山杨和小黑杨多倍体诱导及生长与光合特性分析
|
摘要
为建立四倍体与二倍体杨树杂交获得三倍体杨树的途径,选取我国东北地区山地广泛分布的山杨和平原广泛栽培的小黑杨为试验材料,从多倍体山杨和小黑杨的诱导、生长生理和光合特性等方面进行了研究,为山杨和小黑杨倍性育种奠定基础。
通过秋水仙素浸种法诱导山杨和小黑杨种子获得了多倍体,建立了最适宜的诱导方法。山杨以0.20%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,可达60.00%；小黑杨以0.30%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,达4.49%。
对多倍体山杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,多倍体的叶面积显著变大、气孔密度显著变小、可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,可溶性糖含量除嵌合体外均显著增加。树高、地径、叶绿素含量和叶形指数等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。山杨光合日变化曲线为单峰型,10：00左右达到一天的最高值。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较高,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点均较小；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率、CO2饱和点均较高,羧化效率和CO2补偿点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较小。四倍体和二倍体大多数叶绿素荧光参数基本一致,嵌合体大多数叶绿素荧光参数普遍低于二倍体。
对多倍体小黑杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的地径显著增粗、气孔密度显著变小、叶形指数显著变小,四倍体可溶性糖含量显著增加。树高、叶绿素含量、叶面积和可溶性蛋白含量等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。小黑杨光合日变化曲线为双峰型,表现出明显的“午休”现象,第一个峰值出现在9：00左右,峰谷出现在13：00左右,第二个峰值出现在15：00左右。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较大,暗呼吸速率均较小；四倍体的光补偿点较低、嵌合体的光补偿点较高；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率和羧化效率较高,CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低。各倍性小黑杨的叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律同山杨基本一致。
For acquiring triploid by hybridizations of tetraploid and diploid poplar, Populus davidiana Dod. which grows Northeast Chinese mountain land widely and Populus simonii×Populus nigra which is widely cultivated Northeast Chinese plain were selected. For ploidy breeding, induction, growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus davidiana Dod. and Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploidy were studied.
Populus davidiana Dod and Populus simonii×Populus nigra were induced with colchicine by seed-immersion method. In all of Populus davidiana Dod.colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.20% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours' immersion is highest up to 60%. In all of Populus simonii×Populus nigra colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.30% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours' immersion is highest up to 4.49%.
The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of polyploid Populus davidiana Dod seedlings were analyzed. These show that:compared with natural diploid, their leaf area become larger significantly, their stomata density become lower dramatically, their soluble protein content increased significantly, their soluble sugar content change significantly. But their height, diameter at ground, chlorophyll content and leaf index do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show single peak type, their net photosynthesis reach the highest at about 10:00 all the day. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates and light compensation points of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, CO2 saturation point of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, carboxylation efficiency and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The majority of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of tetraploid and natural diploid are basically same. Most of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of chimera are generally lower than natural diploid.
The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid seedlings show that:their diameter at ground enlarge significantly, their stomata density of polyploid become lower remarkably, their leaf index become smaller significantly. Soluble protein content of tetraploid is higher than diploid significantly. Compared with diploid, their height, chlorophyll content, leaf area and soluble protein content do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show double peak type, their first peak generally occur at 9:00 am, their peak-valley generally appear at 13:00 pm, their second peak generally emergence at 15:00 pm. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid's. Tetraploid's light compensation point is lower than natural diploid, chimera's light compensation point is higher than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate and carboxylation efficiency of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid are consistent with chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus davidiana Dod. polyploid.
通过秋水仙素浸种法诱导山杨和小黑杨种子获得了多倍体,建立了最适宜的诱导方法。山杨以0.20%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,可达60.00%；小黑杨以0.30%的秋水仙素处理48 h的多倍体诱导率最高,达4.49%。
对多倍体山杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,多倍体的叶面积显著变大、气孔密度显著变小、可溶性蛋白含量显著增加,可溶性糖含量除嵌合体外均显著增加。树高、地径、叶绿素含量和叶形指数等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。山杨光合日变化曲线为单峰型,10：00左右达到一天的最高值。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较高,暗呼吸速率和光补偿点均较小；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率、CO2饱和点均较高,羧化效率和CO2补偿点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较小。四倍体和二倍体大多数叶绿素荧光参数基本一致,嵌合体大多数叶绿素荧光参数普遍低于二倍体。
对多倍体小黑杨幼苗的生长生理与光合特性分析表明：与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的地径显著增粗、气孔密度显著变小、叶形指数显著变小,四倍体可溶性糖含量显著增加。树高、叶绿素含量、叶面积和可溶性蛋白含量等差异不显著(P>0.05),但四倍体的这些性状均优于二倍体原种。小黑杨光合日变化曲线为双峰型,表现出明显的“午休”现象,第一个峰值出现在9：00左右,峰谷出现在13：00左右,第二个峰值出现在15：00左右。与二倍体原种相比,四倍体和嵌合体的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和光饱和点均较大,暗呼吸速率均较小；四倍体的光补偿点较低、嵌合体的光补偿点较高；四倍体的RuBp最大再生速率和羧化效率较高,CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低,嵌合体RuBp最大再生速率、羧化效率、CO2补偿点和CO2饱和点均较低。各倍性小黑杨的叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律同山杨基本一致。
For acquiring triploid by hybridizations of tetraploid and diploid poplar, Populus davidiana Dod. which grows Northeast Chinese mountain land widely and Populus simonii×Populus nigra which is widely cultivated Northeast Chinese plain were selected. For ploidy breeding, induction, growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus davidiana Dod. and Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploidy were studied.
Populus davidiana Dod and Populus simonii×Populus nigra were induced with colchicine by seed-immersion method. In all of Populus davidiana Dod.colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.20% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours' immersion is highest up to 60%. In all of Populus simonii×Populus nigra colchicine treatments, the induction rate of the treatments of 0.30% colchicine solution concentration and 48 hours' immersion is highest up to 4.49%.
The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of polyploid Populus davidiana Dod seedlings were analyzed. These show that:compared with natural diploid, their leaf area become larger significantly, their stomata density become lower dramatically, their soluble protein content increased significantly, their soluble sugar content change significantly. But their height, diameter at ground, chlorophyll content and leaf index do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show single peak type, their net photosynthesis reach the highest at about 10:00 all the day. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates and light compensation points of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, CO2 saturation point of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, carboxylation efficiency and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The majority of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of tetraploid and natural diploid are basically same. Most of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of chimera are generally lower than natural diploid.
The growth physiological and photosynthetic characteristics of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid seedlings show that:their diameter at ground enlarge significantly, their stomata density of polyploid become lower remarkably, their leaf index become smaller significantly. Soluble protein content of tetraploid is higher than diploid significantly. Compared with diploid, their height, chlorophyll content, leaf area and soluble protein content do not change significantly(P>0.05). Diurnal variations of net photosynthesis show double peak type, their first peak generally occur at 9:00 am, their peak-valley generally appear at 13:00 pm, their second peak generally emergence at 15:00 pm. The maximum net photosynthetic rates, apparent quantum efficiency and light saturation points of tetraploid and chimera are higher than natural diploid, the dark respiration rates of tetraploid and chimera are lower than natural diploid's. Tetraploid's light compensation point is lower than natural diploid, chimera's light compensation point is higher than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate and carboxylation efficiency of tetraploid are higher than the natural diploid, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of tetraploid are lower than natural diploid. The RuBp regeneration rate, carboxylation efficiency, CO2 saturation point and CO2 compensatory point of chimera are lower than natural diploid. The chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus simonii×Populus nigra polyploid are consistent with chlorophyll fluorescence properties of Populus davidiana Dod. polyploid.
