罗布泊地区红柳沙包孢粉组合特征与环境变化研究
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摘要
罗布泊地区位于新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州境内,处于封闭性盆地——塔里木盆地的东端,东、南、北为高山屏蔽。本区域深处欧亚内陆腹地,远离海洋。受区域大环境的制约,自第四纪以来,干旱环境持续发展,是中国乃至全球的著名干旱地区之一。本区属于暖温带大陆性极端干旱荒漠气候,具有降水量小、蒸发量高、温差大、风力强等典型大陆性干旱气候特征。冬季寒冷干燥,夏季炎热少雨。历史上的罗布泊是塔里木盆地各大河流的归宿之地,孕育了以楼兰为代表的古代西域文明。罗布泊地区的环境演化是干旱地区环境变化的一个缩影,历来受到学术界的密切关注,使罗布泊地区成为科学界探险和考察的热点区域。本区的环境演变研究对全球变化研究、干旱荒漠区生态环境保护和资源开发利用具有重要的参考价值。
在罗布泊地区的河流下游河道两岸、三角洲地带及沙漠中的古河道和局部洼地中,红柳沙包成片分布。红柳沙包是由红柳灌丛阻挡风沙流形成沙堆,并随红柳的成长逐年增长而形成的一种灌丛沙丘,是在荒漠环境下,由红柳和风沙长期相互作用而形成的、一种特有的生物地貌类型。红柳沙包具有清晰的、由沙层与红柳枯枝落叶层组成的纹层结构,与树木年轮一样,可以用来计数年代,并且其组成物质——风成沙和红柳枯枝落叶中还蕴含有丰富的环境信息,为这一地区高分辨率环境变化研究提供了有效的计年手段和信息载体。
本研究在罗布泊地区西南缘选取了一个3.5m高、具有168个清晰纹层的红柳沙包作为研究对象,每隔5个沉积纹层选取1个样品,共取35个样品。通过实验室处理和孢粉鉴定统计获得该红柳沙包剖面风积物中的高分辨率孢粉记录。结合距采样点最近的若羌气象站1956~2004年实测气候资料,对孢粉资料进行相关分析和典型降趋势对应分析,探讨主要孢粉类型和孢粉组合与气候因素的关系,揭示对主要孢粉类型和孢粉组合影响较大的气候因素。运用WA-PLS模型方法,定量恢复了罗布泊地区近200年以来的年均温、7月均温和1月平均相对湿度。分析研究重建温度、湿度序列演化特征,初步揭示罗布泊地区近200年来环境变化状况,并与其他环境变化研究结果、极端气候事件、水域面积变化等进行对比,进一步深入研究罗布泊地区近200年以来的古气候、古环境演化特征,完善以孢粉为环境代用指标研究罗布泊地区红柳沙包风积物中的环境信息,为认识罗布泊地区过去的环境变化、更好的预测未来环境演化提供理论基础和参考资料。
本研究主要结论如下:
(1)近200a以来罗布泊地区孢粉组成以草本植物花粉为主,最高可达81.5%,主要成分为蒿、藜;灌木植物花粉次之,以柽柳为主;乔木植物花粉较少,总体低于13.4%;蕨类孢子只有0.2%。该区200年来植被类型变化不大。
(2)定量重建的气候数值与实测值的误差较小,二者极为相近。根据孢粉组合特征和重建气候变化,将近200年来罗布泊地区的气候变化划分为以下三个阶段:1839~1886年气候总体上偏于冷干,但逐渐由冷干向暖干转变;1891~1941年气候波动频繁,经历了冷湿～冷干～暖干的交替,1946~2004年表现出由暖干向暖湿转变的趋势。
(3)重建温度较好地反映了全球气候变化中的小冰期末期和20世纪暖期,重建湿度对罗布泊水域面积变化和极端气候事件有较好的对应关系。重建气候序列对近200a以来新疆及全国同纬度附近地区的环境演化有一定的响应。孢粉浓度在一定程度上反映了人类活动信息:19世纪末期以来,随着人类活动的加剧,孢粉浓度不断降低。
Lop Nur region is located in Bayingolin Mongolian Prefecture of Xinjiang and the eastern part of the Tarim Basin which is a closed basin, the east, north and south sides of which are shielded by the mountains in this region. The region is in the depths of Landlocked hinterland of the Eurasian, far from the sea. The arid environment in the region restricted by the surrounding areas, has developed continually since Quaternary period, which is one of the famous arid areas in China and even all over the world. The region belongs to the extremely arid hungriness continental climate in warm variable zone with low rainfall, high evaporation, big temperature difference, strong winds and other characteristics of typical arid continental climate. In the region the winter is frigid and dry, and the summer is hot and little rain. In history, Lop Nur was the destination of every river in Tarim Basin and bred ancient civilization of the West Regions represented by Loulan. Environmental evolution of the Lop Nur region is the epitome reflecting on environmental change of the arid areas, focused by the researchers and the region is the hotspots of scientific exploration and observations. The research of environmental evolution in the region has an important reference value in global change research, ecological environment protection and resource development in arid desert.
