分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达高分辨率成像算法研究
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摘要
分布式小卫星合成孔径雷达(Distributed Small Satellites Synthetic Aperture Radar)是近年来在航天技术领域提出的一种利用多颗卫星编队飞行实现空间对地观测任务的天基雷达系统新概念。和传统星载SAR系统相比，小卫星编队飞行SAR系统有很多优势，包括：多基线干涉三维成像、地面运动目标指示、多极化成像、高分辨率成像以及宽域成像。本论文详细深入地研究了分布式小卫星SAR轨道设计、基线分析以及高分辨率成像算法等相关问题。主要研究内容和创新点有：
1．研究了分布式小卫星SAR的轨道设计方法，得到了一种改进的采用卫星相对轨道根数进行编队轨道设计的方法。推导了分布式小卫星SAR卫星的轨道要素计算公式。研究了分布式小卫星SAR的模糊函数，分析了小卫星编队构形、卫星数目和模糊函数的关系。2．深入研究了分布式小卫星SAR基线的三维特征，推导了其数学模型，得到了分布式小卫星SAR垂直轨迹基线随地球自转以及编队卫星群自旋的变化规律。研究了满足三维成像、动目标检测、高分辨率成像的分布式小卫星SAR系统基线设计的方法。
3．深入研究了分布式小卫星SAR距离向和方位向频谱合成高分辨率成像的技术，提出了距离向和方位向频谱合成产生的误差补偿方法。
4．建立了分布式小卫星SAR空域滤波成像数学模型，研究了匹配滤波成像算法、最大似然估计滤波成像算法、最小均方差估计滤波成像算法和卡尔曼滤波的成像算法，提出了RLS空域滤波成像算法。研究了不同编队构型情况下的分布式小卫星SAR点目标空域滤波成像。5．研究了顺轨模式下的分布式小卫星SAR高分辨率成像信号处理方法。将Capon谱估计和传统SAR多视处理的方法引入顺轨道模式的分布式小卫星SAR的信号处理中，成功地实现了方位向多普勒模糊抑制和相干斑噪声的抑制。
Distributed Small Satellites Synthetic Aperture Radar (DSS SAR) systems hasbeen proposed recently in the field of Earth observation, this kind of SAR systemstake the formation flying satellites as its carriers. They possess several assets:multibaseline interferometry, ground moving target indication, multi-polarimetricimaging, high resolution imaging, wide-swath imaging. The DSS SAR orbit design,baseline analysis and design, high resolution imaging algorithm are studied in thisdissertation. The main works and innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The distributed satellites SAR orbit design method is investigated. A formationflying orbit design method based on satellites relative trajectories is proposed. Themathematic formula of formation flying orbit elements is derived. The ambiguityfunction of distributed satellites SAR is studied. The relation between satellitesformation configurations, number and ambiguity function is analyzed.
2. The 3D characteristic of distributed satellites SAR baseline is investigated deeply.Mathematic mode is delivered; the baseline variety law in the distributed satellitesSAR cross track mode is given. The general distributed satellites SAR systembaseline design method which satisfies 3D imaging, MTI and high resolutionimaging is studied.
3. The basic spectrum combination theory and realizing approach are deriveddeeply. The error and compensation method when range and azimuth spectrumcombination is carried through are analyzed first in this dissertation.
4. The spatial filtering imaging mathematics mode is presented. Various spatial filtering imaging algorithms such as Matched Filtering, Maximum likelihood,Minimum Mean Square Error, Kalman Filtering are studied. The RLS spatialfiltering imaging algorithm is proposed. Through the spatial filtering imagingsimulation with different satellites formation configurations, the relationshipbetween satellites formation configurations and system resolution characteristic isstudied.
5. The distributed satellites SAR high resolution imaging signal processing methodin along track mode is investigated. The Capon spectrum estimation method andmultilook processing are introduced into the along track mode distributedsatellites SAR signal processing. The approach restrains the azimuth Dopplerambiguity and noise of the system.
1．研究了分布式小卫星SAR的轨道设计方法，得到了一种改进的采用卫星相对轨道根数进行编队轨道设计的方法。推导了分布式小卫星SAR卫星的轨道要素计算公式。研究了分布式小卫星SAR的模糊函数，分析了小卫星编队构形、卫星数目和模糊函数的关系。2．深入研究了分布式小卫星SAR基线的三维特征，推导了其数学模型，得到了分布式小卫星SAR垂直轨迹基线随地球自转以及编队卫星群自旋的变化规律。研究了满足三维成像、动目标检测、高分辨率成像的分布式小卫星SAR系统基线设计的方法。
3．深入研究了分布式小卫星SAR距离向和方位向频谱合成高分辨率成像的技术，提出了距离向和方位向频谱合成产生的误差补偿方法。
4．建立了分布式小卫星SAR空域滤波成像数学模型，研究了匹配滤波成像算法、最大似然估计滤波成像算法、最小均方差估计滤波成像算法和卡尔曼滤波的成像算法，提出了RLS空域滤波成像算法。研究了不同编队构型情况下的分布式小卫星SAR点目标空域滤波成像。5．研究了顺轨模式下的分布式小卫星SAR高分辨率成像信号处理方法。将Capon谱估计和传统SAR多视处理的方法引入顺轨道模式的分布式小卫星SAR的信号处理中，成功地实现了方位向多普勒模糊抑制和相干斑噪声的抑制。
Distributed Small Satellites Synthetic Aperture Radar (DSS SAR) systems hasbeen proposed recently in the field of Earth observation, this kind of SAR systemstake the formation flying satellites as its carriers. They possess several assets:multibaseline interferometry, ground moving target indication, multi-polarimetricimaging, high resolution imaging, wide-swath imaging. The DSS SAR orbit design,baseline analysis and design, high resolution imaging algorithm are studied in thisdissertation. The main works and innovations of this dissertation are as follows:
1. The distributed satellites SAR orbit design method is investigated. A formationflying orbit design method based on satellites relative trajectories is proposed. Themathematic formula of formation flying orbit elements is derived. The ambiguityfunction of distributed satellites SAR is studied. The relation between satellitesformation configurations, number and ambiguity function is analyzed.
2. The 3D characteristic of distributed satellites SAR baseline is investigated deeply.Mathematic mode is delivered; the baseline variety law in the distributed satellitesSAR cross track mode is given. The general distributed satellites SAR systembaseline design method which satisfies 3D imaging, MTI and high resolutionimaging is studied.
3. The basic spectrum combination theory and realizing approach are deriveddeeply. The error and compensation method when range and azimuth spectrumcombination is carried through are analyzed first in this dissertation.
4. The spatial filtering imaging mathematics mode is presented. Various spatial filtering imaging algorithms such as Matched Filtering, Maximum likelihood,Minimum Mean Square Error, Kalman Filtering are studied. The RLS spatialfiltering imaging algorithm is proposed. Through the spatial filtering imagingsimulation with different satellites formation configurations, the relationshipbetween satellites formation configurations and system resolution characteristic isstudied.
5. The distributed satellites SAR high resolution imaging signal processing methodin along track mode is investigated. The Capon spectrum estimation method andmultilook processing are introduced into the along track mode distributedsatellites SAR signal processing. The approach restrains the azimuth Dopplerambiguity and noise of the system.
引文
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