精密时频测量和控制技术研究
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摘要
随着现代电子技术和科学基础研究的发展,时间和频率的测量和控制技术在科学技术各领域中占据着越来越重要的地位。近年来国内外的频率标准的准确度和稳定度提高很快,应用范围也更加广泛,但是对高准确度和稳定度频率信号的测量和比对技术的精度还不能满足要求。目前我国在国防和空间技术的巨大进步,对更精细时间和频率的测量与处理也提出了更高要求,但是精密测量和控制还存在精度不够和成本较高的问题。
本文从提高时间和频率的测量和比对精度,提高温补晶振的补偿效果等方面入手,对高精度的频率测量,频标比对,短时间间隔测量和温补晶振等技术进行了深入研究,并取得了以下成果:
第一,提出了利用相位重合检测原理实现的一种高精度频率测量方法和一种高精度频率标准比对方法。利用最大公因子频率概念和相位重合检测原理,结合FPGA器件的优良特征,完成高精度频率计和频标比对器的设计。实际测试的数据表明,频率测量精度可达10~(-11)/s量级,频标对比精度达到10~(-11)/s量级。
第二,提出了基于延迟链技术的一种短时间间隔测量方法和一种频率测量方法。如果延迟链中每个延迟线的延迟时间相同,并且与参考信号的周期满足一定关系,那么计算得到的被测短时间间隔或者被测频率值可以减小±1计数误差的影响。该方法达到的测量结果相当于是将参考信号的频率提高到其几倍到几十倍所能达到的,从而为短时间间隔测量和频率测量提供了一种新思路和方法。
第三,提出了一种基于长度游标法的短时间间隔测量方法。作者通过对该方法的研究,申请了国家自然科学基金项目“基于长度游标法的精密时间间隔测量研究”,并获得批准(批准号10703004)。利用信号在介质中传输速度的高稳定性,把开始和结束信号分别在两个游标上传输,然后检测延迟信号重合得到被测时间间隔。该方法可以达到至少50ps的测量分辨率。
第四,提出了两种温补晶振的控制方法。分别利用二次镀膜的应力—温度效应和温度传感器与模拟存储体的补偿电容—温度特性对晶体振荡器的频率进行补偿,这两种方法都有很好的补偿效果,并且实现的温补晶振结构简单,成本较低,为温补晶振的研制提供了一种新途径。
针对提出的所有算法,本文都通过大量的反复设计、实验、测试及与相关方法的比较来验证其有效性和先进性。
With the development of modem electronic technology and scientific base research, the measurement and control technology of time and frequency are becoming more and more important in various fields of science and technology.In recent years,both at home and abroad,the accuracy and stability of frequency standard has been improved rapidly,with more extensive scope of application.But the measurement and comparison technology of frequency signal with high accuracy and stability can not meet the requirements yet.At present,along with the tremendous progress in China's national defense and space technology,more precise measurement and processing of time and frequency are also required,but the problems appears that the precise of measurement and control are not enough and the cost are still high.
To improve the accuracy of measurement and comparison of time and frequency, raising the compensation effects to crystal oscillators,this dissertation has made a research in the frequency measurement of high-precision,frequency standard comparing, short time interval measurement and temperature-compensated crystal oscillator.The main contributions and innovation points are as follows:
First,a method on frequency measurement of high-precision and a method on frequency standard comparison are proposed,both based on the principle of phase coincidence detection.Using the concept of the greatest common factor frequency and the principle of phase coincidence detection,with fine property of FPGA devices, the high-precision frequency meter and frequency standard comparator have been developed.The actual test data indicates that the accuracy of frequency measurement can reach up to 10~(-11)/s order of magnitude and frequency standard comparison 10~(-11)/s order of magnitude.
Secondly,a short time interval measurement method and a frequency measurement method are proposed,which are both based on the technique of delay-chain.If the delay time of each delay line in delay chain is the same and meets some relations to the period of reference signal,the measure results of short time interval or frequence can decrease the impact of±1 counting error.The measurement effect of this method is equivalent to that what can be obtained by increasing the frequence of reference signal by several or tens times.So this method provides a new idea and technique for short time interval measurement and frequency measurement.
Thirdly,a method of short time interval measurement based on length vernier is proposed.Through the study on this method,the author applied for the National Natural Science Foundation Project "research on the precision time interval measurement based on the length vernier",and has been approved(No.10703004 approval).Using the high stability of signal transmission,with the start and stop signal transmission in two length vernier separately,and then by coincidence detection of two delayed signals,the result can achieve a measurement resolution at least dozens ofps.
The fourth,two control methods of temperature-compensated crystal oscillator are proposed.One is based on the stress-temperature effect of secondary plating,and another the compensation capacity-temperature characteristic of sensor and analog storage.The two methods both have a better compensation effect,simple crystal oscillator structure and low cost.This method provides a new way for temperature-compensated crystal oscillator.
All of the proposed methods in this thesis are designed,simulated,experimented, testing,and compared with related schemes through and through in order to prove their validities and advantages.