In the Lop Nur region, on both sides of river-banks, delta areas, ancient river-banks and local lowlands, Tamarix Cones distribute together. Tamarix Cone is a kind of shrub-coppice dune, forming because the drifting sand is stopped by the Tamarix bush and accumulates into a cone which becomes higher every year with the growth of Tamarix. It is a unique bio-geographical phenomenon formed by the collaboration between sandy-wind and Tamarix over a long period of time in desert environment. Related studies found that some of them have clear sedimentary vein structure composed of sand layer and Tamarix litter layer, and can be used in dating like tree rings. Also, the composition of them, eolian sand and Tamarix litter, contain a variety of environmental information and can be used to provide effective dating method and information carrier for high resolution environmental change research in this region.
Based on the field investigation and survey, a Tamarix Cone which is 3.5m thick and has 168 clear sedimentary veins at the west shore of Lop Nur was chosen to study and collected 35 samples for pollen analysis in the interval of 5 layers. A higher resolution pollen record of aeolian deposit of the Tamarix Cone profile was obtained by laboratory procedures and the identification and statistics of the pollen. Based on the meteorological data of Ruoqiang weather station where is nearest from the sample site from 1956 to 2004 and the pollen data, the relationships between the dominant pollen types, the pollen assemblages and the climate factors through correlation analysis and detrended canonical correspondence analysis were discussed in order to reveal the climate factors which deeply affected the dominant pollen types and the pollen assemblages. The variation of annual mean temperature, mean July temperature and mean January relative humidity of the Lop Nur region during the past about 200a was reconstructed by using WA-PLS model. The characteristics of reconstructed temperatures and humidity were discussed in order to preliminarily reveal the environmental changes in the past 200a in the Lop Nur region, also compared with other results of the environmental change research, the extreme weather events, the change of water area and etc. in order to further study the evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate, improve the research of environmental information in aeolian deposit of Tamarix Cone in the Lop Nur region using the pollen as environmental parameters, and provide theoretical basis and reference for understanding environmental changes over the past and predicting future environmental evolution better in the Lop Nur region. The main results are as follows:
(1)The pollen assemblages in the Lop Nur region during the past about 200a were characterized by the herbaceous pollen whose percentage is up to 81.5% with Atemisia and Chenopodiaceae as the dominant pollen types; the second common group is the shrubby pollen with Tamarix as the dominant pollen types; the arboreal pollen is relatively spare and its percentage is below 13.4% ; the percentage of fern spores is only 0.2%.The plant types in the region during the past 200a had few changes.
(2)The reconstructed and measured climate has less errors and they are very similar. Based on pollen assemblages and reconstructed climatic changes, the climatic change could be divided into three stages as follows: during the period of 1839 ~ 1886a A.D., the climate is relative cold-dry in the whole and has a trend changed from cold-dry to warm-humid; during the period of 1891 ~ 1941a A.D., the climate changed rapidly between cold-humid and cold-dry and warm-dry; during the period of 1946 ~ 2004 a A.D., the climate has changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.
