中学生的父母心理控制及与其心理健康的关系研究
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摘要
父母的心理控制就是父母作为家长在与子女的交往过程中强加在孩子心理和情绪发展过程中的控制意图。中学生的父母心理控制就是指中学生意识到的其父母把他们的思想观点和行为要求等强加给自己,对其认知、情绪、约束的主观感觉和判断。研究发现,父母的心理控制会干预和操纵孩子的认知、情感和行为,进而阻碍其心理和情绪的健康发展,影响中学生的心理健康。我国典型的“望子成龙”文化背景使得父母对子女的期望往往容易转化成女子的心理控制,进而影响孩子的健康发展。为此,探讨我国文化背景下中学生的父母心理控制水平的发展状况,分析其影响因素,对中学生的健康成长和指导家庭教育的开展具有重要价值。
本研究遵循“文献分析一理论构建一工具编制一问卷调查—特点分析—关系探讨”的思路,参考已有研究,结合开放式问卷调查结果,构建了中学生的父母心理控制的结构维度,编制了中学生的父母心理控制问卷,通过1578名中学生的调查数据的探索性和验证性因素分析,确证了中学生的父母心理控制的结构要素,进一步考察了中学生的父母心理控制的发展特点,分析了中学生的父母心理控制与其心理健康的关系。结合本研究,得出以下结论：
1.中学生的父母心理控制是一个多维度的心理结构,主要由成就期望、侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无效感四个维度构成。
2.本研究所编制的中学生的父母心理控制问卷具有较好的信效度指标,符合心理测量学的要求,可以作为测量中学生的父母心理控制感的工具。
3.总体上,中学生的父母心理控制感处于中等水平。中学生的父母心理控制在各个因素上发展不均衡,成就期望上显著高于另外三个因素,侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无效感三个因素的得分处于中等水平。
4.中学生的父母心理控制感具有一定的差异性。主要表现为：
(1)中学生的父母心理控制感在性别上差异不显著；
(2)不同学校类型中学生的父母心理控制水平的差异性主要体现在抑制言语表达因子上,非重点学校学生比非重点学校学生感受更受控制；
(3)不同年级中学生的父母心理控制具有显著差异,主要变现为：成就期望因子上,初一和高一感受到家长比较高的成就期望,高三反应最低；抑制言语表达和能力无效感上,初二和初三学生最突出；侵犯隐私上,年级差异不显著；
(4)是否独生子女在侵犯隐私因子上存在显著差异,独生子女在侵犯隐私上的心理控制感显著高于非独生子女的心理控制感；
(5)城市和农村中学生的父母心理控制感总体上差异不显著,但在成就期望、侵犯隐私和能力无效感三个因子上存在显著差异,其中,农村学生的心理控制感显著高于城市学生的心理控制感；
5.中学生的父母心理控制水平与其心理健康水平之间存在显著相关,即随着中学生的父母心理控制水平的提高,其自身的心理健康状况越差。中学生的父母心理控制水平对其心理健康具有明显的预测作用,具体表现为：侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无无效感是预测躯体化和抑郁的重要因素；侵犯隐私和能力无效感是预测焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性的重要因素；侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和成就期望是预测强迫和人际敏感的重要因素。
Parental psychological control is parent imposing their intention of control on the development of their children's psychological and feeling when they communicate with each other.The adolescent' parental psychological is that parents imposing their idea and conduct requirements on their children,such as cognitive,mood and constraint. Studies found that parental psychological control would interfere with and manipulate the child's cognitive, emotional and behavior, and thus hinder the development of mental and emotional health, affecting mental health of adolescent. For this reason, it is of great value to analysis of the factors influencing young people's healthy growth and guide the conduct of family education.
This study adhered to the idea as following:from the analysis of literatures to theory-construction, then compile the tool, the next is questionnaire survey, following is the exploratory of the characteristics, which is followed by the inquiry of the relationship. Based on the above idea, the research consulted the literatures and questionnaire before us, built the construction of the parents' psychological control for teenagers with the help of the open questionnaire survey and collected reference. At the same time, the research compiled a questionnaire on parents' psychological control, and through the exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the author found the constructive factors of parents' psychological control on teenagers. At last, the research analyzed the characters of the teenagers' parents' psychological control, as well as checked the relationship between the parents' psychological control on teenagers and the mental health. Basing on the above procedures, the conclusions are as followings.