引文
[1]洪德元.植物细胞分类学.北京：科学出版社,1990：150,242,154
[2]曹慧娟.植物学.北京：中国林业出版社,1992
[3]Masetsron J. Stomata lsize in fossilplnats:evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiospers. Seience,1994,(264):421～424
[4]Lutz A M. A preliminary note on the chromosomes of Oenothera lam arckiana and one of its mutants, O. gigas. Science,1907, (26):151～152
[5]Gates R R. The stature and chromosomes of Oenothera gigas, De V ries. Arch F Zellforsch, 1909, (3):525～552
[6]Nilsson-Ehle H. Note regarding the gigas form of Populus tremula found in nature. Hereditas,1936, (21):372～382
[7]Muntzing A. The chromosomes oga giant Populus tremula. Hereditas,1936, (21):383～389
[8]Yablokov A S. A giant form of Populus tremula in the forests of the U. S. S. R. Trud vsesoyuz Nauchno issledov Inst Lesnogo Khoz 'VNIILKh',1941, (23):52
[9]Johnsson H. Cytological studies of diploid and triploid Populus tremula and of crosses between them. Hereditas Lund,1940, (26):321～352
[10]Sylven N. Annual report on the work of the Association for Forest Tree Breeding during the year. Svensk PappTidn,1943, (47):38
[11]Sarvas R. Two triploid aspen two triploid Birches. Commun Inst For Fenn,1958,49(7):25
[12]Dillewijn C. Cytology and breeding of Populus. Ned Boschb Tijdschr,1939, (12): 470～481
[13]Gurreiro M G, The silvicultural improvement of Populus. Publ Serv Flor Aquic, Portugal, 1944,11 (1/2):53～117
[14]Buijtenen J P, Jorans on P N, Einspahr D W. Naturally occurring triploid quaking aspen in the United States. Proc Soc Amer For,1957:62～64
[15]Buijtenen J P, Joranson P N, Einspahr D W. Diploid versus triploid aspen as pulpwood sources with reference to growth, chemical, physical and pulping differences. Tappi,1958, 41(4):170～175
[16]朱之悌,康向阳,张志毅.毛白杨天然三倍体选种研究.林业科学,1998,34(4)：22～31
[17]Dwived N K, Suryannrayana N, Sikdar A K, et al. Cytomorphological stuides in trploid Muiberry Evolved by diploidization of female gamete cells. Cytologia,1989, (54):13～19
[18]Nilsson-Ehle H. The giant Apen:The rencent Swedish discover in forest improvent. Nord. Familjeboks Manadskronika,1938,1(2):6
[19]Einspahr D W.Benson M K,Harder M L. Within-tree Varation Specific gravity of young Quaking Aspen.Genetics and Physiology Notes,Institute of Paper Chmistry,1972, (13):8
[20]Einspahr D W. Production and utilization of triploid hybrid Aspen.Iowa State.Journal of Research,1984,58(4):401～409
[21]韩建军,邢亚娟.中美山杨杂种三倍体选育.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7)：13～15
[22]Nilsson E H. Note regarding the gigas form of Populus tremula found in nature. Hereditas, 1936, (21):372～382
[23]Seitz F W. The occurrence of triploids after self-pollination of anomalous and rogynous flowers of a Grey Popla. Z. Forstgenet,1954,3 (1):1～6
[24]朱之悌,林惠斌,康向阳.毛白杨异源三倍体B301等无性系选育的研究.林业科学,1995,31(6)：499～505
[25]张志毅,李凤兰.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅰ)花粉染色体加倍技术.北京林业大学学报,1992,(增刊)：52～58
[26]康向阳,朱之悌.白杨2n花粉生命力测定方法及萌发特征的研究.云南植物研究,1997,19(4)：402～406
[27]康向阳,朱之悌,林惠斌.杨树花粉染色体加倍有效处理时间的研究.林业科学,1999,35(4)：21～24
[28]康向阳,朱之悌,张志毅.高温诱导白杨2n花粉有效处理时期的研究.北京林业大学学报,2000a,22(3)：1～4
[29]康向阳,朱之悌,林惠斌.白杨不同倍性花粉的辐射敏感性及其应用.遗传学报,2000b,27(1)：78～82
[30]康向阳,朱之悌,张志毅.银腺杨与毛新杨正反交三倍体选育.北京林业大学学报,2000c,22(6)：8～11
[31]康向阳.毛白杨细胞遗传与三倍体选育.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002a
[32]康向阳,朱之悌.三倍体毛白杨在我国纸浆生产中的地位与作用.北京林业大学学报,2002b,24(增刊)：51～56
[33]康向阳.林木多倍体育种研究进展.北京林业大学学报,2003,25(4)：70～74
[34]李云,朱之悌,田砚亭,等.秋水仙碱处理白杨雌花芽培育三倍体植株的研究.林业科学,2001,37(5)：68～74
[35]侯延侠,康向阳.响叶杨大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程及其对应关系.西北植物学报,2006,26(1)：46～49
[36]李艳华,康向阳.诱导大孢子染色体加倍选育白杨杂种三倍体.北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5)：22～25
[37]Einspahr DW. Colchicine treatment of newly fromed embryos of Quaking Aspen.For Sci, 1965,11(4):456～469
[38]Einspahr DW, Benson MK, Peckham JR. Wood and pulp properties of 5 year old diploid, triploid aspen.Tappi,1968,51 (2):72～75
[39]Einspahr DW, Peckham JR, Benson MK. Fiber and pulp properties of triploid and triploid hybrid aspen. Tappi,1970,53(10):1853～1856
[40]康向阳,张平冬,高鹏,等.秋水仙碱诱导白杨三倍体新途径的发现.北京林业大学学报,2004,26(1)：1～4
[41]王君,康向阳,李代丽,等.授粉后施加秋水仙碱处理诱导青杨异源三倍体.北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5)：18～21
[42]王秀芳,李悦.植物多倍体育种研究进展.林业科技,2003,28(5)：1-5
[43]Ewald D, Ulrich K, Naujoks G M-B, et al. Induction of tetraploid poplar and black locust plants using colchicine:chloroplast number as an early marker for selecting polyploids in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult,2009, (99):353～357
[44]Lewis W H.鲍文奎等译.多倍体在植物和动物中的地位.贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1984：13～32
[45]张廷桢.关于杨树遗传育种中的若干问题.林业科学研究,1996(1)：80～86
[46]张焕玲,贾小明,汪爱兰,等.杨树三倍体育种的研究现状.西北林学院学报,2004,19(3)：63～66
[47]李凤兰,张志毅,张民侠.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅲ)——加倍体某些形态特征的观察.北京林业大学学报,1994,16(2)：15～18
[48]Einspahr D W, Yckoff G W W. Aspen hybrid promise future source of Lake states fiber. Pulp and paper,1975,49(12):118～119
[49]Mashkina O S, Burdaeva L M, Belozerova M M, et al. Method of obtaining diplaid pollen of woody species. Lesovedenie,1989, (1):19～25
[50]李云,冯大领.木本植物多倍体育种研究进展.植物学通报,2005,22(3)：375～382
[51]朱之梯.毛白杨遗传改良.北京：中国林业出版社,2006
[52]郑彩霞,张志毅.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅳ)—加倍体白杨生理特性的初步研究.北京林业大学学报,1994,16(2)：19～23
[53]THORSSON (?)., PA LSSON S., SIGURGEIRSSON A., et al. Morphological Variation among Betula nana (diploid), B. pubescens (tetraploid) and their Triploid Hybrids in Iceland. Annals of Botany,2007,(99):1183～1193
