地球物理测井和地震联合检测天然气藏的方法及应用研究
摘要
在世界油气能源构成中，目前是石油能源与天然气能源所占的比例接近，随着环境保护，对清洁能源需求的增加，天然气能源所占的比重要超过石油能源。我国的能源政策是要油气并举，天然气勘探是西部大开发的重要项目之一。
在天然气勘探中，测井识别气层是一门关键技术。在过去，测井识别油层已有比较成熟的理论、方法、技术和经验，识别油层的成功率高。然而测井识别天然气层，除了与测井识别油层有一定共性外，还有自己的特殊性。用电法测井难于将油层和气层分开，用非电法测井，有可能从油气层中把气层识别出来(谭廷栋，1999)。
在天然气的勘探中，除了测井这一关键技术外，反射地震勘探这一地球物理中的重要方法也会提供有用的找气信息。长期以来，地震勘探的主要目的是提供物性界面的构造形态。根据圈闭高点储存油气的观点，提供各类探井井位。人们习惯称之为“常规地震勘探”。地震勘探方法几十年的发展历程说明：地震勘探中的常规地震勘探，是石油勘探中不可缺少的，是地震勘探中的首位。然而，现阶段石油勘探的发展现状展示，单纯的常规地震勘探不能满足油气勘探的要求。因此需要非常规的地震方法进行油气储层研究。
石油、天然气的储集条件说明：油气不仅能保存在储集层背斜(含断鼻、半背斜等)、断块等一类正向圈闭中，也能在具备有储集条件的岩性体中聚集起来，并成为相当规模的油气田，对岩性油气藏的研究，使得地震岩性学特别是AVO技术得到了发展。
岩性油气藏，特别是气藏的大量发现，使得应用测井和地震多信息的综合研究特殊储层具有重要现时意义。
对浅层天然气层和深层天然气层评价的地球物理方法是不完全相同的。
天然气测井、地震属性检测技术应用旨在充分挖掘和利用测井、地震信息，研究天然气藏的地球物理响应特征，是当前天然气资源探测中的重要课题。
本论文是对这一课题进行研时的一种尝试。但不可能对洲井、地震在天然气勘探方面的理论与方法等进行全面研究，而主要着眼于二者结合方面的几个倍受关注的问题和实用的方法进行探讨。本文在前人研究的基础上，在理论和实践中取得了如下有一定创新性的进展。实践中取得了如下有一定创新性的进展。
(1)提出了一种“长短时窗能量比提取声波全波列测井的纵、横波信息”的实用方法。提高了AVO应用的成功率和气层解释的成功率。
AVO技术在天然气特别是浅层气藏评价方面有很多成功的实例，但也有不少失败的经验。目前，在AVO模型正演中，大量使用的是估算的不精确的纵、横波速度，泊松比等弹性参数。使得对AVO反演结果的异常解释出现困难。“长短时窗能量比提取声波全波列测井纵、横波信息”方法可以得到原状地层的纵、横波速度，泊松比等弹性参数值，可提高气层测井解释符合率。
柴达木盆地三湖新凹陷不仅是我国，而且也是世界上第四系浅层生物成因的主要天然气成藏区(戴金星等，1996)，首次在该区进行了AVO技术应用，为该区天然气勘探提供了新的依据。
(2)重点对测井参数反演的理论进行了研讨，引入了“测井界面参数”，提出了测井参数间的灰关联度计算方法，将测井参数反演用于塔里木盆地深层气藏的评价和新区预测。。
天然气勘探中的储层预测技术一方面是利用地震、测井信息在地质理论指导下，对天然气储层的空间展布和几何形态进行宏观描述。另一方面是对储层的微观特征进行横向预测，主要是测井参数反演。本文重点对测井参数反演进行了讨论，提出了测井参数间的灰关联度计算方法。
对特定的地质界面(假定界面存在)，引入一个新的参数：将界面上、下地层某种确定物理性质的相对变化称为该物理量的界面参数。这样反射系数就是波阻抗的界面参数。对离散的测井数据而言，某种测井曲线相邻采样点间的相对变化，就是该测井曲线这两个离散样点的测井界面参数。当某测井界面参数与波阻抗的界面参数有很好的相关性时，可进行测井参数反演。
In the structure of world energy, the oil and gas are proportionally close today, butthe gas energy as a clean energy will inevitably exceeds the oil energy. So the gasexploration is one of the most important projects in the West Development of China.
