医学层析图像重建和生物组织光传输的研究
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摘要
医学图像的三维重建近几年来一直是一个热点,将三维重建引入到放射治
疗当中来,并结合蒙特卡罗方法进行剂量估计,是一种具有广阔发展前景的诊
断手段。通过医学图像三维重建,可以方便的揭示出人体组织内的物理属性和
空间关系,为临床医学的诊疗和医学科学研究提供清晰的人体结构三维图像和
具有最佳效果的治疗计划。本文以医学图像三维重建为基础,通过对放射治疗
计划的研究,模拟放射治疗过程,给医学工作者和研究者提供一个立体影像数
据的平台和模拟手术的平台,并对放射治疗中剂量分布提供一种可行的分析工
具和数学模型。
三维医学图像重建的基础是所有医学图像的信息必须建立在一个公共的坐
标框架内,这样才能使多幅图像在空间域中达到几何位置的完全对应,达到三
维医学图像配准的要求。本文建立统一坐标系,使系统构建了准确的平台。
本文利用表面拟合方法进行三维重建。因此组织轮廓提取成为三维重建的
基本元素。半自动提取组织轮廓,将其良好地与图像信息相匹配是论文的出发
点。本文利用插值和梯度匹配方法将轮廓曲线较好地和图像信息相吻合。拟合
后曲线庞大的数据量对于系统的实时性提出了挑战。论文提出基于经验阈值和
弧长理论的适应性轮廓采样方法,利用最少的点保留轮廓曲线最多的信息,适
应性的对轮廓进行采样,并存储数据。
本文讨论了图像重建的三个基本问题:轮廓对应、分叉问题和轮廓拼接问
题。论文对于轮廓拼接问题进行了着重分析,并结合小波理论提出自己的见解
和方法,构造出最佳相似函数,可以半自动的提取出对应点,较好地解决了轮
廓拼接问题。对于另外两个问题,本文也提出了自己的见解,解决了轮廓的分
叉问题,从而重建出高质量的三维图形。
一般的医学图像只提供一个方向的切片图像,通常是层状面,亦称为水平
面的图像信息。对于矢/冠状面的信息,初始数据是缺失的,不能完整的提供医
学图像的所有二维信息。论文分析了现有的图像插值重建方法:灰度插值法和
对象插值法,提出了局部保有边界算法来进行插值重建,得到图像的矢/冠状面,
并利用得到的矢/冠状面来进行层状面图像的层间插值。
等剂量线的获得是放射治疗计划的最终目的。本文分析了光与组织的相互
关系,建立了蒙特卡罗模型,并利用该方法对等剂量线进行预测和评估,分析
影响剂量分布的因素,对于含有多层介质的组织体,进行了光传输模拟,得到
了等剂量的分布。对于系统中得到的离散等剂量点,提出了分象限八方向回溯
算法,很好的解决了具有多条同种剂量的等剂量线的情况。
The reconstruction of 3-Dimensional medical images is becoming a hot topic in
recent years. To introduce 3-dimensional reconstruction into radioactive treatment,
combining isodose estimation by way of Monte Carlo, is a diagnose tool with wide
applications. 3-D reconstruction and visualization of medical images can easily
display the physical attribute and spatial position of body tissues. It is able to provide
a vivid 3-D body structure image and help making a optimum treatment plan. The
dissertation builds up a platform of the radioactive treatment and simulating operation,
in which the related medical research projects can be performed.
The basis of reconstruction of 3D medical images is that all the image
information must be in an united coordinate, which has been established in this paper.
In the united coordinate the image must be registered and match each other.
The extraction of tissues’ contour is the fundamental element in surface
reconstruction. To extract the tissue contour semi-automatically and to match the
contour with the image grads information perfectly are studied. The huge contour
data is a great challenge to the real time operation. A contour sampling algorithm with
variable resolution, based on threshold and arc distance theory, is presented. More
contour information is gained through fewer points. The contour was adaptively
sampled and stored in matrix.
The primary questions in image reconstruction, are discussed, which are the
contour match, branch and contour connection. The contour connection is
emphatically discussed. The Optimal Similarity Function, which combined with
wavelet theory, is constructed to extract the contour matched point semi-
automatically. The new approaches for both contour match and branch are presented.
A high-quality, vivid 3-D model is reconstructed.
Ordinary medical image is often provide the horizontal slice image. The coronal
and sagittal information are missed in the primal medical image. Therefore the primal
medical image cannot provide all the 2-dimensional information. The existing image
interpolation methods, the intensity interpolation and object interpolation, are
analyzed. A new algorithm, which maintains boundary partly, is applied to get the
coronal and sagittal medical images. The layer interpolation of horizontal image is
resolved by same algorithm.
The gain of isodose curve is the final aim of radioactive treatment. The
relationship between ray and tissue is discussed. The Monte Carlo mathematic model
is established to conclude and evaluate the isodose curve. The factors may affect dose
distribution are analyzed. Multi-layered model of skin is presented to study the light
propagation and distribution in skin tissue by using Monte Carlo technique. The
relationship between absorption energy and thickness is simulated. A new
II
天津大学博士学位论文
Chain-Code algorithm based on eight-direction tracing is presented. Through this
tracing principle, all contours’ information in the chain-code are obtained finally. The
problem of Isodose curves with same dose appearing several times in medical image
process is solved by this tracing principle.