[54]Dimitri L. The resistance of several poplar clonse of the secton leuce to Pollaccia radopsa. Europ J For Path,1971,1(1):18-32
[55]JW赖特.森林遗传学.郭锡昌,胡承海译.北京：中国林业出版社,1981
[56]Johnsson H. Development of triploid and diploid Populus tremula during the juvenile period. Z.Forstgenet,1953,2(4):73～77
[57]李树贤.植物同源多倍体育种的几个问题.西北植物学报,2003,23(10)：1829～1841
[58]朱军主编.遗传学.北京：中国农业出版社,2002,127
[59]李静怡,张志毅.三倍体毛白杨无性系光合特性的研究.北京林业大学学报,2000,22(6)：12～15
[60]刘培林.山杨育种研究.哈尔滨：黑龙江省科学技术出版社,1993,90～100
[61]徐纬英.杨树.哈尔滨：黑龙江省人民出版社,1988：1～15
[62]莫金钟,郭井玉,闫朝福,朴楚炳.山杨根蘖的更新技术.延边大学农学学报,2000,22(3)：159～163
[63]刘相民,杨百钧,国有清,等.山杨嫩枝扦插新技术试验初报.内蒙古林业科技,2001,(1)：13～14
[64]李开隆,张芳春,陈忠财,等.山杨材性遗传与性状相关的研究.林业科技,1999,24(1)：1～4
[65]罗旭,吴福华,叶发君,柴文志.黑龙江省山杨优良无性系选择的研究.林业科技,2000,25(6)：6～7
[66]孙博.山杨种源及家系选择.林业勘查设计,2002,(2)：45～48
[67]刘培林,马伊民,刘实,编著.杨树良种选育与栽培.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,2003
[68]范继红,杨国亭,纪书琴,等.山杨组织培养技术研究.北京农业职业学院学报,2005,19(6)：10～13
[69]张金然,尚洁,王秋玉.山杨杂种无性系的SSR分子标记遗传多样性.植物研究,2006,26(4)：447～451
[70]李巍娜.山杨转双价抗虫基因的研究.东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2008
[71]周以良,董世林,聂绍荃.黑龙江树木志.黑龙江：科学技术出版社,1986：118
[72]东北林学院树木育种组.杨树单倍体花粉植株的诱导.遗传学报,1977,4(1)：49～54
[73]刘玉喜,陆志华,詹亚光,等.小黑杨花粉植株H1株系间变异及其选择利用的研究.遗传学报,1992,19(3)：278～283
[74]刘桂丰,杨传平,刘春华.小黑杨花粉植株的诱导.植物生理学通讯,2002,38(6)：591
[75]刘志明.农田防护林主要树种小黑杨生长规律的研究.林业科技,1988,(5)：14～16
[76]朴志勇,赵存玉,王晓娟,等.小黑杨引种及山地速生丰产栽培技术.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(4)：9～11
[77]姜静,常玉广,董京祥,等.小黑杨转双价抗虫基因的研究.植物生理学通讯,2004,40(6)：669～672
[78]范海娟,胡春祥,王志英,刘桂丰.转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽基因小黑杨对杨扇舟蛾的抗性.昆虫学报,2006,49(5)：780～785
[79]张福丽.小黑杨抗真菌病的研究.东北林业大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006
[80]杨传平,刘桂丰,梁宏伟,张慧.耐盐基因Bet-A转化小黑杨的研究.林业科学,2001,37(6)：34～38
[81]刘桂丰,杨传平,蔡智军,等.转betA基因小黑杨的耐盐性分析及优良转基因株系的选择.林业科学,2006,42(7)：33～36
[82]姜静,王雷,詹立平,等.小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性.植物学通报,2008,25(1)：80～84
[83]王雷,周博如,吴丽丽,等.小黑杨环锌指蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析.植物生理学通讯,2009,45(12)：1160～1161
[84]倪瑞涓.小黑杨花粉植株叶绿体蛋白质组的鉴定与分析.东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[85]张俊娥,刘继红,邓秀新.采用倍性分析仪鉴定柑橘愈伤组织的遗传变异.遗传学报,2003,30(2)：169～174
[86]Egesi C N, Pillay M R, Siedu A, Egunjobi J K. Ploidy analysis in water yam. Dioscorea alata L. germplasm. Netherlands Journal of Plnat Breeding,2002, (128):225～230
[87]Saito H, Mizunashi K, Tanaka S, et al. Ploidy estimation in Hemerocallis species and cultivars by flow cytometry. Sci. Hortic.,2003, (97):185～192
[88]Wang Chunyan, Li Maosong, Song Jiqing, et al. Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(7):3277～3283
[89]Masaru Nakano, Toshikazu Nomizu, Keiko Mizunashi, et al. Somaclonal variation in Tricyrtis hirta plants regenerated from 1-year-old embryogenic callus cultures. Scientia Horticulturae 2006, (110):366～371
[90]陈佰鸿,李新生,曹孜义,等.一种用透明胶带粘取叶片表皮观察气孔的方法.植物生理学通讯,2004,40(2)：215～218
[91]中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海市植物生理学会.现代植物生理学实验指南.北京：科学出版社,1999
[92]张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导(第三版)北京：高等教育出版社,2003
[93]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[94]高俊风.植物生理学实验指导.北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[95]Kuppers M, Schulze E D. An empirical model of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for the diumal courses of CO2 and H2O exchange. Aust J Plant Physiol,1985,(12):513～526
[96]Bassman J, Zwier J C. Gas exchange characteristics of Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoidsand, Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoids clon. Tree Physiology,1991, (8):145～149
[97]Mielke MS, Schaffer B. Photosynthetic and growth responses of Eugenia uniflora L. seedlings to soil flooding and light intensity. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2010, (68):113～121
[98]钱莲文,张新时,杨智杰,等.几种光合作用光响应典型模型的比较研究.武汉植物学研究,2009,27(2)：197～203
[99]陈根云,俞冠路,陈悦,许大全.光合作用对光和二氧化碳响应的观测方法探讨.植物生理与分子生物学学报,2006,32(6)：691～696
[100]叶子飘,于强.光合作用对胞间和大气CO2响应曲线的比较.生态学杂志,2009,28(11)：2233～2238
[101]OLSSON T, LEVERENZ J W. Non-uniform stomatal closure and the apparent convexity of the photosynthetic photon flux density response curve. Plant,Cell and Environment,1994,(17):701～710
[102]Ku S B,Edwards G E.Oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis II:Kinetic characteristics as affected by temperature[J].Plant Physiol,1977,(59):991～999
[103]Etak, Catsky J. Biography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis. Photosynthetica, 1999,7(1):131～160
[104]罗树伟,郭春会,张国庆.神木与杨凌地区长柄扁桃光合与生物学特性比较.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5)：196～202
[105]Sonia Cruz, Joao Serodio. Relationship of rapid light curves of variable fluorescence to photoacclimation and non-photochemical quenching in a benthic diatom. Aquatic Botany,2008 (88):256～264
[106]陈建明,俞晓平,程家安.叶绿素荧光动力学及其在植物抗逆生理研究中的应用.浙江农业学报,2006,18(1)：51～55
[107]张守仁.叶绿素荧光动力学参数的意义及讨论.植物学通报,1999,16(4)：444～448
[108]Demmig-Adams B, Adams W W Ⅲ. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform response to excess direct sunlight among higher plant species.Planta,1996,198: 460～470
[109]尤鑫,龚吉蕊,葛之葳,等.两种杂交杨叶绿素荧光特性及光能利用.植物生态学报,2009,33(6)：1148～1155
[110]Ralph P J, Gademann R. Rapid light curves:A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity. Aquatic Botany,2005, (82):222～237
[111]沈允钢,施教耐,许大全.动态光合作用.北京：科学出版社,1998
[112]廖建雄,王根轩.谷子叶片光合速率日变化及水分利用效率.植物生理学报,1994,18(1)：86～94
[113]Prinsley R T,Leegood R C.Factors affecting photosynthetic induction in spinach leaves.Biochim Biophys Acta.,1986, (849):244～253
