基于地理本体的地理信息语义表达与查询方法研究
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摘要
地理本体源自于哲学中的本体思想,并由哲学本体衍生而成的。近年来地理本体的研究和应用受到来自计算机科学和地理信息科学(GIS)领域的学者们高度重视,主要应用于地理信息语义表达与互操作、地理空间数据组织与集成、地理信息发现与空间查询、道路寻找系统研究等方面。本文基于地理本体这一理论工具,提出地理信息语义的形式化表达方法,进而实现地理信息的语义查询功能。围绕这个主题,本文主要进行了以下4个方面的研究工作,包括：
1.回顾了国内外关于地理本体理论与方法的研究现状。其中,重点分析了地理本体的定义、层次、类型、构成与建立方法,以及在地理信息语义问题方面的应用。
2.对地理信息中的语义异质问题进行了分析,在总结其产生根源的基础上,提出了基于地理本体的地理信息语义表达方法。本文根据层次分类思想,首先将地理信息粗略划分为顶层的地理对象信息和底层的地理类信息。其中,地理对象信息是对整个现实地理世界中地理实体信息的概括,而地理类信息是对象信息中的某一类实体信息。然后,在地理信息粗略划分的基础上,将语义信息表达分为地理对象信息的语义表达和地理类信息的语义表达,并分别通过实例进行了具体分析。
3.对现有的地理信息查询方法进行了分析,总结出其不能满足特殊地理实体查询的需求,提出使用地理本体方法来扩展现有的查询方法。该方法首先从地理空间数据库的数据中提取并建立应用本体,并将应用本体与相应领域本体进行融合,形成融合本体。融合本体作为本体知识库提供语义推理功能,并将其作为空间数据库与查询系统间的语义中间层。
4.设计了具有地理本体建模和本体查询功能的原型系统,并以某城市地理对象空间数据为例进行了实验研究。
最后对论文中取得的成果和存在的不足进行了归纳总结,并对进一步需要进行的研究工作进行了展望。
Ontology as a philosophical theory has been introduced into the field of geographic information science (GIScience for short), and further extended to geo-ontology. In recent years, geo-ontology research has been paid more attention by scholars from the fields of computer science and GIScience.It can be used to the semantic representation and interoperability of geographic information, the organization and integration of geospatial data, geographic information discovery and spatial query, the wayfinding and so on.In this paper, from the start of the theory and method of geo-ontology, the intention is to express the semantics of geographic information formally, as well as semantic query based on geo-ontology. Around this purpose, this paper carried out the following work.
Firstly, the progress on geo-ontology is systematically reviewed.With respect to geo-ontology theory, its definition, levels and types,composition and establishment have been described and analyzed.Meanwhile the application research based on geo-ontology in geographic information semantic issues have been described and analyzed.
Secondly, a geo-ontology method has been proposed for the semantic representation of geographic information, which is based on the analysis of the semantic heterogeneity and its generation causes.In this paper, geo-spatial information is roughly classified into the top-level geographic object information and the bottom-level class information of geographic object (also called geographic class information).The geographic object information represents all the geographic objects in the real world;and the geographic class information representing the class information associated with the geographic objects.The method includes two aspects,namely the semantic representation of geographic object information and the semantic representation of geographic class information.They have been respectively demonstrated by some practical examples.
Thirdly, an extended method about geographic information query based on geo-ontology has been proposed after a review of the existing query methods and their shortcomings are pointed out. In this proposed method, the data extracted from geospatial databases have been set up application ontology. Then the application ontology and the corresponding domain ontology are fused to form the enriched ontology, which as a knowledge base to provide semantic ontology reasoning capabilities, and then as a semantic middle layer to map the spatial database and query system.
Then a prototype system with the functions of geo-ontology modeling and geo-ontology query has been designed. And a certain city geographic objects and geographic data are founded as a case study.
Finally, this paper makes a summary about the achievements and shortcomings, and presents some issues for further work.
