南海北部以及吕宋海峡次级中尺度动力过程数值模拟研究
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摘要
空间尺度在~(1km)，时间尺度为~(1day)，罗斯贝数Ro~O(1)的海洋混合层中次级中尺度过程对动量、能量和温盐的垂向输运有重要作用，同时次级中尺度过程帮助我们理解能量是如何从中尺度涡串级到可以耗散为热量的小尺度湍流的。本论文使用单向嵌套方案AGRIF和原始方程海洋模式ROMS再现了夏季西南季风期南海北部陆架海区的次级中尺度过程。首先用观测数据验证了模式的模拟结果，台湾海峡和吕宋海峡的流量与以往的观测数据吻合；模拟的海表温度与AVHRR数据比较，误差控制在8%之内。海表温度场和密度场分布表明了南海北部陆架海区夏季经常出现次级中尺度的涡旋和细丝状流场结构，与卫星数据发现的冷暖丝的分布类似。强烈的次级中尺度活动使得沿着锋面附近垂向速度可以达~50m/day，该海域的混合层深度明显加深。海表的动能分布和有效扩散率表明次级中尺度涡旋和涡丝大大增强了水平的扩散，可以达到~40-120m2/s,比通常没有次级中尺度活动近岸海区扩散率大得多（~10m2/s）。最后，通过两个敏感性试验，分别阐明次级中尺度过程的发展情况，在出现明显的锋面之后，停止沿锋面射流风场强迫，锋面不稳定和混合层不稳定的发展相互作用，产生次级中尺度活动，在锋面附近产生涡旋和弯曲，并消耗混合层中储存的有效位能，并最终使混合层达到稳定分层的状态，整个过程要持续大概十天左右。而在出现明显的锋面后继续使用沿锋面风场强迫，非线性的埃克曼效应使锋面附近出现冷水穿刺到暖水区的现象，并加强了该海区的次级中尺度活动的空间尺度和强度，持续的风场强迫将维持一定的水平浮力梯度，所以只要沿锋面风场强迫一直存在，锋面附近的次级中尺度过程就会持续。
与南海北部产生的次级中尺度过程的机制不同，吕宋海峡处的次级中尺度活动主要是由海流和岛屿之间的相互作用产生。本论文第一次使用ROMS_Agrif双向嵌套方法模拟了吕宋海峡中的岛屿尾流现象。比较有无岛屿存在情况下涡度拟能的分布发现，如果在计算中将岛屿去掉，那么涡度拟能大概要下降~60-70%，这主要发生在岛屿的附近。敏感性试验表明除了Babuyan岛之外，其他各个岛屿处的岛屿尾流现象均对潮流十分敏感。通过分析模拟结果，发现除了靠近吕宋岛的四个岛屿之外岛屿尾流现象主要产生机制是流场与岛屿的侧边界的侧摩擦应力；对于靠近吕宋岛的四个岛屿，海底的摩擦也是不容忽视的。高分辨的模拟结果与SAR图像的观测结果有较好的对应，对于黑潮在吕宋海峡的流向和卡曼涡街的动力特性，模拟结果与SAR图像的观测有很好的一致性。岛屿尾流现象可以导致垂向输运增大，将深海的营养盐输运到上混合层中进而诱发浮游植物的爆发。我们发现吕宋岛西北部冬季的浮游植物的爆发不仅是由于冬季季风驱动的上升流而把深层营养盐带到上透光层，岛屿尾流导致的营养盐也可以被黑潮水平输运到吕宋西北部，另外冬季比较活跃的吕宋冷涡对营养盐的垂向输运也有很大的贡献。最后通过数值试验研究了岛屿尾流现象对吕宋海峡处的平均流场的影响，发现只有水平网格分辨率达到1/32度才能较好的模拟吕宋海峡处的动力过程，1/16度分辨率水平网格由于不能分辨海峡内的主要岛屿的分布而不能正确再现海峡南部的流场结构。通过数值模拟，我们发现次级中尺度活动在南海北部的陆架海区和吕宋海峡处广泛存在，次级中尺度活动对环流系统和黑潮动力过程都有很重要的影响。
The dynamics of~O(1) Rossby number, and submesoscale processes at~O(1km)in the upper ocean play an important role in the vertical fluxes of mass, buoyancy, andtracers in the upper ocean. It can be instrumental in transferring energy and propertiesfrom the largely adiabatic mesoscale (~10-100km) flow field, to a scale where mixingcan occur. We applied a primitive equation ocean model to simulate submesoscaleactivities and processes over the shelf of the northern South China Sea (NSCS) with aone-way nesting technology (AGRIF) for downscaling. We diagnosed the modelresults and compared with the climatological observations which show a good matchwith each other. The temperature and density fields showed that submesoscaleactivities were ubiquitous in the NSCS shelf which corresponds to the satelliteobservations well.The vertical velocity was considerably enhanced in submesoscaleprocesses and could reach an average of58m per day in the subsurface.At this point,the mixed layer depth was deepened along the front, and the surface kinetic energyalso increased with the intense vertical movement induced by submesoscale activity.In addition, we diagnosed the effect of submesoscale activities on the lateralhorizontal diffusion in the upper mixed layer, the interation of surface kinetic energyis twice than lower mesoscale eddy permiting model results and the effectivehorizontal diffusion rate is calculated and it can reach up to~40-120m2s-1, which islarger than the general value~10m2s-1without the submesoscale activities. Twosensitive numerical experiments were conducted to check the effects of down-frontwind forcing on frontogenesis and submesoscale forming. As the obvious front showsup, we stop the down-front wind forcing, along the front jet, with the interaction between the development of mixed layer instability and the shear of frontal jet,submesoscale eddy and meaders show up and continue to develop until the lateralbuoyancy gradient becomes weak and thus the available potential energy is released.The whole process lasts nearly ten days, after that the mixed layer has a stablestratification. However, with the continuous down-front wind forcing, the secondaryeffect of high relative vorticity induces the nonlinear Ekman surface current. Thisprocess pulls the cold upwelling water into the orelative warm region and intentifiesthe submesoscale activities.