疗当中来,并结合蒙特卡罗方法进行剂量估计,是一种具有广阔发展前景的诊
断手段。通过医学图像三维重建,可以方便的揭示出人体组织内的物理属性和
空间关系,为临床医学的诊疗和医学科学研究提供清晰的人体结构三维图像和
具有最佳效果的治疗计划。本文以医学图像三维重建为基础,通过对放射治疗
计划的研究,模拟放射治疗过程,给医学工作者和研究者提供一个立体影像数
据的平台和模拟手术的平台,并对放射治疗中剂量分布提供一种可行的分析工
具和数学模型。
三维医学图像重建的基础是所有医学图像的信息必须建立在一个公共的坐
标框架内,这样才能使多幅图像在空间域中达到几何位置的完全对应,达到三
维医学图像配准的要求。本文建立统一坐标系,使系统构建了准确的平台。
本文利用表面拟合方法进行三维重建。因此组织轮廓提取成为三维重建的
基本元素。半自动提取组织轮廓,将其良好地与图像信息相匹配是论文的出发
点。本文利用插值和梯度匹配方法将轮廓曲线较好地和图像信息相吻合。拟合
后曲线庞大的数据量对于系统的实时性提出了挑战。论文提出基于经验阈值和
弧长理论的适应性轮廓采样方法,利用最少的点保留轮廓曲线最多的信息,适
应性的对轮廓进行采样,并存储数据。
本文讨论了图像重建的三个基本问题:轮廓对应、分叉问题和轮廓拼接问
题。论文对于轮廓拼接问题进行了着重分析,并结合小波理论提出自己的见解
和方法,构造出最佳相似函数,可以半自动的提取出对应点,较好地解决了轮
廓拼接问题。对于另外两个问题,本文也提出了自己的见解,解决了轮廓的分
叉问题,从而重建出高质量的三维图形。
一般的医学图像只提供一个方向的切片图像,通常是层状面,亦称为水平
面的图像信息。对于矢/冠状面的信息,初始数据是缺失的,不能完整的提供医
学图像的所有二维信息。论文分析了现有的图像插值重建方法:灰度插值法和
对象插值法,提出了局部保有边界算法来进行插值重建,得到图像的矢/冠状面,
并利用得到的矢/冠状面来进行层状面图像的层间插值。
等剂量线的获得是放射治疗计划的最终目的。本文分析了光与组织的相互
关系,建立了蒙特卡罗模型,并利用该方法对等剂量线进行预测和评估,分析
影响剂量分布的因素,对于含有多层介质的组织体,进行了光传输模拟,得到
了等剂量的分布。对于系统中得到的离散等剂量点,提出了分象限八方向回溯
算法,很好的解决了具有多条同种剂量的等剂量线的情况。
The reconstruction of 3-Dimensional medical images is becoming a hot topic in
recent years. To introduce 3-dimensional reconstruction into radioactive treatment,
combining isodose estimation by way of Monte Carlo, is a diagnose tool with wide
applications. 3-D reconstruction and visualization of medical images can easily
display the physical attribute and spatial position of body tissues. It is able to provide
a vivid 3-D body structure image and help making a optimum treatment plan. The
dissertation builds up a platform of the radioactive treatment and simulating operation,
in which the related medical research projects can be performed.
The basis of reconstruction of 3D medical images is that all the image
information must be in an united coordinate, which has been established in this paper.
In the united coordinate the image must be registered and match each other.
The extraction of tissues’ contour is the fundamental element in surface
reconstruction. To extract the tissue contour semi-automatically and to match the
contour with the image grads information perfectly are studied. The huge contour
data is a great challenge to the real time operation. A contour sampling algorithm with
variable resolution, based on threshold and arc distance theory, is presented. More
contour information is gained through fewer points. The contour was adaptively
sampled and stored in matrix.
The primary questions in image reconstruction, are discussed, which are the
contour match, branch and contour connection. The contour connection is
emphatically discussed. The Optimal Similarity Function, which combined with
wavelet theory, is constructed to extract the contour matched point semi-
automatically. The new approaches for both contour match and branch are presented.
A high-quality, vivid 3-D model is reconstructed.
Ordinary medical image is often provide the horizontal slice image. The coronal
and sagittal information are missed in the primal medical image. Therefore the primal
medical image cannot provide all the 2-dimensional information. The existing image
interpolation methods, the intensity interpolation and object interpolation, are
analyzed. A new algorithm, which maintains boundary partly, is applied to get the
coronal and sagittal medical images. The layer interpolation of horizontal image is
resolved by same algorithm.
The gain of isodose curve is the final aim of radioactive treatment. The
relationship between ray and tissue is discussed. The Monte Carlo mathematic model
is established to conclude and evaluate the isodose curve. The factors may affect dose
distribution are analyzed. Multi-layered model of skin is presented to study the light
propagation and distribution in skin tissue by using Monte Carlo technique. The
relationship between absorption energy and thickness is simulated. A new
II
天津大学博士学位论文
Chain-Code algorithm based on eight-direction tracing is presented. Through this
tracing principle, all contours’ information in the chain-code are obtained finally. The
problem of Isodose curves with same dose appearing several times in medical image
process is solved by this tracing principle.
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