1.回顾了国内外关于地理本体理论与方法的研究现状。其中,重点分析了地理本体的定义、层次、类型、构成与建立方法,以及在地理信息语义问题方面的应用。
2.对地理信息中的语义异质问题进行了分析,在总结其产生根源的基础上,提出了基于地理本体的地理信息语义表达方法。本文根据层次分类思想,首先将地理信息粗略划分为顶层的地理对象信息和底层的地理类信息。其中,地理对象信息是对整个现实地理世界中地理实体信息的概括,而地理类信息是对象信息中的某一类实体信息。然后,在地理信息粗略划分的基础上,将语义信息表达分为地理对象信息的语义表达和地理类信息的语义表达,并分别通过实例进行了具体分析。
3.对现有的地理信息查询方法进行了分析,总结出其不能满足特殊地理实体查询的需求,提出使用地理本体方法来扩展现有的查询方法。该方法首先从地理空间数据库的数据中提取并建立应用本体,并将应用本体与相应领域本体进行融合,形成融合本体。融合本体作为本体知识库提供语义推理功能,并将其作为空间数据库与查询系统间的语义中间层。
4.设计了具有地理本体建模和本体查询功能的原型系统,并以某城市地理对象空间数据为例进行了实验研究。
最后对论文中取得的成果和存在的不足进行了归纳总结,并对进一步需要进行的研究工作进行了展望。
Ontology as a philosophical theory has been introduced into the field of geographic information science (GIScience for short), and further extended to geo-ontology. In recent years, geo-ontology research has been paid more attention by scholars from the fields of computer science and GIScience.It can be used to the semantic representation and interoperability of geographic information, the organization and integration of geospatial data, geographic information discovery and spatial query, the wayfinding and so on.In this paper, from the start of the theory and method of geo-ontology, the intention is to express the semantics of geographic information formally, as well as semantic query based on geo-ontology. Around this purpose, this paper carried out the following work.
Firstly, the progress on geo-ontology is systematically reviewed.With respect to geo-ontology theory, its definition, levels and types,composition and establishment have been described and analyzed.Meanwhile the application research based on geo-ontology in geographic information semantic issues have been described and analyzed.
Secondly, a geo-ontology method has been proposed for the semantic representation of geographic information, which is based on the analysis of the semantic heterogeneity and its generation causes.In this paper, geo-spatial information is roughly classified into the top-level geographic object information and the bottom-level class information of geographic object (also called geographic class information).The geographic object information represents all the geographic objects in the real world;and the geographic class information representing the class information associated with the geographic objects.The method includes two aspects,namely the semantic representation of geographic object information and the semantic representation of geographic class information.They have been respectively demonstrated by some practical examples.
Thirdly, an extended method about geographic information query based on geo-ontology has been proposed after a review of the existing query methods and their shortcomings are pointed out. In this proposed method, the data extracted from geospatial databases have been set up application ontology. Then the application ontology and the corresponding domain ontology are fused to form the enriched ontology, which as a knowledge base to provide semantic ontology reasoning capabilities, and then as a semantic middle layer to map the spatial database and query system.
Then a prototype system with the functions of geo-ontology modeling and geo-ontology query has been designed. And a certain city geographic objects and geographic data are founded as a case study.
Finally, this paper makes a summary about the achievements and shortcomings, and presents some issues for further work.