[114]张劲松,孟平,高峻.板蓝根光合及水分生理生态特性.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(3)：26～28
[115]蹇洪英,邹寿青.地毯草的光合特性研究.广西植物,2003,23(2)：181～184
[116]王白坡,丁兴苹,戴文圣,等.田间条件下砂梨光合作用的研究.园艺学报,1987,14(2)：97～102
[117]Sestak, Catsky J. Biography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis. Photosynthet-ica, 1999,7(1):131～160
[118]Avery D J, Priestley C A, Treharne K J. Integration of assimilation and carbohydrate utilization in apple. Photosynthesis and Plant Development,1989:221～231
[119]郭连旺,许大全,沈允钢.棉花叶片光合作用的光抑制和光呼吸的关系.科学通报,1995,40(20)：1885～1888
[120]郭连旺,沈允钢.高等植物光合机构避免强光破坏的保护机制.植物生理学通讯,1996,32(1)：1～8
[121]赵会杰,邹琦,于振文.叶绿素荧光分析技术及其在植物光合机理研究中的应用.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(3)：248～251
[122]林世青,许春晖,张其德,等.叶绿素荧光动力学在植物抗性生理学、生态学和农业现代化中的应用.植物学通报,1992,9(1)：1～16
[123]Genty B, Briantais J-M, Baker N R. Biochim.Biophys. Acta,1989,(900):87～92
[124]Schreiber U, Bilger W, Neubauer G, In Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis.(eds Schulze, E-D and Caldwell, M M.), Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994
[125]张其德,蒋高明,朱新广,等.12个不同基因型冬小麦的光合能力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5)：532～536
[126]郑永强,徐坤.秋水仙素在植物体细胞染色体加倍中的应用研究进展.中国农学通报,2000,19(5)：89～92
[127]Rubuluza T, Nikolova R V, Smith M T, et al. In vitro induction of tetraploids in Colophospermum mopane by colchicine. South African Journal of Botany,2007, (73):259 ～261
[128]付金娥,覃斯华,李天艳,等.秋水仙素诱变薄皮甜瓜同源四倍体研究.中国瓜菜,2008,(2)：11～15
[129]鲍智娟,邢秀芹.秋水仙素处理甘草种子诱导多倍体的研究.吉林农业科技学院学报,2009,18(4)：3-5
[130]连雪斌.兰州白百合多倍体诱导试验报告.甘肃农业科技,1995,(6)：14～15
[131]Chen CH, Coeden kallemeyn YC. In vitro induction of tetraploid plants from colchicines treated diploid daylily callus. Euphytics,1979(28):705～709
[132]莫海萍.利用组织培养诱导罗汉果同源四倍体.广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2004
[133]尚爱芹,张成合等.菜心多倍体诱变及其细胞学观察.河南科学,1999,(17)：6-9
[134]李树贤,吴志娟,李明珠等.同源四倍体茄子诱变技术的研究.西北农业学报,2000,9(4)：26～29
[135]周朴华,何立珍,刘选明.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究.中国农业科学,1995,28(1)：49～55
[136]李贇,石荫坪,束怀瑞,等.利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究.西北植物学报,1998,18(4)：499～504
[137]Dutt M, Madhavaraj J, Grosser J W. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation and plant regeneration from a complex tetraploid hybrid citrus rootstock. Scientia Horticulturae,2010 (123):454～458
[138]Khan I A, Grosser J W. Regeneration and characterization of somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus micrantha, a progenitor species of lime. Euphytica, 2004(137):271～278
[139]Jonathan M L, Mark H B, Jessica D L. Induction of tetraploidy in meristematically active seeds of Japanese barberry(Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) through exposure to colchicine and oryzalin. Scientia Horticulturae,2008, (119):67～71
[140]Ewald D, Ulrich K, Naujoks G. M-B, et al. Induction of tetraploid poplar and black locust plants using colchicine:chloroplast number as an early marker for selecting polyploids in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult,2009, (99):353～357
[141]Stanys V, Weckman A,Staniene G, et al, In vitro induction of polyploidy in japanese quince(Chaenom eles japonica). Plant Cell,Tissue and Organ Culture,2006,(84):263-268
[142]徐飞.不同生境下麻栎和刺槐幼苗整株及叶性状的表型可塑性研究.山东大学博士研究生学位论文,2009
[143]雷春,陈劲枫,张晓青,等.不同倍性黄瓜的形态和一些生理生化指标比较.植物生理学通讯,2005,41(4)：471～474
[144]傅亚萍,颜红岚,李玲芳,等.不同染色体倍性水稻植株光合特性的研究.中国水稻科学,1999,13(3)：157～160
[145]Clausen K E, Bey C F, Kung F H.白蜡树二倍体及多倍体早期生长情况.贵州林业科技,1987(4)：44～47
[146]Gao S L, Zhu DN, Cai ZH, Xu DR. Autotetraploid plants from colchicine treated bud culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult,1996, (47):73～77
[147]Kehr A E. Woody plant polyploidy. Am Nurseryman,1996, (183):38～47
[148]Nicole C Riddle, James A. Birchler. Comparative analysis of inbred and hybrid maize at the diploid and tetraploid levels. Theor Appl Genet,2008,(116):563～576
[149]Einspahr D W, Winton L L. Genetics of Quaking Aspen. U. S. Sept. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. Wo-25,1976:22
[150]徐伟钰,张蜀宁,万双粉,等.二、四倍体萝卜光合特性比较研究.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(1)：164～167
[151]Mishra M K. Stomatal characteristics at different ploidy levels in Coffea L. Annals of Botany,1997, (80):689～692
[152]Ng'etich W K and Wachira F N. Variations in leaf anatomy and gas exchange in tea clones with different ploidy. Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2003, 78(2):173～176
[153]张凌媛,郭启高,李晓林,等.枇杷气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目与倍性相关性研究.果树学报,2005,22(3)：229～233
[154]Ye Y M, Tong J, Shi X P, et al. Morphological and cytological studies of diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid lines of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 2010 (124):95～101
[155]张建军,殷丽青,张伟萍.漪菜四倍体的特征及田间耐热性.上海农业学报,1998,14(2)：35～40
[156]商宏丽,郭启高,宋明.生姜四倍体抗热性和抗寒性的初步研究.南农业大学学报,2003,25(3)：210～212
[157]吴殿明.玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)多倍体育种技术研究.山东农业大学硕士研究生学位论文,2009
[158]肖雯,贾恢先,浦陆梅.几种盐生植物抗盐生理指标的研究.西北植物学报,2000,20(5)：818～825
[159]徐世建,安黎哲,冯虎元.两种沙生植物抗早生理指标的比较研究.西北植物学报,2000,20(2)：224～228
[160]Grazia Abbruzzesea, Isacco Beritognoloa, Rosario Muleo, et al. Leaf morphological plasticity and stomatal conductance in three Populus alba L. genotypes subjected to salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2009, (66):381～388
[161]江锡兵,李博,张志毅,等.美洲黑杨与大青杨杂种无性系苗期光合特性研究.北京林业大学学报,2009,31(5)：151～154