Unlike the mechanism generating the submesoscale activities in Northern SouthChina Sea, the submesoscale activities generated in Luzon Strait is mainly due to theinteraction between the strong Kushio current and the existence of essential eightislands in Luzon Strait. In this dissertation, a very high resolution numerical modelwith the first application of2-WAY agrif nesting method (on a~1km grid) is used tostudy the island wakes in Luzon Strait. A comparsion between simulations with andwithout islands shows the surface enstrophy decreases substantially when the islandsin Luzon Strait in the oceanic model are removed, and the enstrophy decrease mainlytakes place in the areas aroud the islands. Sensitive numerical experiments show thatthe tidal current can affect the island wakes except the Bubuyan Island which face tothe Kuroshio incident. The mechanism of the generation of island wakes is alsodifferent among these islands, island wakes occurred around Babuyan Island andBatan island groups are mainy due to the lateral drag. While the generation ofsubmesoscale eddies and meadars around the four islands near the Luzon Islandinduced by the lateral drag and the bottom drag. Our modeled results reproduced theKarman Vortex Street (KVS) occurred behind the Babuyan Island, and we find thedirection of the incident eddies and length scale of KVS are nearly same as observedby the ASAR image. The period of eddy shedding is about0.3day and the time seriesof eddy generation, development and shedding are given. Given the submesoscaleactivities occurred around the islands can induce a high vertical velocity and thus pullthe high nutrients up to the mixed layer and feed the phytoplankton, we find that thebloom of phytoplankton in the northwest of Luzon Island is not only due to the upwelling driven by winter monsoon, but also the lateral diffusion of nutrients nearthe islands by Kuroshio intrusion. At the same time, the Lzuon cold eddy activeds inwinter season also triggers a vertical transfer of nutrients to the region where thephytoplankton blooms. In the end, we performed several numerical experiments toinvestigate the effects of island wakes on mean currents in Luzon Strait, we find thatonly if the horizontal grid finer than1/32°, and the model can simulate the currentwell and reproduce the realistic current pattern in the south of Luzon Strait. Thus,submesoscale stirring/mixing is not only important for tracers, such as temperature,salinity, nutrients, dissolved organic, and inorganic carbon, but also to the complexNorthern South China Sea circulation system and Kuroshio dynamics in Luzon Strait.