本文从提高时间和频率的测量和比对精度,提高温补晶振的补偿效果等方面入手,对高精度的频率测量,频标比对,短时间间隔测量和温补晶振等技术进行了深入研究,并取得了以下成果:
第一,提出了利用相位重合检测原理实现的一种高精度频率测量方法和一种高精度频率标准比对方法。利用最大公因子频率概念和相位重合检测原理,结合FPGA器件的优良特征,完成高精度频率计和频标比对器的设计。实际测试的数据表明,频率测量精度可达10~(-11)/s量级,频标对比精度达到10~(-11)/s量级。
第二,提出了基于延迟链技术的一种短时间间隔测量方法和一种频率测量方法。如果延迟链中每个延迟线的延迟时间相同,并且与参考信号的周期满足一定关系,那么计算得到的被测短时间间隔或者被测频率值可以减小±1计数误差的影响。该方法达到的测量结果相当于是将参考信号的频率提高到其几倍到几十倍所能达到的,从而为短时间间隔测量和频率测量提供了一种新思路和方法。
第三,提出了一种基于长度游标法的短时间间隔测量方法。作者通过对该方法的研究,申请了国家自然科学基金项目“基于长度游标法的精密时间间隔测量研究”,并获得批准(批准号10703004)。利用信号在介质中传输速度的高稳定性,把开始和结束信号分别在两个游标上传输,然后检测延迟信号重合得到被测时间间隔。该方法可以达到至少50ps的测量分辨率。
第四,提出了两种温补晶振的控制方法。分别利用二次镀膜的应力—温度效应和温度传感器与模拟存储体的补偿电容—温度特性对晶体振荡器的频率进行补偿,这两种方法都有很好的补偿效果,并且实现的温补晶振结构简单,成本较低,为温补晶振的研制提供了一种新途径。
针对提出的所有算法,本文都通过大量的反复设计、实验、测试及与相关方法的比较来验证其有效性和先进性。
With the development of modem electronic technology and scientific base research, the measurement and control technology of time and frequency are becoming more and more important in various fields of science and technology.In recent years,both at home and abroad,the accuracy and stability of frequency standard has been improved rapidly,with more extensive scope of application.But the measurement and comparison technology of frequency signal with high accuracy and stability can not meet the requirements yet.At present,along with the tremendous progress in China's national defense and space technology,more precise measurement and processing of time and frequency are also required,but the problems appears that the precise of measurement and control are not enough and the cost are still high.
To improve the accuracy of measurement and comparison of time and frequency, raising the compensation effects to crystal oscillators,this dissertation has made a research in the frequency measurement of high-precision,frequency standard comparing, short time interval measurement and temperature-compensated crystal oscillator.The main contributions and innovation points are as follows:
First,a method on frequency measurement of high-precision and a method on frequency standard comparison are proposed,both based on the principle of phase coincidence detection.Using the concept of the greatest common factor frequency and the principle of phase coincidence detection,with fine property of FPGA devices, the high-precision frequency meter and frequency standard comparator have been developed.The actual test data indicates that the accuracy of frequency measurement can reach up to 10~(-11)/s order of magnitude and frequency standard comparison 10~(-11)/s order of magnitude.
Secondly,a short time interval measurement method and a frequency measurement method are proposed,which are both based on the technique of delay-chain.If the delay time of each delay line in delay chain is the same and meets some relations to the period of reference signal,the measure results of short time interval or frequence can decrease the impact of±1 counting error.The measurement effect of this method is equivalent to that what can be obtained by increasing the frequence of reference signal by several or tens times.So this method provides a new idea and technique for short time interval measurement and frequency measurement.
Thirdly,a method of short time interval measurement based on length vernier is proposed.Through the study on this method,the author applied for the National Natural Science Foundation Project "research on the precision time interval measurement based on the length vernier",and has been approved(No.10703004 approval).Using the high stability of signal transmission,with the start and stop signal transmission in two length vernier separately,and then by coincidence detection of two delayed signals,the result can achieve a measurement resolution at least dozens ofps.
The fourth,two control methods of temperature-compensated crystal oscillator are proposed.One is based on the stress-temperature effect of secondary plating,and another the compensation capacity-temperature characteristic of sensor and analog storage.The two methods both have a better compensation effect,simple crystal oscillator structure and low cost.This method provides a new way for temperature-compensated crystal oscillator.
All of the proposed methods in this thesis are designed,simulated,experimented, testing,and compared with related schemes through and through in order to prove their validities and advantages.
引文
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[1]Piotr Dudek,Stanislaw Szczepanski,John V.Hatfield.A High-Resolution CMOS Time-to-digital Converter Utilizing a Vernier Delay Line.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,2000,35(2):240-247.
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[1]Piotr Dudek,Stanislaw Szczepanski,John V.Hatfield.A High-Resolution CMOS Time-to-digital Converter Utilizing a Vernier Delay Line.IEEE J.Solid-State Circuits,2000,35(2):240-247.
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[5]Jansson Jussi Pekka,Mantyniemi,Kostamovaara Juha.A CMOS time-to-digital converter with better than 10 ps single-shot precision.IEEE J.Solid-StateCircuits.2006,June,41(6):1286-1695.
[6]Deutsch Alina.Electrical characteristic of interconnections for high-performance systems.Proceedings of the IEEE.1998,86(2):315-354.
[7]Ryszard Szplet,Jozef Kalisz.Interpolating Time Counter with 100ps Resolution on a Single FPGA Device.IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement,2000,Vol.49,No.4:879-882.
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[9]Jozef K.Ryszard S.Jerzy P.et al.Field-Programmable-Gate-Array-Based Time-to-Digital Converter with 200-ps Resolution.IEEE Trans on Instrumentation and Measurement,1997,46(1):51-55
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