引文
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[2]Egenhofer M, Mark D.Naive geography[C].In:Spatial information theory:a theoretical basis for GIS,Lecture notes in computer science, Berlin, Springer-Verlag, 1995
[3]Mark D M, Turk A G.Landscape categories in Yindjibarndi:Ontology, Environment, and Language [J].COSIT 2003,28-45
[4]Mark D M, Egenhofer M J, Hirtle S.Ontological foundations for geographic information science,2002.http://www.usgis.org/emerging
[5]Smith B, Mark D M.Geographical categories:an ontological investigation [J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2001,15(7):591-612
[6]Smith B, Mark D M, Ontology and geographic kinds[C].In:Poiker T K, Chrisman N (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling (SDH'98),1998,308-320
[7]http://www.spatial.maine.edu/-max/max3.html
[8]Guarino N.Formal ontology in information systems[C].In:Formal ontology in information systems, Amsterdam:IOS Press,1998
[9]Fonseca F T, Egenhofer M J, Agouris P, et al. Using Ontologies for Integrated Geographic Information Systems[J].Transactions in GIS,2002,6(3):231-257
[10]Fonseca F, Egenhofer M, Davis C.Semantic granularity in ontology-driven geographic information systems [J].AMAI Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence:Special Issue on Spatial and Temporal Granularity,36(1-2):121-151
[11]Fonseca F T. Ontology-Driven Geographic Information Systems.PhD Thesis, University of Maine,2001
[12]Raubal M.Ontology and epistemology for agent-based wayfinding simulation [J]. International Journal of Geographical Information Science,15(7):653-665
[13]Worboys M F. Nearness relations in environmental space [J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2001,15(7):633-651
[14]Kuhn W. Ontologies in supprt of activities in geographical space [J].International Journal of Geographical Information Science,2001,15(7):613-631
[15]孙敏,陈秀万,张飞舟.地理信息本体论[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(3)： 6-11,39
[16]陈建军,周成虎,王敬贵.地理本体的研究进展与分析[J].地学前缘,2006,13(3)：81-90
[17]李德仁,崔巍.地理本体与空间信息多级网格[J].测绘学报,2006,35(2)：143-148
[18]崔巍.用本体实现地理信息系统语义集成和互操作[D].博士学位论文,武汉：武汉大学,2004
[19]黄茂军,杜清运,杜晓初.地理本体空间特征的形式化表达机制研究[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2005,30(4)：337-340
[20]黄茂军.地理本体的形式化表达机制及其在地图服务中的应用研究[D].博士学位论文,武汉：武汉大学,2005
[21]景东升.基于本体的地理空间信息语义表达和服务研究[D].博士学位论文,北京：中国科学院研究生院,2005
[22]吴立新,徐磊,陈学习.基于主体人与地学本体的人-地-GIS关系讨论[J].地理与地理信息科学,2006,22(1)：1-6
[23]王敬贵.基于地理本体的空间数据集成研究[D].中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文,2005
[24]Guarino N. Semantic matching:formal ontological distinctions for information organization, extraction and integration[C].In:M Pazienza (Ed.), Information extraction:a multidisciplinary approach to an emerging information technology, Spring Verlag,1997, pp:139-170
[25]金芝.基于本体的需求自动获取[J].计算机学报,2000,23(5)：486-492
[26]Tomai E, Kavouras M. From "onto-geonoesis" to "onto-genesis" the design of geographic ontologies [J].Geoinformation,8(3):285-301.
[27]Perez A, Benjaminx V. Overview of knowledge sharing and reuse component: ontology and problem-solving methods[C].Proceedings of the IJCAI'99 Workshop on Ontology and Problem-Solving Methods:Lessons learned and Future Trends. Amsterdam:CEUR Publications.
[28]黄茂军.地理本体的关键问题和应用研究[M].中国科学技术大学出版社,2006
[29]安杨,边馥苓,关佶红.GIS中地理本体的建立与比较[J].武汉大学学报(信息科学版),2006,31(12)：1108-1111
[30]Gruninger M, Fox M S.Methodology for the design and evaluation of ontologies[C]. In:Proceedings of the Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, Montreal,1995
[31]Uschold M, Gruninger M. Ontologies:principles, methods and applications [J].The Knowledge Engineering Review,1996,11(2):16-45
[32]杜云艳,张丹丹,苏奋振,等.基于地理本体的海湾空间数据组织方法[J].地球信息科学,2008,10(1)：7-13
[33]黄茂军,杜清运,吴运超,等.地理本体及其应用初探[J].地理与地理信息科学,2004,20(4)：1-5
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