[162]杨再强,谢以萍,王立新.四季杨和南抗杨光合特性的研究.华中农业大学学报,2008,27(5)：654～658
[163]李慧菊,徐秀梅.新疆杨、速生杨(中林-46)树种光合特性研究.防护林科技,2008,(3)：25～28
[164]周永斌,马学文,姚鹏,等.不同生长速度杨树品种的光合生理特性研究.沈阳农业大学学报,2007,38(3)：336～339
[165]Borghi M, Tognetti R, Montefortia G, Sebastiania L. Responses of Populus X euramericana (P. deltoides×P. nigra)clone Adda to increasing copper concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007, (61):66～73
[166]邓松录,狄晓艳,王孟本,等.杨树无性系光合特征的研究.植物研究,2006,26(5)：600～608
[167]CALFAPIETRA C, TULVA I,EENSALU E, et al. Canopy profiles of photosynthetic parameters under elevated CO2 and N fertilization in a poplar plantation. Environ Pollut,2005, 137(3):525～535
[168]胡新生,刘建伟,王世绩.四个杨树无性系在不同温度和相对湿度条件下净光合速率的比较研究.林业科学,1997,33(2)：107～116
[169]裴保华,董仕先,祝铁军.1-69杨和毛白杨光合性能的研究.林业科学,1992,28(4)：297～301
[170]尹伟伦.不同种类杨树苗木的生长和光合性能的比较研究Ⅱ(净光合速率、光呼吸和Hill反应等光合性能指标).北京林学院学报,1982,(2)：41～45
[171]杨敏生,姜惠明.新育优良无性系741杨光合特性的初步分析.河北林学院学报,1991,6(3)：161～165
[172]金晓洁.三倍体毛白杨无性系苗期生长及生理指标分析.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2008
[173]Downtow W J S, Grant W J R, Loveys B R. Diurnal changes in the photosynthesis of field grown grapevines. New phytol,1987, (105):71～80
[174]姜小文.主要柚品种光合特性研究.湖南农业大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2003
[175]刘文革,阎志红,王鸣.不同染色体倍性西瓜光合速率日变化的研究.中国西瓜甜瓜,2003,(2)：4～6
[176]刘宇锋,萧浪涛,童建华,等.非直线双曲线模型在光合光响应曲线数据分析中的应用.中国农学通报,2005,21(8)：76～79
[177]Bamford A J.Rising CO2 levels and their potential significaoce carbon flow in photosynthetic cells. Plant,Cell and Environment,1991, (4):741～762
[178]林植芳,彭长连,林桂珠.C3、C4植物叶片叶绿素荧光淬灭日变化和对光氧化作用的响应.作物学报,1999,25(3)：284～290
[179]史磊,邓西平,李筠.水分亏缺对不同染色体倍性小麦荧光参数的影响.西北植物学报,2006,26(2)：343～347
[180]许大全,张玉忠,张荣铣.植物光合作用的光抑制.植物生理学通讯,1992,28(4)：237～243
[181]Farquhar G D, Sharkey T D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annals Review of Plant Physiology,1982, (33):317～345
[182]许大全.气孔的不均匀关闭与光合作用的非气孔限制.植物生理学通讯,1995,31(4)：246～252
[183]Farquhar P J, Cowan I R, Farquhar G D. The apparent feed-forward response of stomata to air vapor pressure deficit:information reveales by different experimental techniques with two rain forest trees. Plant cell and environment,1998, (21):94～100
[184]Sharkey T D. Estimation the rate of photorespiration in leaves. Physiol Plant,1988, (73):47～52
[185]许大全,沈允钢.植物光合作用效率的日变化.植物生理学报,1997,23(4)：410～416
[186]刘世鹏,刘长海,曹娟云,等.用煮沸撕取法观察表皮气孔的方法.安徽农业科学,2007,35(10)：2839～2840
[187]吴玉香,杨福红,赵晓明,等.秋水仙碱诱导栝楼四倍体.核农学报,2009,23(3)：418～422
[188]魏跃,王开冻,李洪海,等.矮牵牛四倍体的诱导及其形态特征.江苏农业科学,2007,(3)：125～127
[189]刘文革,孙巧峰.无籽西瓜果皮中光合色素的差异.中国西瓜甜瓜,1997(3)：15～16
[190]许大全.光合作用效率.上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002
[191]沈允钢,许大全.植物生理与分子生物学光合机构对环境的响应与适应.北京：科学出版社,1992：225～235
[192]林植芳,彭长连,孙梓健,等.4种木本植物叶片的光合电子传递和吸收光能分配特性对光强的适应.植物生理学报,2000,26(5)：387～392
[193]Powles S B. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant. physiol.,1984, (35):15～44
[194]Rowan F S &Thomas D S. The effects of temperature on the occurrence O2 and CO2 insensitive photosynthesis in field grown plant. Plant Physiol.,1987, (84):658～664
[195]许大全.光合作用气孔限制分析中的一些问题.植物生理学通讯,1997,33(4)：241～244
[196]Blanke E B&Pohlan J. Impact of hemal stress and high VPD on gas exchange and chorophyll fluorescence of Citrus Brandis under desert conditions. Acta Hort.2000, (531):143～149
[2]曹慧娟.植物学.北京：中国林业出版社,1992
[3]Masetsron J. Stomata lsize in fossilplnats:evidence for polyploidy in majority of angiospers. Seience,1994,(264):421～424
[4]Lutz A M. A preliminary note on the chromosomes of Oenothera lam arckiana and one of its mutants, O. gigas. Science,1907, (26):151～152
[5]Gates R R. The stature and chromosomes of Oenothera gigas, De V ries. Arch F Zellforsch, 1909, (3):525～552
[6]Nilsson-Ehle H. Note regarding the gigas form of Populus tremula found in nature. Hereditas,1936, (21):372～382
[7]Muntzing A. The chromosomes oga giant Populus tremula. Hereditas,1936, (21):383～389
[8]Yablokov A S. A giant form of Populus tremula in the forests of the U. S. S. R. Trud vsesoyuz Nauchno issledov Inst Lesnogo Khoz 'VNIILKh',1941, (23):52
[9]Johnsson H. Cytological studies of diploid and triploid Populus tremula and of crosses between them. Hereditas Lund,1940, (26):321～352
[10]Sylven N. Annual report on the work of the Association for Forest Tree Breeding during the year. Svensk PappTidn,1943, (47):38
[11]Sarvas R. Two triploid aspen two triploid Birches. Commun Inst For Fenn,1958,49(7):25
[12]Dillewijn C. Cytology and breeding of Populus. Ned Boschb Tijdschr,1939, (12): 470～481
[13]Gurreiro M G, The silvicultural improvement of Populus. Publ Serv Flor Aquic, Portugal, 1944,11 (1/2):53～117
[14]Buijtenen J P, Jorans on P N, Einspahr D W. Naturally occurring triploid quaking aspen in the United States. Proc Soc Amer For,1957:62～64
[15]Buijtenen J P, Joranson P N, Einspahr D W. Diploid versus triploid aspen as pulpwood sources with reference to growth, chemical, physical and pulping differences. Tappi,1958, 41(4):170～175
[16]朱之悌,康向阳,张志毅.毛白杨天然三倍体选种研究.林业科学,1998,34(4)：22～31
[17]Dwived N K, Suryannrayana N, Sikdar A K, et al. Cytomorphological stuides in trploid Muiberry Evolved by diploidization of female gamete cells. Cytologia,1989, (54):13～19
[18]Nilsson-Ehle H. The giant Apen:The rencent Swedish discover in forest improvent. Nord. Familjeboks Manadskronika,1938,1(2):6
[19]Einspahr D W.Benson M K,Harder M L. Within-tree Varation Specific gravity of young Quaking Aspen.Genetics and Physiology Notes,Institute of Paper Chmistry,1972, (13):8