(3)Reconstructed temperature can well reflect the late Little Ice Age and the 20th century warming of global climate change, and reconstructed humidity has a better corresponding relation between the extreme weather events, the change of water area and etc.. Reconstructed climatic sequence can respond to the environmental evolution in Xinjiang and the same latitudes. The pollen concentration can reflect the information of human activities: since the late 19th century, the pollen concentration has been reduced continually with increasing of human activities.
在罗布泊地区的河流下游河道两岸、三角洲地带及沙漠中的古河道和局部洼地中,红柳沙包成片分布。红柳沙包是由红柳灌丛阻挡风沙流形成沙堆,并随红柳的成长逐年增长而形成的一种灌丛沙丘,是在荒漠环境下,由红柳和风沙长期相互作用而形成的、一种特有的生物地貌类型。红柳沙包具有清晰的、由沙层与红柳枯枝落叶层组成的纹层结构,与树木年轮一样,可以用来计数年代,并且其组成物质——风成沙和红柳枯枝落叶中还蕴含有丰富的环境信息,为这一地区高分辨率环境变化研究提供了有效的计年手段和信息载体。
本研究在罗布泊地区西南缘选取了一个3.5m高、具有168个清晰纹层的红柳沙包作为研究对象,每隔5个沉积纹层选取1个样品,共取35个样品。通过实验室处理和孢粉鉴定统计获得该红柳沙包剖面风积物中的高分辨率孢粉记录。结合距采样点最近的若羌气象站1956~2004年实测气候资料,对孢粉资料进行相关分析和典型降趋势对应分析,探讨主要孢粉类型和孢粉组合与气候因素的关系,揭示对主要孢粉类型和孢粉组合影响较大的气候因素。运用WA-PLS模型方法,定量恢复了罗布泊地区近200年以来的年均温、7月均温和1月平均相对湿度。分析研究重建温度、湿度序列演化特征,初步揭示罗布泊地区近200年来环境变化状况,并与其他环境变化研究结果、极端气候事件、水域面积变化等进行对比,进一步深入研究罗布泊地区近200年以来的古气候、古环境演化特征,完善以孢粉为环境代用指标研究罗布泊地区红柳沙包风积物中的环境信息,为认识罗布泊地区过去的环境变化、更好的预测未来环境演化提供理论基础和参考资料。
本研究主要结论如下:
(1)近200a以来罗布泊地区孢粉组成以草本植物花粉为主,最高可达81.5%,主要成分为蒿、藜;灌木植物花粉次之,以柽柳为主;乔木植物花粉较少,总体低于13.4%;蕨类孢子只有0.2%。该区200年来植被类型变化不大。
(2)定量重建的气候数值与实测值的误差较小,二者极为相近。根据孢粉组合特征和重建气候变化,将近200年来罗布泊地区的气候变化划分为以下三个阶段:1839~1886年气候总体上偏于冷干,但逐渐由冷干向暖干转变;1891~1941年气候波动频繁,经历了冷湿～冷干～暖干的交替,1946~2004年表现出由暖干向暖湿转变的趋势。
(3)重建温度较好地反映了全球气候变化中的小冰期末期和20世纪暖期,重建湿度对罗布泊水域面积变化和极端气候事件有较好的对应关系。重建气候序列对近200a以来新疆及全国同纬度附近地区的环境演化有一定的响应。孢粉浓度在一定程度上反映了人类活动信息:19世纪末期以来,随着人类活动的加剧,孢粉浓度不断降低。
Lop Nur region is located in Bayingolin Mongolian Prefecture of Xinjiang and the eastern part of the Tarim Basin which is a closed basin, the east, north and south sides of which are shielded by the mountains in this region. The region is in the depths of Landlocked hinterland of the Eurasian, far from the sea. The arid environment in the region restricted by the surrounding areas, has developed continually since Quaternary period, which is one of the famous arid areas in China and even all over the world. The region belongs to the extremely arid hungriness continental climate in warm variable zone with low rainfall, high evaporation, big temperature difference, strong winds and other characteristics of typical arid continental climate. In the region the winter is frigid and dry, and the summer is hot and little rain. In history, Lop Nur was the destination of every river in Tarim Basin and bred ancient civilization of the West Regions represented by Loulan. Environmental evolution of the Lop Nur region is the epitome reflecting on environmental change of the arid areas, focused by the researchers and the region is the hotspots of scientific exploration and observations. The research of environmental evolution in the region has an important reference value in global change research, ecological environment protection and resource development in arid desert.