In the gas exploration, the well logging is an important technique. The techniquewas used to successfully find oil in the past, which has developed its mature theory,method, technology and experience. The method used for the logging of gas, however,has its own features besides their common points.
In addition to the logging method for the oil exploration, the reflection seismictechnique as one of the important geophysical methods also provides a large amountof gas information. The seismic exploration has been aimed to provide the structuralshape of the physical interface. According to the theory that the oil and gas is locatedat the top of the formation trap, the well location for the cat well is provided, which isusually called the conventional seismic exploration. The scores of years ofdevelopment in the seismic exploration have proved that the conventional seismictechnique is indispensable and takes the lead place in the oil exploration. The currenttrend for the oil exploration indicates that the single conventional seismic explorationcannot meet the requirements of the oil exploration.
With reference to the reservoir conditions, the oil and gas can be trapped not onlyin the anticline and fault block of the reservoir, but also in the lithologies that canform a great scale of oil and gas field. The study of the lithological oil and gasreservoir enables the seismic lithological theory and especially the AVO technique totake great progress.
As substantial lithological reservoirs for oil and especially gas have been found, itis greatly significant to make comprehensive research on the special reservoir usinglogging and seismic data.
The different geophysical method can be used to evaluate both shallow and deepgas formations.
The application study of the logging and seismic property detect of the gasreservoir is aimed to make full use of the integrated logging and seismic data to studythe geophysical responses of the gas reservoir, which is currently the key subject inthe oil and gas exploration.
The attempt to discuss some points of the project is available in the paper. Theproject is mainly concerned with the focus issues and applicable method about thecombination between the logging and seismic approaches, rather than makingcomprehensive study of the logging and seismic theory and methodology in the gasexploration. Based on the previous study of other authors, the following innovative progresses have been made theoretically and practically:
1. A proposed applicable method is "extraction of shear andcompressional wave velocities from sonic fullwave with the energyratio of the long and short time windows", which improves the successrate of the AVO applications and interpretation of the gas reservoir.
The AVO technique has made many successful cases in theevaluation of the gas and shallow gas reservoir, but also has manyfailures. Currently, in the AVO Forward model, such elastic parametersas the inaccurate shear and compressional wave velocities and Poissonratio are largely used so as to make it hard for the anomalyinterpretation of the AVO inversion results. The above-mentionedmethod can obtain such elastic parameters as the shear andcompressional wave velocities and Poisson ratio in the originalformation to enhance the match rate of the interpretation of the gasreservoir.
The AVO technique was first used in Sanhu depression inChaidamu to find the new evidence for the regional gas exploration.The depression is the major biogenic gas reservoir of quaternary.
2. The paper focuses on the study of the inversion theory of thelogging parameters, which introduces the" logging interface parameters",suggests a calculation method of gray correlation between parameters,applies the logging inversion of parameters in evaluation of the deep gasreservoir in Tarim and makes the prediction of the new region.
The reservoir prediction technique in the oil and gas exploration,on the one hand, is used to make the macro description of the spacedistribution and geometric shape; on the other hand, it can make thelateral prediction of the micro characteristics of the reservoir using thecomprehensive seismic and logging data under the guideline of thegeologic theory.
A new parameter is introduced to the specified geologic interface(assuming the interface exists): the relative change of a given physicalproperty in the formation above and below the interface is called theinterface parameters of the physical property. The reflectivity is theinterface parameter of the acoustic impedance. As far as the discretelogging data are concerned, the relative change between the adjacentsampling points of the curve is the logging interface parameters of thesetwo discrete sampling points of the curve. When there is the goodcorrelation between the logging interface parameter and acousticimpedance interface parameter, the logging parameter inversion wouldbe available.
