流和故障电流的仿真研究[J].高压电器, 2003, 39(06): 11～13,16.
[47] Bastard P, Bertrand P, Meunier M. A transformer model for winding fault studies[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 1994, 9(2): 690～699.
[48] Kezunovic M, Yong G. Modeling and simulation of the power transformer faults and related rotective relay behavior[J]. Power Delivery, IEEE Transactions on, 2000, 15(1): 44～50.
[49] Palmer-Buckle P, Palmer-Buckle P, Butler K L, et al. Characteristics of transformerparameters during internal winding faults based on experimental measurements[A]. Transmission and Distribution Conference, 1999 IEEE[C]. 1999. 882～887.
[50]高景德.电力系统动态模拟论文集[M].北京:科学出版社,1980.