与南海北部产生的次级中尺度过程的机制不同，吕宋海峡处的次级中尺度活动主要是由海流和岛屿之间的相互作用产生。本论文第一次使用ROMS_Agrif双向嵌套方法模拟了吕宋海峡中的岛屿尾流现象。比较有无岛屿存在情况下涡度拟能的分布发现，如果在计算中将岛屿去掉，那么涡度拟能大概要下降~60-70%，这主要发生在岛屿的附近。敏感性试验表明除了Babuyan岛之外，其他各个岛屿处的岛屿尾流现象均对潮流十分敏感。通过分析模拟结果，发现除了靠近吕宋岛的四个岛屿之外岛屿尾流现象主要产生机制是流场与岛屿的侧边界的侧摩擦应力；对于靠近吕宋岛的四个岛屿，海底的摩擦也是不容忽视的。高分辨的模拟结果与SAR图像的观测结果有较好的对应，对于黑潮在吕宋海峡的流向和卡曼涡街的动力特性，模拟结果与SAR图像的观测有很好的一致性。岛屿尾流现象可以导致垂向输运增大，将深海的营养盐输运到上混合层中进而诱发浮游植物的爆发。我们发现吕宋岛西北部冬季的浮游植物的爆发不仅是由于冬季季风驱动的上升流而把深层营养盐带到上透光层，岛屿尾流导致的营养盐也可以被黑潮水平输运到吕宋西北部，另外冬季比较活跃的吕宋冷涡对营养盐的垂向输运也有很大的贡献。最后通过数值试验研究了岛屿尾流现象对吕宋海峡处的平均流场的影响，发现只有水平网格分辨率达到1/32度才能较好的模拟吕宋海峡处的动力过程，1/16度分辨率水平网格由于不能分辨海峡内的主要岛屿的分布而不能正确再现海峡南部的流场结构。通过数值模拟，我们发现次级中尺度活动在南海北部的陆架海区和吕宋海峡处广泛存在，次级中尺度活动对环流系统和黑潮动力过程都有很重要的影响。
The dynamics of~O(1) Rossby number, and submesoscale processes at~O(1km)in the upper ocean play an important role in the vertical fluxes of mass, buoyancy, andtracers in the upper ocean. It can be instrumental in transferring energy and propertiesfrom the largely adiabatic mesoscale (~10-100km) flow field, to a scale where mixingcan occur. We applied a primitive equation ocean model to simulate submesoscaleactivities and processes over the shelf of the northern South China Sea (NSCS) with aone-way nesting technology (AGRIF) for downscaling. We diagnosed the modelresults and compared with the climatological observations which show a good matchwith each other. The temperature and density fields showed that submesoscaleactivities were ubiquitous in the NSCS shelf which corresponds to the satelliteobservations well.The vertical velocity was considerably enhanced in submesoscaleprocesses and could reach an average of58m per day in the subsurface.At this point,the mixed layer depth was deepened along the front, and the surface kinetic energyalso increased with the intense vertical movement induced by submesoscale activity.In addition, we diagnosed the effect of submesoscale activities on the lateralhorizontal diffusion in the upper mixed layer, the interation of surface kinetic energyis twice than lower mesoscale eddy permiting model results and the effectivehorizontal diffusion rate is calculated and it can reach up to~40-120m2s-1, which islarger than the general value~10m2s-1without the submesoscale activities. Twosensitive numerical experiments were conducted to check the effects of down-frontwind forcing on frontogenesis and submesoscale forming. As the obvious front showsup, we stop the down-front wind forcing, along the front jet, with the interaction between the development of mixed layer instability and the shear of frontal jet,submesoscale eddy and meaders show up and continue to develop until the lateralbuoyancy gradient becomes weak and thus the available potential energy is released.The whole process lasts nearly ten days, after that the mixed layer has a stablestratification. However, with the continuous down-front wind forcing, the secondaryeffect of high relative vorticity induces the nonlinear Ekman surface current. Thisprocess pulls the cold upwelling water into the orelative warm region and intentifiesthe submesoscale activities.
Unlike the mechanism generating the submesoscale activities in Northern SouthChina Sea, the submesoscale activities generated in Luzon Strait is mainly due to theinteraction between the strong Kushio current and the existence of essential eightislands in Luzon Strait. In this dissertation, a very high resolution numerical modelwith the first application of2-WAY agrif nesting method (on a~1km grid) is used tostudy the island wakes in Luzon Strait. A comparsion between simulations with andwithout islands shows the surface enstrophy decreases substantially when the islandsin Luzon Strait in the oceanic model are removed, and the enstrophy decrease mainlytakes place in the areas aroud the islands. Sensitive numerical experiments show thatthe tidal current can affect the island wakes except the Bubuyan Island which face tothe Kuroshio incident. The mechanism of the generation of island wakes is alsodifferent among these islands, island wakes occurred around Babuyan Island andBatan island groups are mainy due to the lateral drag. While the generation ofsubmesoscale eddies and meadars around the four islands near the Luzon Islandinduced by the lateral drag and the bottom drag. Our modeled results reproduced theKarman Vortex Street (KVS) occurred behind the Babuyan Island, and we find thedirection of the incident eddies and length scale of KVS are nearly same as observedby the ASAR image. The period of eddy shedding is about0.3day and the time seriesof eddy generation, development and shedding are given. Given the submesoscaleactivities occurred around the islands can induce a high vertical velocity and thus pullthe high nutrients up to the mixed layer and feed the phytoplankton, we find that thebloom of phytoplankton in the northwest of Luzon Island is not only due to the upwelling driven by winter monsoon, but also the lateral diffusion of nutrients nearthe islands by Kuroshio intrusion. At the same time, the Lzuon cold eddy activeds inwinter season also triggers a vertical transfer of nutrients to the region where thephytoplankton blooms. In the end, we performed several numerical experiments toinvestigate the effects of island wakes on mean currents in Luzon Strait, we find thatonly if the horizontal grid finer than1/32°, and the model can simulate the currentwell and reproduce the realistic current pattern in the south of Luzon Strait. Thus,submesoscale stirring/mixing is not only important for tracers, such as temperature,salinity, nutrients, dissolved organic, and inorganic carbon, but also to the complexNorthern South China Sea circulation system and Kuroshio dynamics in Luzon Strait.
引文
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