在天然气勘探中，测井识别气层是一门关键技术。在过去，测井识别油层已有比较成熟的理论、方法、技术和经验，识别油层的成功率高。然而测井识别天然气层，除了与测井识别油层有一定共性外，还有自己的特殊性。用电法测井难于将油层和气层分开，用非电法测井，有可能从油气层中把气层识别出来(谭廷栋，1999)。
在天然气的勘探中，除了测井这一关键技术外，反射地震勘探这一地球物理中的重要方法也会提供有用的找气信息。长期以来，地震勘探的主要目的是提供物性界面的构造形态。根据圈闭高点储存油气的观点，提供各类探井井位。人们习惯称之为“常规地震勘探”。地震勘探方法几十年的发展历程说明：地震勘探中的常规地震勘探，是石油勘探中不可缺少的，是地震勘探中的首位。然而，现阶段石油勘探的发展现状展示，单纯的常规地震勘探不能满足油气勘探的要求。因此需要非常规的地震方法进行油气储层研究。
石油、天然气的储集条件说明：油气不仅能保存在储集层背斜(含断鼻、半背斜等)、断块等一类正向圈闭中，也能在具备有储集条件的岩性体中聚集起来，并成为相当规模的油气田，对岩性油气藏的研究，使得地震岩性学特别是AVO技术得到了发展。
岩性油气藏，特别是气藏的大量发现，使得应用测井和地震多信息的综合研究特殊储层具有重要现时意义。
对浅层天然气层和深层天然气层评价的地球物理方法是不完全相同的。
天然气测井、地震属性检测技术应用旨在充分挖掘和利用测井、地震信息，研究天然气藏的地球物理响应特征，是当前天然气资源探测中的重要课题。
本论文是对这一课题进行研时的一种尝试。但不可能对洲井、地震在天然气勘探方面的理论与方法等进行全面研究，而主要着眼于二者结合方面的几个倍受关注的问题和实用的方法进行探讨。本文在前人研究的基础上，在理论和实践中取得了如下有一定创新性的进展。实践中取得了如下有一定创新性的进展。
(1)提出了一种“长短时窗能量比提取声波全波列测井的纵、横波信息”的实用方法。提高了AVO应用的成功率和气层解释的成功率。
AVO技术在天然气特别是浅层气藏评价方面有很多成功的实例，但也有不少失败的经验。目前，在AVO模型正演中，大量使用的是估算的不精确的纵、横波速度，泊松比等弹性参数。使得对AVO反演结果的异常解释出现困难。“长短时窗能量比提取声波全波列测井纵、横波信息”方法可以得到原状地层的纵、横波速度，泊松比等弹性参数值，可提高气层测井解释符合率。
柴达木盆地三湖新凹陷不仅是我国，而且也是世界上第四系浅层生物成因的主要天然气成藏区(戴金星等，1996)，首次在该区进行了AVO技术应用，为该区天然气勘探提供了新的依据。
(2)重点对测井参数反演的理论进行了研讨，引入了“测井界面参数”，提出了测井参数间的灰关联度计算方法，将测井参数反演用于塔里木盆地深层气藏的评价和新区预测。。
天然气勘探中的储层预测技术一方面是利用地震、测井信息在地质理论指导下，对天然气储层的空间展布和几何形态进行宏观描述。另一方面是对储层的微观特征进行横向预测，主要是测井参数反演。本文重点对测井参数反演进行了讨论，提出了测井参数间的灰关联度计算方法。
对特定的地质界面(假定界面存在)，引入一个新的参数：将界面上、下地层某种确定物理性质的相对变化称为该物理量的界面参数。这样反射系数就是波阻抗的界面参数。对离散的测井数据而言，某种测井曲线相邻采样点间的相对变化，就是该测井曲线这两个离散样点的测井界面参数。当某测井界面参数与波阻抗的界面参数有很好的相关性时，可进行测井参数反演。
In the structure of world energy, the oil and gas are proportionally close today, butthe gas energy as a clean energy will inevitably exceeds the oil energy. So the gasexploration is one of the most important projects in the West Development of China.