1. The questionnaire of parents' psychological control compiled by the research is in keeping with the requirements of the psychological measurement, so it can be a tool for measuring the parents' psychological control on teenagers.
2. The questionnaire, which has high internal consistency among the factors, has four factors, concluding the expectation of achievements, invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability.
3. On the whole, parents'psychological control on teenagers was in the middle level. The development of the factors concluded in the control was unbalance. The level of expectation of achievements was significantly higher than the other three factors and invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability were all in the middle level.
4. The effect of gender on parents' psychological control didn't differ significantly.
(1) Sex did't have effect on parents' psychological control.
(2) The type of school had effect on the parents' psychological control, that is different kind of schools had different levels of inhibition to expression, and the students in normal schools suggested that their parents would interrupt the chart.
(3)The research found that grade had effect on the parents' psychological control. Students in the first grade of junior and senior middle school had higher expectation of achievement than others, and the lowest is the third year of senior middle school. For the factors of inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability, the students in the second and third grades in junior middle school got higher score. Be different from all other factors, on the factor of invasion of privacy, the grade difference was not noticeable.
(4)If the youths are the only child in their families, they got more score than the other on the factor of invasion of privacy.
(5) The rural students got higher score than the urban ones on parental psychological scale.On the whole, there was notable difference among the factors of expectation of achievements, invasion of privacy, and feeling of unvalued ability.
5. Study found that the parents' psychological control is remarkable related to the mental health, on the other hand, the higher of the parents' psychological control, the better of the mental health of the youths. The relationship between the various factors of mental health and the three factors of the parents'psychological control is noticeable, however, the expectation of achievements only related to interpersonal sensitivity. The parents' psychological control could forecast the mental heath. The factor of invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and the feeling of unvalued ability are the important factors that forecast the somatization and depression, and invasion to privacy and feeling of unvalued ability forecasted the factors of anxiety, hostility, photic anxiety, and psychoticism. At last, the two factors of invasion to privacy and inhabitation to expression forecasted the factor of interpersonal sensitivity.
本研究遵循“文献分析一理论构建一工具编制一问卷调查—特点分析—关系探讨”的思路,参考已有研究,结合开放式问卷调查结果,构建了中学生的父母心理控制的结构维度,编制了中学生的父母心理控制问卷,通过1578名中学生的调查数据的探索性和验证性因素分析,确证了中学生的父母心理控制的结构要素,进一步考察了中学生的父母心理控制的发展特点,分析了中学生的父母心理控制与其心理健康的关系。结合本研究,得出以下结论：
1.中学生的父母心理控制是一个多维度的心理结构,主要由成就期望、侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无效感四个维度构成。
2.本研究所编制的中学生的父母心理控制问卷具有较好的信效度指标,符合心理测量学的要求,可以作为测量中学生的父母心理控制感的工具。
3.总体上,中学生的父母心理控制感处于中等水平。中学生的父母心理控制在各个因素上发展不均衡,成就期望上显著高于另外三个因素,侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无效感三个因素的得分处于中等水平。
4.中学生的父母心理控制感具有一定的差异性。主要表现为：
(1)中学生的父母心理控制感在性别上差异不显著；
(2)不同学校类型中学生的父母心理控制水平的差异性主要体现在抑制言语表达因子上,非重点学校学生比非重点学校学生感受更受控制；
(3)不同年级中学生的父母心理控制具有显著差异,主要变现为：成就期望因子上,初一和高一感受到家长比较高的成就期望,高三反应最低；抑制言语表达和能力无效感上,初二和初三学生最突出；侵犯隐私上,年级差异不显著；
(4)是否独生子女在侵犯隐私因子上存在显著差异,独生子女在侵犯隐私上的心理控制感显著高于非独生子女的心理控制感；
(5)城市和农村中学生的父母心理控制感总体上差异不显著,但在成就期望、侵犯隐私和能力无效感三个因子上存在显著差异,其中,农村学生的心理控制感显著高于城市学生的心理控制感；
5.中学生的父母心理控制水平与其心理健康水平之间存在显著相关,即随着中学生的父母心理控制水平的提高,其自身的心理健康状况越差。中学生的父母心理控制水平对其心理健康具有明显的预测作用,具体表现为：侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和能力无无效感是预测躯体化和抑郁的重要因素；侵犯隐私和能力无效感是预测焦虑、敌对、恐怖、偏执、精神病性的重要因素；侵犯隐私、抑制言语表达和成就期望是预测强迫和人际敏感的重要因素。