In the Lop Nur region, on both sides of river-banks, delta areas, ancient river-banks and local lowlands, Tamarix Cones distribute together. Tamarix Cone is a kind of shrub-coppice dune, forming because the drifting sand is stopped by the Tamarix bush and accumulates into a cone which becomes higher every year with the growth of Tamarix. It is a unique bio-geographical phenomenon formed by the collaboration between sandy-wind and Tamarix over a long period of time in desert environment. Related studies found that some of them have clear sedimentary vein structure composed of sand layer and Tamarix litter layer, and can be used in dating like tree rings. Also, the composition of them, eolian sand and Tamarix litter, contain a variety of environmental information and can be used to provide effective dating method and information carrier for high resolution environmental change research in this region.
Based on the field investigation and survey, a Tamarix Cone which is 3.5m thick and has 168 clear sedimentary veins at the west shore of Lop Nur was chosen to study and collected 35 samples for pollen analysis in the interval of 5 layers. A higher resolution pollen record of aeolian deposit of the Tamarix Cone profile was obtained by laboratory procedures and the identification and statistics of the pollen. Based on the meteorological data of Ruoqiang weather station where is nearest from the sample site from 1956 to 2004 and the pollen data, the relationships between the dominant pollen types, the pollen assemblages and the climate factors through correlation analysis and detrended canonical correspondence analysis were discussed in order to reveal the climate factors which deeply affected the dominant pollen types and the pollen assemblages. The variation of annual mean temperature, mean July temperature and mean January relative humidity of the Lop Nur region during the past about 200a was reconstructed by using WA-PLS model. The characteristics of reconstructed temperatures and humidity were discussed in order to preliminarily reveal the environmental changes in the past 200a in the Lop Nur region, also compared with other results of the environmental change research, the extreme weather events, the change of water area and etc. in order to further study the evolution of paleoenvironment and paleoclimate, improve the research of environmental information in aeolian deposit of Tamarix Cone in the Lop Nur region using the pollen as environmental parameters, and provide theoretical basis and reference for understanding environmental changes over the past and predicting future environmental evolution better in the Lop Nur region. The main results are as follows:
(1)The pollen assemblages in the Lop Nur region during the past about 200a were characterized by the herbaceous pollen whose percentage is up to 81.5% with Atemisia and Chenopodiaceae as the dominant pollen types; the second common group is the shrubby pollen with Tamarix as the dominant pollen types; the arboreal pollen is relatively spare and its percentage is below 13.4% ; the percentage of fern spores is only 0.2%.The plant types in the region during the past 200a had few changes.
(2)The reconstructed and measured climate has less errors and they are very similar. Based on pollen assemblages and reconstructed climatic changes, the climatic change could be divided into three stages as follows: during the period of 1839 ~ 1886a A.D., the climate is relative cold-dry in the whole and has a trend changed from cold-dry to warm-humid; during the period of 1891 ~ 1941a A.D., the climate changed rapidly between cold-humid and cold-dry and warm-dry; during the period of 1946 ~ 2004 a A.D., the climate has changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.
(3)Reconstructed temperature can well reflect the late Little Ice Age and the 20th century warming of global climate change, and reconstructed humidity has a better corresponding relation between the extreme weather events, the change of water area and etc.. Reconstructed climatic sequence can respond to the environmental evolution in Xinjiang and the same latitudes. The pollen concentration can reflect the information of human activities: since the late 19th century, the pollen concentration has been reduced continually with increasing of human activities.
引文
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