In the gas exploration, the well logging is an important technique. The techniquewas used to successfully find oil in the past, which has developed its mature theory,method, technology and experience. The method used for the logging of gas, however,has its own features besides their common points.
In addition to the logging method for the oil exploration, the reflection seismictechnique as one of the important geophysical methods also provides a large amountof gas information. The seismic exploration has been aimed to provide the structuralshape of the physical interface. According to the theory that the oil and gas is locatedat the top of the formation trap, the well location for the cat well is provided, which isusually called the conventional seismic exploration. The scores of years ofdevelopment in the seismic exploration have proved that the conventional seismictechnique is indispensable and takes the lead place in the oil exploration. The currenttrend for the oil exploration indicates that the single conventional seismic explorationcannot meet the requirements of the oil exploration.
With reference to the reservoir conditions, the oil and gas can be trapped not onlyin the anticline and fault block of the reservoir, but also in the lithologies that canform a great scale of oil and gas field. The study of the lithological oil and gasreservoir enables the seismic lithological theory and especially the AVO technique totake great progress.
As substantial lithological reservoirs for oil and especially gas have been found, itis greatly significant to make comprehensive research on the special reservoir usinglogging and seismic data.
The different geophysical method can be used to evaluate both shallow and deepgas formations.
The application study of the logging and seismic property detect of the gasreservoir is aimed to make full use of the integrated logging and seismic data to studythe geophysical responses of the gas reservoir, which is currently the key subject inthe oil and gas exploration.
The attempt to discuss some points of the project is available in the paper. Theproject is mainly concerned with the focus issues and applicable method about thecombination between the logging and seismic approaches, rather than makingcomprehensive study of the logging and seismic theory and methodology in the gasexploration. Based on the previous study of other authors, the following innovative progresses have been made theoretically and practically:
1. A proposed applicable method is "extraction of shear andcompressional wave velocities from sonic fullwave with the energyratio of the long and short time windows", which improves the successrate of the AVO applications and interpretation of the gas reservoir.
The AVO technique has made many successful cases in theevaluation of the gas and shallow gas reservoir, but also has manyfailures. Currently, in the AVO Forward model, such elastic parametersas the inaccurate shear and compressional wave velocities and Poissonratio are largely used so as to make it hard for the anomalyinterpretation of the AVO inversion results. The above-mentionedmethod can obtain such elastic parameters as the shear andcompressional wave velocities and Poisson ratio in the originalformation to enhance the match rate of the interpretation of the gasreservoir.
The AVO technique was first used in Sanhu depression inChaidamu to find the new evidence for the regional gas exploration.The depression is the major biogenic gas reservoir of quaternary.
2. The paper focuses on the study of the inversion theory of thelogging parameters, which introduces the" logging interface parameters",suggests a calculation method of gray correlation between parameters,applies the logging inversion of parameters in evaluation of the deep gasreservoir in Tarim and makes the prediction of the new region.
The reservoir prediction technique in the oil and gas exploration,on the one hand, is used to make the macro description of the spacedistribution and geometric shape; on the other hand, it can make thelateral prediction of the micro characteristics of the reservoir using thecomprehensive seismic and logging data under the guideline of thegeologic theory.
A new parameter is introduced to the specified geologic interface(assuming the interface exists): the relative change of a given physicalproperty in the formation above and below the interface is called theinterface parameters of the physical property. The reflectivity is theinterface parameter of the acoustic impedance. As far as the discretelogging data are concerned, the relative change between the adjacentsampling points of the curve is the logging interface parameters of thesetwo discrete sampling points of the curve. When there is the goodcorrelation between the logging interface parameter and acousticimpedance interface parameter, the logging parameter inversion wouldbe available.
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