Parental psychological control is parent imposing their intention of control on the development of their children's psychological and feeling when they communicate with each other.The adolescent' parental psychological is that parents imposing their idea and conduct requirements on their children,such as cognitive,mood and constraint. Studies found that parental psychological control would interfere with and manipulate the child's cognitive, emotional and behavior, and thus hinder the development of mental and emotional health, affecting mental health of adolescent. For this reason, it is of great value to analysis of the factors influencing young people's healthy growth and guide the conduct of family education.
This study adhered to the idea as following:from the analysis of literatures to theory-construction, then compile the tool, the next is questionnaire survey, following is the exploratory of the characteristics, which is followed by the inquiry of the relationship. Based on the above idea, the research consulted the literatures and questionnaire before us, built the construction of the parents' psychological control for teenagers with the help of the open questionnaire survey and collected reference. At the same time, the research compiled a questionnaire on parents' psychological control, and through the exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), the author found the constructive factors of parents' psychological control on teenagers. At last, the research analyzed the characters of the teenagers' parents' psychological control, as well as checked the relationship between the parents' psychological control on teenagers and the mental health. Basing on the above procedures, the conclusions are as followings.
1. The questionnaire of parents' psychological control compiled by the research is in keeping with the requirements of the psychological measurement, so it can be a tool for measuring the parents' psychological control on teenagers.
2. The questionnaire, which has high internal consistency among the factors, has four factors, concluding the expectation of achievements, invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability.
3. On the whole, parents'psychological control on teenagers was in the middle level. The development of the factors concluded in the control was unbalance. The level of expectation of achievements was significantly higher than the other three factors and invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability were all in the middle level.
4. The effect of gender on parents' psychological control didn't differ significantly.
(1) Sex did't have effect on parents' psychological control.
(2) The type of school had effect on the parents' psychological control, that is different kind of schools had different levels of inhibition to expression, and the students in normal schools suggested that their parents would interrupt the chart.
(3)The research found that grade had effect on the parents' psychological control. Students in the first grade of junior and senior middle school had higher expectation of achievement than others, and the lowest is the third year of senior middle school. For the factors of inhibition to expression and feeling of unvalued ability, the students in the second and third grades in junior middle school got higher score. Be different from all other factors, on the factor of invasion of privacy, the grade difference was not noticeable.
(4)If the youths are the only child in their families, they got more score than the other on the factor of invasion of privacy.
(5) The rural students got higher score than the urban ones on parental psychological scale.On the whole, there was notable difference among the factors of expectation of achievements, invasion of privacy, and feeling of unvalued ability.
5. Study found that the parents' psychological control is remarkable related to the mental health, on the other hand, the higher of the parents' psychological control, the better of the mental health of the youths. The relationship between the various factors of mental health and the three factors of the parents'psychological control is noticeable, however, the expectation of achievements only related to interpersonal sensitivity. The parents' psychological control could forecast the mental heath. The factor of invasion of privacy, inhibition to expression and the feeling of unvalued ability are the important factors that forecast the somatization and depression, and invasion to privacy and feeling of unvalued ability forecasted the factors of anxiety, hostility, photic anxiety, and psychoticism. At last, the two factors of invasion to privacy and inhabitation to expression forecasted the factor of interpersonal sensitivity.
引文
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