[20]Einspahr D W. Production and utilization of triploid hybrid Aspen.Iowa State.Journal of Research,1984,58(4):401～409
[21]韩建军,邢亚娟.中美山杨杂种三倍体选育.东北林业大学学报,2009,37(7)：13～15
[22]Nilsson E H. Note regarding the gigas form of Populus tremula found in nature. Hereditas, 1936, (21):372～382
[23]Seitz F W. The occurrence of triploids after self-pollination of anomalous and rogynous flowers of a Grey Popla. Z. Forstgenet,1954,3 (1):1～6
[24]朱之悌,林惠斌,康向阳.毛白杨异源三倍体B301等无性系选育的研究.林业科学,1995,31(6)：499～505
[25]张志毅,李凤兰.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅰ)花粉染色体加倍技术.北京林业大学学报,1992,(增刊)：52～58
[26]康向阳,朱之悌.白杨2n花粉生命力测定方法及萌发特征的研究.云南植物研究,1997,19(4)：402～406
[27]康向阳,朱之悌,林惠斌.杨树花粉染色体加倍有效处理时间的研究.林业科学,1999,35(4)：21～24
[28]康向阳,朱之悌,张志毅.高温诱导白杨2n花粉有效处理时期的研究.北京林业大学学报,2000a,22(3)：1～4
[29]康向阳,朱之悌,林惠斌.白杨不同倍性花粉的辐射敏感性及其应用.遗传学报,2000b,27(1)：78～82
[30]康向阳,朱之悌,张志毅.银腺杨与毛新杨正反交三倍体选育.北京林业大学学报,2000c,22(6)：8～11
[31]康向阳.毛白杨细胞遗传与三倍体选育.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002a
[32]康向阳,朱之悌.三倍体毛白杨在我国纸浆生产中的地位与作用.北京林业大学学报,2002b,24(增刊)：51～56
[33]康向阳.林木多倍体育种研究进展.北京林业大学学报,2003,25(4)：70～74
[34]李云,朱之悌,田砚亭,等.秋水仙碱处理白杨雌花芽培育三倍体植株的研究.林业科学,2001,37(5)：68～74
[35]侯延侠,康向阳.响叶杨大、小孢子母细胞减数分裂进程及其对应关系.西北植物学报,2006,26(1)：46～49
[36]李艳华,康向阳.诱导大孢子染色体加倍选育白杨杂种三倍体.北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5)：22～25
[37]Einspahr DW. Colchicine treatment of newly fromed embryos of Quaking Aspen.For Sci, 1965,11(4):456～469
[38]Einspahr DW, Benson MK, Peckham JR. Wood and pulp properties of 5 year old diploid, triploid aspen.Tappi,1968,51 (2):72～75
[39]Einspahr DW, Peckham JR, Benson MK. Fiber and pulp properties of triploid and triploid hybrid aspen. Tappi,1970,53(10):1853～1856
[40]康向阳,张平冬,高鹏,等.秋水仙碱诱导白杨三倍体新途径的发现.北京林业大学学报,2004,26(1)：1～4
[41]王君,康向阳,李代丽,等.授粉后施加秋水仙碱处理诱导青杨异源三倍体.北京林业大学学报,2007,29(5)：18～21
[42]王秀芳,李悦.植物多倍体育种研究进展.林业科技,2003,28(5)：1-5
[43]Ewald D, Ulrich K, Naujoks G M-B, et al. Induction of tetraploid poplar and black locust plants using colchicine:chloroplast number as an early marker for selecting polyploids in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult,2009, (99):353～357
[44]Lewis W H.鲍文奎等译.多倍体在植物和动物中的地位.贵阳：贵州人民出版社,1984：13～32
[45]张廷桢.关于杨树遗传育种中的若干问题.林业科学研究,1996(1)：80～86
[46]张焕玲,贾小明,汪爱兰,等.杨树三倍体育种的研究现状.西北林学院学报,2004,19(3)：63～66
[47]李凤兰,张志毅,张民侠.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅲ)——加倍体某些形态特征的观察.北京林业大学学报,1994,16(2)：15～18
[48]Einspahr D W, Yckoff G W W. Aspen hybrid promise future source of Lake states fiber. Pulp and paper,1975,49(12):118～119
[49]Mashkina O S, Burdaeva L M, Belozerova M M, et al. Method of obtaining diplaid pollen of woody species. Lesovedenie,1989, (1):19～25
[50]李云,冯大领.木本植物多倍体育种研究进展.植物学通报,2005,22(3)：375～382
[51]朱之梯.毛白杨遗传改良.北京：中国林业出版社,2006
[52]郑彩霞,张志毅.白杨染色体加倍技术研究及三倍体育种(Ⅳ)—加倍体白杨生理特性的初步研究.北京林业大学学报,1994,16(2)：19～23
[53]THORSSON (?)., PA LSSON S., SIGURGEIRSSON A., et al. Morphological Variation among Betula nana (diploid), B. pubescens (tetraploid) and their Triploid Hybrids in Iceland. Annals of Botany,2007,(99):1183～1193
[54]Dimitri L. The resistance of several poplar clonse of the secton leuce to Pollaccia radopsa. Europ J For Path,1971,1(1):18-32
[55]JW赖特.森林遗传学.郭锡昌,胡承海译.北京：中国林业出版社,1981
[56]Johnsson H. Development of triploid and diploid Populus tremula during the juvenile period. Z.Forstgenet,1953,2(4):73～77
[57]李树贤.植物同源多倍体育种的几个问题.西北植物学报,2003,23(10)：1829～1841
[58]朱军主编.遗传学.北京：中国农业出版社,2002,127
[59]李静怡,张志毅.三倍体毛白杨无性系光合特性的研究.北京林业大学学报,2000,22(6)：12～15
[60]刘培林.山杨育种研究.哈尔滨：黑龙江省科学技术出版社,1993,90～100
[61]徐纬英.杨树.哈尔滨：黑龙江省人民出版社,1988：1～15
[62]莫金钟,郭井玉,闫朝福,朴楚炳.山杨根蘖的更新技术.延边大学农学学报,2000,22(3)：159～163
[63]刘相民,杨百钧,国有清,等.山杨嫩枝扦插新技术试验初报.内蒙古林业科技,2001,(1)：13～14
[64]李开隆,张芳春,陈忠财,等.山杨材性遗传与性状相关的研究.林业科技,1999,24(1)：1～4
[65]罗旭,吴福华,叶发君,柴文志.黑龙江省山杨优良无性系选择的研究.林业科技,2000,25(6)：6～7
[66]孙博.山杨种源及家系选择.林业勘查设计,2002,(2)：45～48
[67]刘培林,马伊民,刘实,编著.杨树良种选育与栽培.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社,2003
[68]范继红,杨国亭,纪书琴,等.山杨组织培养技术研究.北京农业职业学院学报,2005,19(6)：10～13
[69]张金然,尚洁,王秋玉.山杨杂种无性系的SSR分子标记遗传多样性.植物研究,2006,26(4)：447～451
[70]李巍娜.山杨转双价抗虫基因的研究.东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2008
[71]周以良,董世林,聂绍荃.黑龙江树木志.黑龙江：科学技术出版社,1986：118
[72]东北林学院树木育种组.杨树单倍体花粉植株的诱导.遗传学报,1977,4(1)：49～54
[73]刘玉喜,陆志华,詹亚光,等.小黑杨花粉植株H1株系间变异及其选择利用的研究.遗传学报,1992,19(3)：278～283
[74]刘桂丰,杨传平,刘春华.小黑杨花粉植株的诱导.植物生理学通讯,2002,38(6)：591
[75]刘志明.农田防护林主要树种小黑杨生长规律的研究.林业科技,1988,(5)：14～16
[76]朴志勇,赵存玉,王晓娟,等.小黑杨引种及山地速生丰产栽培技术.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(4)：9～11
[77]姜静,常玉广,董京祥,等.小黑杨转双价抗虫基因的研究.植物生理学通讯,2004,40(6)：669～672
[78]范海娟,胡春祥,王志英,刘桂丰.转蜘蛛杀虫肽与Bt毒蛋白C肽基因小黑杨对杨扇舟蛾的抗性.昆虫学报,2006,49(5)：780～785
[79]张福丽.小黑杨抗真菌病的研究.东北林业大学硕士研究生学位论文,2006
[80]杨传平,刘桂丰,梁宏伟,张慧.耐盐基因Bet-A转化小黑杨的研究.林业科学,2001,37(6)：34～38
[81]刘桂丰,杨传平,蔡智军,等.转betA基因小黑杨的耐盐性分析及优良转基因株系的选择.林业科学,2006,42(7)：33～36
[82]姜静,王雷,詹立平,等.小黑杨花药培养植株转化胆碱氧化酶基因提高耐盐性.植物学通报,2008,25(1)：80～84
[83]王雷,周博如,吴丽丽,等.小黑杨环锌指蛋白基因的克隆与表达分析.植物生理学通讯,2009,45(12)：1160～1161
[84]倪瑞涓.小黑杨花粉植株叶绿体蛋白质组的鉴定与分析.东北林业大学硕士学位论文,2009
[85]张俊娥,刘继红,邓秀新.采用倍性分析仪鉴定柑橘愈伤组织的遗传变异.遗传学报,2003,30(2)：169～174
[86]Egesi C N, Pillay M R, Siedu A, Egunjobi J K. Ploidy analysis in water yam. Dioscorea alata L. germplasm. Netherlands Journal of Plnat Breeding,2002, (128):225～230
[87]Saito H, Mizunashi K, Tanaka S, et al. Ploidy estimation in Hemerocallis species and cultivars by flow cytometry. Sci. Hortic.,2003, (97):185～192
[88]Wang Chunyan, Li Maosong, Song Jiqing, et al. Differences in stomatal and photosynthetic characteristics of five diploidy wheat species. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008,28(7):3277～3283
[89]Masaru Nakano, Toshikazu Nomizu, Keiko Mizunashi, et al. Somaclonal variation in Tricyrtis hirta plants regenerated from 1-year-old embryogenic callus cultures. Scientia Horticulturae 2006, (110):366～371
[90]陈佰鸿,李新生,曹孜义,等.一种用透明胶带粘取叶片表皮观察气孔的方法.植物生理学通讯,2004,40(2)：215～218
[91]中国科学院上海植物生理研究所,上海市植物生理学会.现代植物生理学实验指南.北京：科学出版社,1999
[92]张志良,瞿伟菁.植物生理学实验指导(第三版)北京：高等教育出版社,2003
[93]王学奎.植物生理生化实验原理和技术.北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[94]高俊风.植物生理学实验指导.北京：高等教育出版社,2006
[95]Kuppers M, Schulze E D. An empirical model of net photosynthesis and leaf conductance for the diumal courses of CO2 and H2O exchange. Aust J Plant Physiol,1985,(12):513～526
[96]Bassman J, Zwier J C. Gas exchange characteristics of Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoidsand, Populus trichocarpa×P. deltoids clon. Tree Physiology,1991, (8):145～149
[97]Mielke MS, Schaffer B. Photosynthetic and growth responses of Eugenia uniflora L. seedlings to soil flooding and light intensity. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2010, (68):113～121
[98]钱莲文,张新时,杨智杰,等.几种光合作用光响应典型模型的比较研究.武汉植物学研究,2009,27(2)：197～203
[99]陈根云,俞冠路,陈悦,许大全.光合作用对光和二氧化碳响应的观测方法探讨.植物生理与分子生物学学报,2006,32(6)：691～696
[100]叶子飘,于强.光合作用对胞间和大气CO2响应曲线的比较.生态学杂志,2009,28(11)：2233～2238
[101]OLSSON T, LEVERENZ J W. Non-uniform stomatal closure and the apparent convexity of the photosynthetic photon flux density response curve. Plant,Cell and Environment,1994,(17):701～710
[102]Ku S B,Edwards G E.Oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis II:Kinetic characteristics as affected by temperature[J].Plant Physiol,1977,(59):991～999
[103]Etak, Catsky J. Biography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis. Photosynthetica, 1999,7(1):131～160
[104]罗树伟,郭春会,张国庆.神木与杨凌地区长柄扁桃光合与生物学特性比较.干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(5)：196～202
[105]Sonia Cruz, Joao Serodio. Relationship of rapid light curves of variable fluorescence to photoacclimation and non-photochemical quenching in a benthic diatom. Aquatic Botany,2008 (88):256～264
[106]陈建明,俞晓平,程家安.叶绿素荧光动力学及其在植物抗逆生理研究中的应用.浙江农业学报,2006,18(1)：51～55
[107]张守仁.叶绿素荧光动力学参数的意义及讨论.植物学通报,1999,16(4)：444～448
[108]Demmig-Adams B, Adams W W Ⅲ. Xanthophyll cycle and light stress in nature: uniform response to excess direct sunlight among higher plant species.Planta,1996,198: 460～470
[109]尤鑫,龚吉蕊,葛之葳,等.两种杂交杨叶绿素荧光特性及光能利用.植物生态学报,2009,33(6)：1148～1155
[110]Ralph P J, Gademann R. Rapid light curves:A powerful tool to assess photosynthetic activity. Aquatic Botany,2005, (82):222～237
[111]沈允钢,施教耐,许大全.动态光合作用.北京：科学出版社,1998
[112]廖建雄,王根轩.谷子叶片光合速率日变化及水分利用效率.植物生理学报,1994,18(1)：86～94
[113]Prinsley R T,Leegood R C.Factors affecting photosynthetic induction in spinach leaves.Biochim Biophys Acta.,1986, (849):244～253
[114]张劲松,孟平,高峻.板蓝根光合及水分生理生态特性.东北林业大学学报,2004,32(3)：26～28
[115]蹇洪英,邹寿青.地毯草的光合特性研究.广西植物,2003,23(2)：181～184
[116]王白坡,丁兴苹,戴文圣,等.田间条件下砂梨光合作用的研究.园艺学报,1987,14(2)：97～102
[117]Sestak, Catsky J. Biography of reviews and methods of photosynthesis. Photosynthet-ica, 1999,7(1):131～160
[118]Avery D J, Priestley C A, Treharne K J. Integration of assimilation and carbohydrate utilization in apple. Photosynthesis and Plant Development,1989:221～231
[119]郭连旺,许大全,沈允钢.棉花叶片光合作用的光抑制和光呼吸的关系.科学通报,1995,40(20)：1885～1888
[120]郭连旺,沈允钢.高等植物光合机构避免强光破坏的保护机制.植物生理学通讯,1996,32(1)：1～8
[121]赵会杰,邹琦,于振文.叶绿素荧光分析技术及其在植物光合机理研究中的应用.河南农业大学学报,2000,34(3)：248～251
[122]林世青,许春晖,张其德,等.叶绿素荧光动力学在植物抗性生理学、生态学和农业现代化中的应用.植物学通报,1992,9(1)：1～16
[123]Genty B, Briantais J-M, Baker N R. Biochim.Biophys. Acta,1989,(900):87～92
[124]Schreiber U, Bilger W, Neubauer G, In Ecophysiology of Photosynthesis.(eds Schulze, E-D and Caldwell, M M.), Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1994
[125]张其德,蒋高明,朱新广,等.12个不同基因型冬小麦的光合能力.植物生态学报,2001,25(5)：532～536
[126]郑永强,徐坤.秋水仙素在植物体细胞染色体加倍中的应用研究进展.中国农学通报,2000,19(5)：89～92
[127]Rubuluza T, Nikolova R V, Smith M T, et al. In vitro induction of tetraploids in Colophospermum mopane by colchicine. South African Journal of Botany,2007, (73):259 ～261
[128]付金娥,覃斯华,李天艳,等.秋水仙素诱变薄皮甜瓜同源四倍体研究.中国瓜菜,2008,(2)：11～15
[129]鲍智娟,邢秀芹.秋水仙素处理甘草种子诱导多倍体的研究.吉林农业科技学院学报,2009,18(4)：3-5
[130]连雪斌.兰州白百合多倍体诱导试验报告.甘肃农业科技,1995,(6)：14～15
[131]Chen CH, Coeden kallemeyn YC. In vitro induction of tetraploid plants from colchicines treated diploid daylily callus. Euphytics,1979(28):705～709
[132]莫海萍.利用组织培养诱导罗汉果同源四倍体.广西师范大学硕士学位论文,2004
[133]尚爱芹,张成合等.菜心多倍体诱变及其细胞学观察.河南科学,1999,(17)：6-9
[134]李树贤,吴志娟,李明珠等.同源四倍体茄子诱变技术的研究.西北农业学报,2000,9(4)：26～29
[135]周朴华,何立珍,刘选明.组织培养中用秋水仙素诱发黄花菜同源四倍体的研究.中国农业科学,1995,28(1)：49～55
[136]李贇,石荫坪,束怀瑞,等.利用流式细胞光度术鉴定苹果倍性的研究.西北植物学报,1998,18(4)：499～504
[137]Dutt M, Madhavaraj J, Grosser J W. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation and plant regeneration from a complex tetraploid hybrid citrus rootstock. Scientia Horticulturae,2010 (123):454～458
[138]Khan I A, Grosser J W. Regeneration and characterization of somatic hybrid plants of Citrus sinensis (sweet orange) and Citrus micrantha, a progenitor species of lime. Euphytica, 2004(137):271～278
[139]Jonathan M L, Mark H B, Jessica D L. Induction of tetraploidy in meristematically active seeds of Japanese barberry(Berberis thunbergii var. atropurpurea) through exposure to colchicine and oryzalin. Scientia Horticulturae,2008, (119):67～71
[140]Ewald D, Ulrich K, Naujoks G. M-B, et al. Induction of tetraploid poplar and black locust plants using colchicine:chloroplast number as an early marker for selecting polyploids in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult,2009, (99):353～357
[141]Stanys V, Weckman A,Staniene G, et al, In vitro induction of polyploidy in japanese quince(Chaenom eles japonica). Plant Cell,Tissue and Organ Culture,2006,(84):263-268
[142]徐飞.不同生境下麻栎和刺槐幼苗整株及叶性状的表型可塑性研究.山东大学博士研究生学位论文,2009
[143]雷春,陈劲枫,张晓青,等.不同倍性黄瓜的形态和一些生理生化指标比较.植物生理学通讯,2005,41(4)：471～474
[144]傅亚萍,颜红岚,李玲芳,等.不同染色体倍性水稻植株光合特性的研究.中国水稻科学,1999,13(3)：157～160
[145]Clausen K E, Bey C F, Kung F H.白蜡树二倍体及多倍体早期生长情况.贵州林业科技,1987(4)：44～47
[146]Gao S L, Zhu DN, Cai ZH, Xu DR. Autotetraploid plants from colchicine treated bud culture of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult,1996, (47):73～77
[147]Kehr A E. Woody plant polyploidy. Am Nurseryman,1996, (183):38～47
[148]Nicole C Riddle, James A. Birchler. Comparative analysis of inbred and hybrid maize at the diploid and tetraploid levels. Theor Appl Genet,2008,(116):563～576
[149]Einspahr D W, Winton L L. Genetics of Quaking Aspen. U. S. Sept. Agric. For. Serv. Res. Pap. Wo-25,1976:22
[150]徐伟钰,张蜀宁,万双粉,等.二、四倍体萝卜光合特性比较研究.中国生态农业学报,2008,16(1)：164～167
[151]Mishra M K. Stomatal characteristics at different ploidy levels in Coffea L. Annals of Botany,1997, (80):689～692
[152]Ng'etich W K and Wachira F N. Variations in leaf anatomy and gas exchange in tea clones with different ploidy. Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2003, 78(2):173～176
[153]张凌媛,郭启高,李晓林,等.枇杷气孔保卫细胞叶绿体数目与倍性相关性研究.果树学报,2005,22(3)：229～233
[154]Ye Y M, Tong J, Shi X P, et al. Morphological and cytological studies of diploid and colchicine-induced tetraploid lines of crape myrtle (Lagerstroemia indica L.). Scientia Horticulturae, 2010 (124):95～101
[155]张建军,殷丽青,张伟萍.漪菜四倍体的特征及田间耐热性.上海农业学报,1998,14(2)：35～40
[156]商宏丽,郭启高,宋明.生姜四倍体抗热性和抗寒性的初步研究.南农业大学学报,2003,25(3)：210～212
[157]吴殿明.玫瑰(Rosa rugosa Thunb.)多倍体育种技术研究.山东农业大学硕士研究生学位论文,2009
[158]肖雯,贾恢先,浦陆梅.几种盐生植物抗盐生理指标的研究.西北植物学报,2000,20(5)：818～825
[159]徐世建,安黎哲,冯虎元.两种沙生植物抗早生理指标的比较研究.西北植物学报,2000,20(2)：224～228
[160]Grazia Abbruzzesea, Isacco Beritognoloa, Rosario Muleo, et al. Leaf morphological plasticity and stomatal conductance in three Populus alba L. genotypes subjected to salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2009, (66):381～388
[161]江锡兵,李博,张志毅,等.美洲黑杨与大青杨杂种无性系苗期光合特性研究.北京林业大学学报,2009,31(5)：151～154
[162]杨再强,谢以萍,王立新.四季杨和南抗杨光合特性的研究.华中农业大学学报,2008,27(5)：654～658
[163]李慧菊,徐秀梅.新疆杨、速生杨(中林-46)树种光合特性研究.防护林科技,2008,(3)：25～28
[164]周永斌,马学文,姚鹏,等.不同生长速度杨树品种的光合生理特性研究.沈阳农业大学学报,2007,38(3)：336～339
[165]Borghi M, Tognetti R, Montefortia G, Sebastiania L. Responses of Populus X euramericana (P. deltoides×P. nigra)clone Adda to increasing copper concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany,2007, (61):66～73
[166]邓松录,狄晓艳,王孟本,等.杨树无性系光合特征的研究.植物研究,2006,26(5)：600～608
[167]CALFAPIETRA C, TULVA I,EENSALU E, et al. Canopy profiles of photosynthetic parameters under elevated CO2 and N fertilization in a poplar plantation. Environ Pollut,2005, 137(3):525～535
[168]胡新生,刘建伟,王世绩.四个杨树无性系在不同温度和相对湿度条件下净光合速率的比较研究.林业科学,1997,33(2)：107～116
[169]裴保华,董仕先,祝铁军.1-69杨和毛白杨光合性能的研究.林业科学,1992,28(4)：297～301
[170]尹伟伦.不同种类杨树苗木的生长和光合性能的比较研究Ⅱ(净光合速率、光呼吸和Hill反应等光合性能指标).北京林学院学报,1982,(2)：41～45
[171]杨敏生,姜惠明.新育优良无性系741杨光合特性的初步分析.河北林学院学报,1991,6(3)：161～165
[172]金晓洁.三倍体毛白杨无性系苗期生长及生理指标分析.北京林业大学硕士学位论文,2008
[173]Downtow W J S, Grant W J R, Loveys B R. Diurnal changes in the photosynthesis of field grown grapevines. New phytol,1987, (105):71～80
[174]姜小文.主要柚品种光合特性研究.湖南农业大学硕士研究生毕业论文,2003
[175]刘文革,阎志红,王鸣.不同染色体倍性西瓜光合速率日变化的研究.中国西瓜甜瓜,2003,(2)：4～6
[176]刘宇锋,萧浪涛,童建华,等.非直线双曲线模型在光合光响应曲线数据分析中的应用.中国农学通报,2005,21(8)：76～79
[177]Bamford A J.Rising CO2 levels and their potential significaoce carbon flow in photosynthetic cells. Plant,Cell and Environment,1991, (4):741～762
[178]林植芳,彭长连,林桂珠.C3、C4植物叶片叶绿素荧光淬灭日变化和对光氧化作用的响应.作物学报,1999,25(3)：284～290
[179]史磊,邓西平,李筠.水分亏缺对不同染色体倍性小麦荧光参数的影响.西北植物学报,2006,26(2)：343～347
[180]许大全,张玉忠,张荣铣.植物光合作用的光抑制.植物生理学通讯,1992,28(4)：237～243
[181]Farquhar G D, Sharkey T D. Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Annals Review of Plant Physiology,1982, (33):317～345
[182]许大全.气孔的不均匀关闭与光合作用的非气孔限制.植物生理学通讯,1995,31(4)：246～252
[183]Farquhar P J, Cowan I R, Farquhar G D. The apparent feed-forward response of stomata to air vapor pressure deficit:information reveales by different experimental techniques with two rain forest trees. Plant cell and environment,1998, (21):94～100
[184]Sharkey T D. Estimation the rate of photorespiration in leaves. Physiol Plant,1988, (73):47～52
[185]许大全,沈允钢.植物光合作用效率的日变化.植物生理学报,1997,23(4)：410～416
[186]刘世鹏,刘长海,曹娟云,等.用煮沸撕取法观察表皮气孔的方法.安徽农业科学,2007,35(10)：2839～2840
[187]吴玉香,杨福红,赵晓明,等.秋水仙碱诱导栝楼四倍体.核农学报,2009,23(3)：418～422
[188]魏跃,王开冻,李洪海,等.矮牵牛四倍体的诱导及其形态特征.江苏农业科学,2007,(3)：125～127
[189]刘文革,孙巧峰.无籽西瓜果皮中光合色素的差异.中国西瓜甜瓜,1997(3)：15～16
[190]许大全.光合作用效率.上海：上海科学技术出版社,2002
[191]沈允钢,许大全.植物生理与分子生物学光合机构对环境的响应与适应.北京：科学出版社,1992：225～235
[192]林植芳,彭长连,孙梓健,等.4种木本植物叶片的光合电子传递和吸收光能分配特性对光强的适应.植物生理学报,2000,26(5)：387～392
[193]Powles S B. Photoinhibition of photosynthesis induced by visible light. Ann. Rev. Plant. physiol.,1984, (35):15～44
[194]Rowan F S &Thomas D S. The effects of temperature on the occurrence O2 and CO2 insensitive photosynthesis in field grown plant. Plant Physiol.,1987, (84):658～664
[195]许大全.光合作用气孔限制分析中的一些问题.植物生理学通讯,1997,33(4)：241～244
[196]Blanke E B&Pohlan J. Impact of hemal stress and high VPD on gas exchange and chorophyll fluorescence of Citrus Brandis under desert conditions. Acta Hort.2000, (531):143～149